LANDSCAPE-FUNCTIONAL MAPS IN THE STUDY OF URBAN GEOCHEMICAL ANOMALIES

A method is proposed for the use of large-scale “landscape-functional” maps (depicting interrelationships between landscape structure, land use, and environmental impacts) in the identification and explanation of geochemical anomalies within urbanized areas. Landscape-functional complexes or basic elementary landscapes located within different zones of human activity, serve as the basic units of mapping. An excerpt from a landscape-functional map of an unnamed mining-metallurgical center in a semi-arid mountain basin environment is provided as an illustration of how such maps reveal spatial associations between trace-element concentrations in soil, snow, and stream bottom sediments; location in respect to major pollution sources (proximity, upslope or downslope position, leeward or windward orientation); and frequency and intensity of trace-element transport (mass movements, stream and overland flow, prevailing winds). Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universitete, geografiya, 1986, No. 5, pp. 88-94.     

Approach to calculating spatial similarity degrees of the same river basin networks on multi-scale maps

Obtaining spatial similarity degrees among the same objects on multi-scale maps is of importance in map generalization. This paper firstly defines the concepts of ‘map scale change’ and ‘spatial similarity degree’; then it proposes a model for calculating the spatial similarity degree between a river basin network at one scale and its generalized version at another scale. After this, it validates the new model and gets 16 points in the model validation process. The x-coordinate and y-coordinate of each point are map scale change and spatial similarity degree, respectively. Last, a formula for calculating spatial similarity degree taking map scale change as the only variable is obtained by the curve fitting method. The formula along with the model can be used to automate the algorithms for simplifying river basin networks.     

REMOTE SENSING METHODS IN RESEARCH ON RIVER DRAINAGE BASINS

The concept that river drainage basins can be considered appropriate spatial units in assessment of human environmental impacts is examined. Applications of remote sensing imagery in the study of changes occurring within a particular basin—the Sit' River in European Russia—are investigated and multispectral aerial photography is used to determine the structure of biotic communities. Regionalization and areal cataloguing of these communities are the basis for specific conclusions regarding the principal sources of entry of nutrients and pollutants into the basin. Three image feature classification methods used to identify such communities (K-means (unsupervised) based on principal components analysis, supervised using principal components analysis, and data compression and subsequent identification of principal components) are compared in terms of effectiveness (numbers of mixed and/or unclassified pixels). Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1994, No. 1, pp. 126-140.     

基于极化相干矩阵的河流水质污染监测初探

利用遥感手段监测水质污染具有监测范围广、实时性强的优点。本研究选择中国南方地区水质变化明显的河流区域作为研究对象,利用C波段星载极化合成孔径雷达(极化SAR)卫星RADARSAT-2提供的数据,对基于极化SAR的河流水质污染监测技术进行了初步研究。首先介绍了电磁波的极化现象以及极化SAR的基本原理;其次结合一次同步测量实验,提取河流区域,并对极化SAR数据与水质常见监测指标的监测数据进行对比分析,通过对10个采样点18组数据的分析发现,极化相干矩阵中的T 22元素与部分水质指标(如五日生化需氧量BOD₅等)具有较强的相关性,从而反映水质的污染状况;并通过实测数据和最小二乘法,拟合得到了利用[T]矩阵元素反演BOD₅的经验公式,拟合系数达到0.82。最后通过对地表散射模型和菲涅尔系数的分析,从理论上探讨了极化相干矩阵中部分元素与水体物理性质存在相关性的原因。初步理论分析和实验数据表明,T 22元素能够反映水体的污染状况。     

基于GIS技术的农用地非点源磷污染危险性评价——以长江流域为例

识别磷素流失的关键源区,对合理实施养分资源管理、指导平衡施肥、有目的治理来源于农业养分造成的污染和农业的可持续发展有着重要的意义,本文以地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能和养分平衡计算等方法为依托,参照国际常用的磷指数法对长江流域主要农用地进行了农业非点源磷污染风险评价,得到以下结论:磷非点源污染危险性指数高和极高的农用地,分别占到了流域农用地的24.40%和0.49%;风险低和中区域分别占到了11.16%和63.95%。长江流域为农用地磷污染风险中等的流域。     

Impact of land-cover layout on particulate matter 2.5 in urban areas of China

ABSTRACT

Urbanization in China is closely connected with ambient particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5). However, the potential for altering PM_2.5 through the urban landscape characteristics is uncertain. In this study, we analyzed the urban PM_2.5 pollution situation for 2014–2016 and investigated the impact of landscape factors on urban PM_2.5 in China at the city level. All the prefecture-level cities were stratified by urban population size into small (<500,000), medium (500,000–1,000,000), and large (>1,000,000), and the other second-level administrative cities were assigned as ‘other’ cities. The multivariate regression model including both urban landscape factors and social-economic variables explained 70.0%, 32.8%, 19.2%, and 12.4% of the arithmetic mean PM_2.5 concentration (AMC-PM_2.5) for the other, small, medium, and large cities, respectively. With regard to the configuration of land cover, agricultural activity is a major contributor of PM_2.5 pollution, for which the explanatory power ranged from 7.6% (for the large cities) to 64% (for the other cities). In addition, grassland aggregation also has a limited but negative effect on urban PM_2.5 pollution, despite the negligible effect on dry deposition. Overall, these findings likely reflect the interaction between urban air quality and urbanization, and will have implications for air quality control strategies.     

Assessment and planning for integrated river basin management using remote sensing,SWAT model and morphometric analysis (case study: Kaddam river basin,India)

Abstract

River basin assessment is crucial for water management and to address the watershed issues. So, an integrated river basin management and assessment model using morphometric assessment, remote sensing, GIS and SWAT model was envisaged and applied to Kaddam river basin, Telangana state, India. Morphometric results showed high drainage density ranging from 2.19 to 5.5?km²/km, with elongated fan shape having elongation ratio of 0.60–0.75 with sparse vegetation and high relief. Land use change assessment showed that 265.26?km² of forest land is converted into irrigated land and has increased sediment yields in watersheds. The calibration (r ²?=?0.74, NSE?=?0.84) and validation (r ²?=?0.72, NSE?=?0.84) of SWAT model showed that simulated and observed results were in agreement and in recommended ranges. The SWAT simulations were used to compute mean annual water and sediment yield from 1997 to 2012, along with morphometric results to categorize critical watersheds and conservation structures were proposed accordingly.     

MAPPING THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PESTICIDES

Basic principles of compilation and utilization of a multiscale series of evaluative-forecast maps depicting procedures for mitigating the negative environmental impacts of chemical pollution from pesticides are outlined. The accuracy of forecasts of the natural capacity of ecosystems in agricultural regions to purify themselves of pesticide residues can be checked using maps depicting different aspects of chemical pollution across different natural elements of the landscape. Translated from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1994, No. 3, pp. 137-146.     

MAPPING OF TECHNOGENIC ANOMALIES FOR THE PURPOSE OF A GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF URBANIZED AREAS

Industry concentrated in cities is a major source of geochemical pollution. It is suggested that this technogenic impact on the environment can be measured by techniques developed in geochemistry. The specific nature of the pollutants can be identified and their levels of concentration (mostly in the soil) can be measured against normal background values. This allows areas of pollution to be classified and mapped in terms of the composition and concentration of pollutants from industrial emissions. Translated from: Voprosy geografii, Vol. 120, 1983, pp. 55-67, by Robert K. Holz and Warren Hamill, University of Texas, Austin.     

Vulnerability of groundwater resources under climate change in the Pannonian basin

ABSTRACT

The impact of climate change on groundwater vulnerability has been assessed in the Pannonian basin over 1961–2070. High-resolution climate models, aquifers composition, land cover, and digital elevation model were the main factors which served to perform the spatial analysis using Geographical Information Systems. The analysis reported here is focused on the long-term period, including three temporal time sets: the past period of 1961–1990 (1990s), the present period of 2011–2040 (2020s), and the future period of 2041–2070 (2050s). During the 1990s, the high and very high areas of groundwater vulnerability were identified in all the central, western, eastern, southeastern, and northern sides of the Pannonian basin. In these areas, the water availability is lower and the pollution load index is high, due to the agricultural activities. The low and very low vulnerability class was depicted in the South-West part of the basin and in few locations from the peripheral areas, mainly in the North and West. The medium groundwater vulnerability spreads over the Pannonian basin, but it is more concentrated in the central, South, and South-West. The most affected territory is Hungary, while the territories of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina are less affected. In the present and future periods, the very high groundwater vulnerability increased in areas by 0.74% and 0.87%, respectively. The low class area decreased between the 1990s and the 2020s by 2.33% and it is expected to decrease up to 2.97% in the 2050s. Based on this analysis and the groundwater vulnerability maps, the Pannonian basin appears more vulnerable to climate change in the present and future. These findings demonstrate that the aquifers from Pannonian basin experience high negative effect under climate conditions. In addition, the land cover contributes to this negative status of groundwater resources. The original maps of groundwater vulnerability represent an instrument for water management planning and for research.     

Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin using aerial photographs: A case study of Khairkuli basin,district Dehradun,U.P.

Remote sensing techniques using satellite images and aerial photographs are convenient tools in morphometric analysis of a drainage basin. In the present study morphometric parameters of Khairkuli drainage basin, district Dehradun, are worked out using aerial photographs. The parameters worked out include bifurcation ratio, stream length, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density, constant of channel maintenance and stream frequency. Hypsometric relations of drainage basin are also presented. Relation between cumulative stream length and the stream order establishes that the ratio between cumulative stream length Σ ₁ ^u Σ ₁ ^nu Lu and the stream order u is constant throughout the. successive orders of a drainage basin suggesting that geometrical similarity is preserved in the basins of increasing order. The morphometric parameters computed suggest that the area is covered by resistant permeable rocks (with fracture and karstic porosities) and vegetative cover, the drainage network is affected by tectonic disturbances. The peak flows generated from the basin are likely to be moderately high and of short duration.     

Investigation of scale dependence and geomorphic stages of evolution through hypsometric analysis: a case study of Sirsa basin,western Himalaya,India

Hypsometric analysis is an important tool to identify and justify the erosional status, erosional processes, geologic and tectonic influences, and stage of landscape development of a basin. In this study, scale dependence of hypsometric integral (Ea) and hypsometric curve parameters were derived and analysed for various order sub-basins of Sirsa river. Here, Ea of higher order sub-basins are quite scale dependent and controlled by lithology; albeit Ea of all order sub-basins is independent of tectonic uplift. Based on Ea, all fourth and fifth order sub-basins were categorised in three classes. The analysis of hypsometric curve parameters showed that sub-basins of first category (Ea < 0.35) is characterised by upward-concave curve, fluvial process dominated and early old stage landscape. Sub-basins of second category (0.35 < Ea < 0.45) reflects concave-convex curve, dominance of fluvial process and mature landscape; whereas third category sub-basins (Ea > 0.45) are diffusive process dominated and belong to late youth to early mature stage.     

河道下河排污口污染源调查及测量方法研究

随着城市建设的高速发展,城市人口急剧增长,工业废水和生活污水的排放量日益增加,随之而来的环境污染也日趋严重。为还市民一个良好的生活和居住环境,让城市的水变清、草变绿,各地区政府把河道及其流域的污染治理纳入重要工作日程。本文通过对河道污染产生原因分析,探讨了污染源的调查和测量方法,以及排水管线成果图编制和污染源管理系统建设工作。     

Glacier changes using satellite data and effect of climate in Tirungkhad basin located in western Himalaya

Glaciers are widely recognized as key indicators of climate change, and melt water obtained from them is an important source of fresh water and for hydropower generation. Regular monitoring of a large number of Himalayan glaciers is important for improving our knowledge of glacier response to climate change. In the present study, Survey of India topographical maps (1966) and Landsat datasets as ETM+ (2000, 2006) and TM (2011) have been used to study glacier fluctuations in Tirungkhad basin. A deglaciation of 26.1% (29.1?km²) in terms of area from 1966 to 2011 was observed. Lower altitude small glaciers (area?<?1?km²) lost more ice (34%), while glaciers with an area <10?km² lost less (20%). The percentage of change in glacier length was 26% (31.9?km) from 1966 to 2011. The south-facing glaciers showed high percentages of loss. From 2000 to 2011, debris cover has increased by 1.34%. The analysis of the trend in meteorological data collected from Kalpa and Purbani stations was carried out by Mann Kendall non-parametric method. During the last two decades, the mean annual temperature (T_max and T_min) has increased significantly, accompanied with a fall in snow water equivalent (SWE) and rainfall. The increasing trend in temperature and decreasing trend in SWE were significant at 95% confidence level. This observation shows that the warming of the climate is probably one of the major reasons for the glacier change in the basin.     

ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF BUFFER ZONES BY MODELING AND SUB-SATELLITE EXPERIMENTS

Principles are outlined for the use of sub-satellite soil, air, water, and vegetation samples as an auxiliary source of information in remote sensing studies of vegetation stress caused by air pollution. More specifically, procedures for satellite-synchronous aerial overflights, vegetation transects, water quality measurements, and soil tests are described as a basis for delineating boundaries between areas of vegetation stress and unpolluted areas in an industrialized area in the central Urals. Translated from: Kosmicheskiy monitoring biosfery, Yu. A. Izrael', V. V. Bugrovskiy, and Yu. V. Novikov, eds. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985, pp. 93-99.     

THE ROLE OF CARTOGRAPHY IN THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

The authors describe a method of applying the cartographic method of research to the study of air and water pollution. More specifically, the paper outlines a program of mapping air, water, and soil pollution in the Donets Basin, which is an integral part of four different stages in the formulation of an environmental protection plan. Emphasis is placed on the visual interpretation of maps depicting the spatial distribution of physical parameters at pollution sources, of concentrations of particular pollutants over the entire study area, and of their direct and cumulative impacts on the environment. Translated from: Geograflya i prirodnyye resursy, 1986, No. 2, pp. 92–94.     

孤东油田土壤石油类含量的高光谱反演模型

土壤中石油类含量的检测对石油污染的预防与治理具有重要的实际意义。本文首先进行孤东油田土壤样品高光谱反射率的室内测定及石油含量的检测,然后利用单变量预测模型和逐步回归方法分析了土壤光谱特征参数与石油类含量之间的线性和非线性关系,结果表明:包络线分析的第三折线段斜率与石油类含量相关性最好,该段斜率的三次曲线函数为石油类含量的最佳单变量估算模型。标准正态变量变换对光谱的预处理效果最好,利用变换后光谱建立多元模型,其调整的判定系数R²是0.826,总均方根RMSE是0.531,且自变量个数较少,为最优预测模型。本文提出的利用高光谱数据检测土壤中石油类含量的方法,为土壤石油类污染检测提供了一种有效的新思路。     

APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMED IMAGES IN GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

A final installment in a series of papers on transformed cartographic images in geogaphy (see Mapping Sciences and Remote Sensing, 1993, No. 4, pp. 306-319 and 1994, No. 1, pp. 33-85) focuses on their applications in more effectively depicting a variety of spatially distributed phenomena. Most applications are demonstrated using images compiled via a method developed by the authors. Specific transformed images used to illustrate the range of existing applications include those scaled according to population size, GNP, various illness rates, density of ocean vessels, oil pollution in the ocean, and fisheries and offshore oil and gas deposits.     

Identifying ephemeral and perennial stream reaches using apparent thermal inertia of an ungauged basin in Central New Mexico

The night and day temperature images from advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) remote sensing images are used to identify ephemeral and perennial stream reaches for use in the calibration of an integrated hydrologic model of an ungauged basin. The concept is based on apparent thermal inertia [ATI = (1-albedo)/(day temperature ? night temperature)]. These calculations help both the conceptual model and the calibration for the hydrologic model by indicating where there are thin alluvium and/or shallow groundwater. The study is on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, a long-term ecological research project that ASTER has included in its regular duty cycle. There are over 360 ASTER scenes in 8 years; however, only 10 night/day pairs suitable for ATI were found. The results correlate to the soil moisture recorded at two locations near the channel (R ² of 0.88). The relationship between soil moisture and surrounding materials allows for differentiation of the perennial and ephemeral stream reaches.     

Prioritisation of sub-watersheds based on earth observation data of agricultural dominated northern river basin of India

The Upper Tons River Basin of North India has been selected for prioritisation of sub-watersheds (SW) based on morphometric parameters with respect to groundwater derived from topographic sheets and CARTOSAT data. There are 10 SW have been delineated in the region, high stream frequency (F_s) values of SW (1–5) and SW-9 indicated the occurrence of steep slopes, less permeable rocks, greater runoff, less infiltration possibility. Further, these regions have been predicted as poor groundwater potentialities. SW-2 has been identified as poorest groundwater potential zone, whereas SW-4 and SW (6–8) regions possess good permeable bed rocks. The Drainage density (D_d) map demonstrated that the middle south-west region possesses higher D_d whereas northeastern regions contain lower D_d. Further, the areal parameters indicate elongated shape of the basin, hilly region has moderate to steeper ground slope. The outcomes of work have potential to manage groundwater and to ameliorate the flash flood and droughts.