Land Use/Land Cover mapping and change detection using space Borne data

Land Use/Land Cover classes in Thiruvallur area of Chengai_— MGR district in Tamil Nadu during the years 1986–90 were mapped through visual interpretation of LANDSAT 5 TM and IRS 1A LISS II images, over space and time. In the study area, it is observed that the built-up area and the agricultural land use extensions are on the upward trend, whereas the area under forest and wasteland has shown a declining trend, caused by both increasing population and related trends in other parameters. The system devised through the study has thus been able to detect the changes in the land uses and cover classes during the selected time periods.     

RS-and-GIS-supported forecast of grassland degradation in southwest Songnen plain by Markov model

By taking Daan city in Jilin Province as a research object and by using TM image in 1989 and ETM- image in 2001 from American LANDSAT satellite, all kinds of maps and documentation, information of grassland, saline-alkalized land, cropland, water area and forestland is extracted by man-computer interactive interpretation method with ArcView and Arclnfo GIS software, and statistics data is acquired. On the basis of this the changing trend of land use types in the next ten years is forecasted and analyzed with Markov model. The results indicate that the problem of grassland degradation in the study area is quite serious.     

LANDSAT (MSS) imagery interpretation: A new perspective tool aiding regional hydromorphic mapping for groundwater exploration

With the advent of Remote Sensing via Satellites, specially the LANDSAT providing a synoptic overview of our Earth, a powerful new tool aiding in regional terrain analysis for natural resources surveys is now available to earth scientistis. Many significant earth features identifiable on LANDSAT images help to update regional surveys. Sequential coverage is an added advantage. Based on terrain analysis using LANDSAT imagery, and utilising the principles of visual interpretation to develop satellite photo-analytical keys highlighting landforms, drainage features and the like it is possible to delineate hydromorphic units for groundwater studies on a regional scale. The paper highlights the utility of LANDSAT imagery interpretation in small scale hydromorphic mapping for groundwater studies by citing examples from North and Central India. The advantage of conjunctive use of satellite, aircraft ann ground data in enhancing survey results is mentioned. The known and expected hydrologic conditions in the different hydromorphic units mapped have been given. The study approach is relatively new in India, and can be very useful in planning regional groundwater exploration programmes. The method is speedy and economical. Possibilities of similar studies in a host of other areas of survey such as flood studies, erosion surveys add a new dimension to the study of our Earth.     

基于RS技术的城市土地利用变化研究

本文利用1999年、2008年和2017年共三期LANDSAT数据影像,采用最大似然法对其进行监督分类,并利用混淆矩阵对分类结果进行精度评判,利用监督分类结果制作研究区域土地利用分类图,对该地区土地利用数量、程度及多样性变化等情况进行综合分析,得到其土地利用类型的整体变化规律,并从多个角度分析土地利用类型变化原因,提出...     

苏州运河水质的TM分析

本文利用苏州地区陆地卫星TM数据和同期的地面水质监测资料建立了TM图像遥感水质模型,并将该模型应用于TM可见光彩色合成图像的分割处理,得到苏州地区水质空间分布图像。结合苏州运河水网的水文及水污染特征对遥感水质空间分布图像作了分析。结果表明TM数据真实地反映了苏州地区水质的空间分布规律,并得到当地环境监测部门的验证。     

Retrieving water surface temperature from archive LANDSAT thermal infrared data: Application of the mono-channel atmospheric correction algorithm over two freshwater reservoirs

Water surface temperature is a key element in characterizing the thermodynamics of waterbodies, and for irregularly-shaped inland reservoirs, LANDSAT thermal infrared images are the best alternative yet for the retrieval of this parameter. However, images must be corrected mainly for atmospheric effects in order to be fully exploitable. The objective of this study is to validate the mono-channel correction algorithm for single-band thermal infrared LANDSAT data as put forward by Jiménez-Muñoz et al. (2009). Two freshwater reservoirs in continental France were selected as study sites, and best use was made of all accessible image and field data. Results obtained are satisfactory and in accordance with the literature: r² values are above 0.90 and root-mean-square error values are comprised between 1 and 2 °C. Moreover, paired Wilcoxon signed rank tests showed a highly significant difference between field and uncorrected image data, a very highly significant difference between uncorrected and corrected image data, and no significant difference between field and corrected image data. The mono-channel algorithm is hence recommended for correcting archive LANDSAT single-band thermal infrared data for inland waterbody monitoring and study.     

Visual comparison of computer aided landsat map and air photo map : A case study from Karimnagar district Andhra Pradesh

The use of aerial photo-interpretation technique in preparing an applied hydromorphological map is discussed. The practical utility of the map for ground water exploration in granitic terrain is presented. An attempt to prepare a similar map using LANDSAT CCT by analysis through a Multispectral Data Analysis System and the relative merits of computer aided map and aerial photo map are discussed. The details available in aerial photo map have been found to be lacking in computer aided map. Visual interpretation of LANDSAT imagery can improve the computer aided classification results.     

The solani-ganga interfluve; an application of remote sensing technique on soil resource mapping for agricultural planning

The area of the Solani-Ganga interfluve, which lies between 29°16′N to 30°15′N latitude and 77°45′E to 78°15′E longitude was undertaken for the present study using LANDSAT imagery of band 5 and 7 and the false colour composite on the scale of 1:250,000 in combination with aerial photographs (1:25,000). Major geomorphic units, e.g., Siwalik Hills. Solani-upper alluvial plain, Solani lower alluvial plain, ‘Tarai’ and Ganga alluvial plain were delineated on LANDSAT and colour composite. Sample areas selected from LANDSAT were studied on aerial photographs in details and soil physiography relationship was developed. The soils on Siwalik hills are classified as Orthents. The soils of the pledmont plain and the recent terraces of Solani river and its tributaries were Psamments, Orthents, Fluvents, Orchrepts and Aquepts. The soils of upper alluvial tract of the Ganga plain is mostly Ustalfs with inclusion of Aqualfs, while the strong hydromorphic Tarai tract consists of partly Aquepts, Ochrepts (cultivated) and partly of Aquolls, Ustolls and Ustalfs (under forest). The present study aims to pin point the nature of soil relief relationship with the help of LANDSAT imagery and aerial photographs and diagnose the intensity of the depletion of soil resources (by prevailing factors like swift run off of biykderfed torrents, fast-flow of ground water, soil creep, mass wasting) through field studies and then treat them with ecological dose of soil conservation. For agronomic development of the region, it is worked out that the present crop-combination and crop-rotation systems should be slightly modified according to its ecosystem to prevent the depletion of soil nutrients.     

Utility of landsat coverage in small scale geomorphological mapping-some examples from India

With the launching of LANDSAT—1 in 1972 followed by LAND-SAT-2 and 3 in 1975 and 1978 respectively, a new tool is now available to earth scientists for a synoptic overview of the earth forms. Existing small scale geological maps, soil maps and forest resource maps are constantly being updated with the help of LANDSAT imagery. The paper highlights the utility of LANDSAT imagery in preparing small scale geomorphological maps by citing examples from such diversified terrains as the Himalaya and rain forest area in the north and NE India and part of east coast. The advantage of conjunctive use of space craft, aircraft and ground data in enhancing the detail and quality of the map is discussed. Further the direct relationship between landform and landuse is brought out in the map. The methodology provides a basis for preparing a small scale geomorphological map for the country, the like of which does not exist so far. In addition, the map provides a basis for attracting attention on exploration of minerals, ground water, morphoconservation, flood protection programming and coastal management. The nominal cost and speed of preparing such map are discussed.     

Capability of photointerpretation methods for mapping of Vindhyan and Deccan Trap terrain — A case study from Jhalawar area,Rajasthan

Geological mapping of the Vindhyan and Deccan Trap terrain around Jhalawar was accomplished by aerial photointerpretation with limited field checks in parts, by conventional field mapping for part of the area and also by interpretation of LANDSAT imagery. A comparative assessment of the data producing capability and accuracy of these methods is made from the case study. Major geological formations comprising Semri, Kaimur, Rewa and Bhander groups of Vindhyan supergroup, Deccan Trap and recent fluvial sediments are equally interpretable from all three level (i.e. ground, air and space) surveillance data. All the members and units are mappable on air photos and on ground but not on the LANSAT imagery. It is difficult to plot all the flows and flow units of Deccan Trap on a topographic base map during conventional field mapping but these are more or less separable on aerial photos. Structural trends are decipherable by photointerpretation but lineaments are well depicted on LANDSAT imagery. Physical and petrological characters of rocks can, however, only be studied in situ and by laboratory analysis of samples. Aerial photointerpretation techniques can be applied for geological mapping of Vindhyan and Deccan Trap terrain with high degree of confidence and reasonable accurate maps can be generated. LANDSAT imagery are useful for generation of small scale reconnalssance and lineament pattern maps. The best system of mapping such terrain would be photointerpretation with limited field check and collection of essential groundtruth and specimens for laboratory analysis along selected traverses thus minimising the time and cost of survey.     

Groundwater potential modelling using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of the Al Dhaid area,United Arab Emirates

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) DEM and LANDSAT images of spatial resolution 30?m were used to construct groundwater potential zones (GPZ) map by integrating geological fractures, drainage network, slope and relief, and convergence index maps of the study area. Weight and score of each map were developed according to their level of contribution toward groundwater accumulation and spatial distribution of groundwater wells. The area that has very high potential for groundwater is located at the foot of Oman Mountains and Al Dhaid Depression covering an area of about 59.33?km², which is 4.40% of the study area. Further hydrological map and data on hydraulic properties of shallow aquifer, as recorded from observation wells in the regions, have been used to validate the produced GPZ map. The validation result showed sufficient agreement between the produced GPZ map.     

Physiographic analysis for small scale soil and landuse mapping of Mewat area,Haryana, using LANDSAT imagery

Visual interpretation of LANDSAT imagery of 1∶250,000 scale (band 5 and 7) and 1∶1 M (FCC) covering 1611 km² in Mewat area, Haryana was carried out for delineating the physiographic units. The physiographic units viz. hills, piedmont plain, intermontane basin and Yamuna alluvial plain were identified and delineated using interpretation elements. Soils and land use in relation to the physiographic units were studied during the field visit and are described in the paper.     

Use of remotely sensed data for soil mapping

Soil maps have been prepared hitherto by conventional ground surveys and by using aerial photographs. In this paper, the use of LANDSAT data for preparation of small scale soil maps upto association of sub-group level has been discussed. Typical spectral curves for various soils and landuse categories were given based on the mean spectral levels for each LANDSAT band obtained from Multispectral Data Analysis System (M-DAS). Soil characterization using the multispectral data could be done by both image oriented and numerically oriented approaches. The small scale soil maps thus prepared by using the satellite data could be used for regional planning and as map base for further detailed surveys.     

Landsat photo-interpretation for preparation of small scale soil maps through a multistage approach

Landscape units and their sub-divisions were delineated on two LANDSAT photos by visual interpretation on the basis of uniqueness of patterns comprising tone, texture and drainage. Sub-divisions of basalt and granite landscape units could be delineated more precisely with Band 5 photo, while Band 7 photo was found to be superior in respect of the laterite plateau. The soil composition of most of the units was assigned by using data previously collected for the preparation of small scale soil maps adopting a procedure of systematic aerial photo-interpretation with limited selective ground check and authors’ personal knowledge in respect of the remaining units. The resulting soil map has been shown to be superior to existing small scale soil maps for the study area.     

中巴地球资源一号卫星CCD图像质量评价和交叉定标研究

使用定量分析方法评价了中巴地球资源卫星CCD相机遥感数据质量 ,在此基础上利用LANDSAT 7ETM 对CCD的对应波段进行交叉定标计算 ,得到了一组CCD的参考定标系数。在遥感数据质量评价研究中 ,使用统计分析方法计算得到了CCD相机图像数据的条纹强度 ;应用结构函数方法计算获得了CCD的噪声数据 ;通过功率谱计算 ,对比分析了CCD和LANDSAT 7ETM 对应波段图像空间纹理特征。该文通过交叉定标计算 ,得到了CCD相机前 4个波段的参考定标系数、动态范围和噪声等效反射率等参考指标 ,并对这组定标系数进行了验证 ,从验证结果中发现CCD1,2 ,3和LANDSAT 7ETM 对应波段反射率最大相差 1 98% ,最小0 0 3% ,平均差要低于 1 31% ,而波段 4最大也仅相差 4 4 1% ,平均差 3 0 2 % ,证明计算得到的交叉定标系数具有较高的参考价值     

基于遥感和地理信息系统的辽宁省滨海湿地研究

参考国内外各种湿地分类系统,将辽宁省滨海湿地分为自然湿地和人工湿地两大类,自然湿地再分为8小类,人工湿地再分为3类。利用地理信息系统平台,解译了美国陆地资源卫星(LANDSATTM)2002年图像,得出各种湿地类型的面积,汇总得出辽宁省滨海湿地的总面积是17 333 km2,其中,自然湿地面积是12 658 km2,占辽宁省滨海湿地总面积的73%,人工湿地面积是4 675 km2,占滨海湿地总面积的27%。比较深入地分析了石油开发和农业开发对辽宁滨海湿地的影响,提出保护辽宁滨海湿地资源的重要性。     

Nubra-Gartang Superlineament,Ladakh -some geological observations and their implications

Geological observations along the Leh-Panamic traverse, which includes the northwestern portion of the Nubra-Gartang Superlineament, are being reported. Nubra-Shyok Thrust and the Tirit-Khalsar Fault are two imporant structural features in the area, the latter having a linear trend over regional extent is clearly picked up in the LANDSAT imagery.     

GIS Based Urban Area Spatiotemporal Change Evaluation Using Landsat and Night Time Temporal Satellite Data

This study aims at determining the spatiotemporal change in urban areas by using multi-temporal satellite images with geographic information systems integration. In this study, the city of Erzincan was selected as the sample case. The analyses of change were conducted by using the optical satellite images from LANSAT TM dated 1987 and the LANDSAT ETM+ dated 2006, besides the night images from 1998, 2006 and 2010. Spatial change maps were created for the qualitative analysis, and change matrixes were formed for the quantitative assessment of these changes. The outcomes of these change analyses were then evaluated and interpreted in the light of the demographics of the population living in the area. The results obtained from the Landsat satellite images indicate that the area of the city expanded at the annual average rate of 1.65% in 1987–2006. Night images indicate that the city area grew at an annual average rate of 4.04% in 1998–2006, while this rate was 20.28% in the period of 2006–2010. The results of the study demonstrate that the usability and contribution of satellite images is quite significant in tracking and monitoring temporal and spatial change in the area.     

Morphometric analysis using remote sensing techniques in the chaka sub-basin, purulia district, West Bengal

Remote sensing techniques using satellite imagery have proved to be an indispensible tool in morphometric analysis and groundwater studies. In the present area, morphometric analysis using temote sensing techniques have been carried out in Chaka river sub-basin of Manbazar Block, Purulia district, West-Bengal, which is one of the most drought affected area in West-Bengal. The parameters worked out include Bifurcation ratio (R_b), Stream length (L_u). Form factor (R_f), Circulatory ratio (R_c), and Drainage density. The morphometric analysis suggests that the area is covered by fractured, resistant, permeable rocks, the drainage network not so affected by tectonic disturbances. Using satellite imageries of LANDSAT and IRS, different hydrogeomorphological units have been delineated. The study shows that moderately weathered pediplains and valley fills are good prospective zones for groundwater exploration.     

LANDSAT Sub-pixel Analysis in Mapping Impact of Climatic Variability on Prairie Pothole Changes

The Prairie Pothole Region in the United States contains millions of seasonal, semi-permanent, or permanent lakes and wetlands that typically range in size from 0.1 to 10 ha. These lakes and wetlands are vulnerable to climate change, especially in our study area in South Dakota, in which a period of deluge following a sharp drought considerably expanded the areal extent of prairie pothole lakes during the last decade of the twentieth century. Preliminary estimates of lake areas, determined using LANDSAT 5 and 7 images, had appreciable errors especially for the smallest of these lakes. This article describes a new sub-pixel approach integrated with a CART (Classification and Regression Tree) model using a GIS (Geographical Information System) to quantify mixed water pixels along lake boundaries to improve area estimations for pothole lakes. Errors in estimated area were typically 10% or less for lakes greater than 1 ha in size. An analysis of lakes in our study area demonstrates how lake area changed with the transition from drought to deluge. Small lakes exhibited a distinct seasonal variation in contrast to large lakes that tended to follow precipitation trends more broadly. The total water area of lakes is consistent with broad variation in rainfall.