A METHOD OF AUTOMATING THE PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION DURING COMPLEX AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION

A method of complex image processing, i.e., the simultaneous use of various kinds of remote sensing imagery in the mapping and study of geographic features, is outlined. It features the use of computerized techniques (a) to identify shots or frames of auxiliary types of imagery containing the same specific geographic features identified on the principal type of imagery [this through the scanning of code lines containing information about the coordinates of imaging, flight direction and altitude of the plane or sensing platform, etc.], and (b) to precisely locate the features of interest within these shots or frames. Translated from: Izvestiya vysshykh uchebnykh zavededeniy, Geodeziya i aerofotos'yemka, 1986, No. 1, pp. 86–91.     

INTEGRATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC AND REMOTE SENSING METHODS

The history of the joint use of maps and air photos/space imagery in geographic problem solving is examined, as are general problems which must be addressed before more complete consolidation of map use and image interpretation methods will be possible. The relatively new field of geoiconics, encompassing image theory, processing, and interpretation, is proposed as a branch of knowledge promoting the integration of cartography and remote sensing rather than a megafield that will ultimately replace them. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 4, pp. 11-22.     

金矿床遥感影像模式及证据权重法在找矿预测中的应用

河南熊耳山地区为我国金矿的重要成矿区,为加速金矿资源评价和找矿勘探工作,利用遥感技术对该区金矿成矿规律进行了研究,并进行了金矿找矿靶区优选。首先利用多种方法进行TM数字图像处理,以获取理想的遥感图像,然后进行遥感影像信息解译分析,结合区域地质调查和典型金矿床解剖研究,确立主要控矿因素(如构造、含矿地层、岩体、蚀变等).根据金矿分布规律和从遥感图像上提取的综合影像特征,建立了不同金矿床类型遥感影像模式。     

PHOTOMAPS FROM SPACE: THEIR PRODUCTION AND POSSIBLE USES

This paper outlines, from the Soviet perspective, technical principles for the use of remote sensing imagery in mapping, with special emphasis on the compilation of small-scale space photomaps—composite map-space images in which the thematic detail of a photographic image is enhanced and/or supplemented by cartographic techniques. Two systems for producing such images, one Soviet and the other East German, are compared and a series of basic procedures identified—production of orthographic images, compilation of a terrain model and original image of relief, stereoplotting of contours on an orthophotographic base, and overall map design. A concluding section explores potential applications of space photomaps in geographic research. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1986, No. 1, pp. 49-56.     

IMAGE INTERPRETATION AS A SYSTEM OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

The article provides insights derived from conceptualization of the totality of elements (subsystems) of image interpretation as part of a larger system of scientific research. Among the elements discussed in some detail in terms of their impacts on the appearance of features interpreted on remote sensing imagery include solar radiation, the atmosphere, distinctive characteristics of the surface of the area being imaged, the remote sensors employed for image recording, processing techniques, the image medium, and the “human” element (interpreter). It then describes an evolutionary process in image interpretation by which knowledge gained in early stages represents an input leading to refinement of approaches employed in later stages. A final section describes factors contributing to dynamics (“scintillation” or “flickering”) of features on imagery of the same area but recorded at different times or under different imaging conditions. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1993, No. 3, pp. 102-109.     

AERIAL AND SPACE PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE STUDY OF GEOSYSTEM DYNAMICS

A Siberian geographer explores real and potential applications of remote sensing imagery in research on geosystem dynamics. Four different methodological approaches to the analysis of geosystem dynamics are identified and described: comparison of heterochronous and seasonal imagery, geosystem forecasting and reconstruction based on image analysis, determination of current state and extant geosystem trends, analysis of linkages and interactions among geosystem components. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1992, No. 4, pp. 140-146.     

DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF STUDYING THE EARTH FROM SPACE

The paper surveys the development of “space geography”–a field of knowledge applying the methods of remote sensing, the physical sciences, and mathematics in the solution of geographic problems. Early advances featured methodological improvements (use of quantitative methods in image processing), whereas future research must focus upon perfecting our knowledge of: (a) relationships underlying the use of these methods, i.e., between environmental parameters and reflectance values, (b) methods of effectively combining different types of imagery, and image products and field work, in research, and (c) appropriate quantitative indices for feature recognition. Examples of the operationalization of such concerns are demonstrated for land-use and soil mapping projects. Translated from: Izvestiya, AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1985, No. 5, pp. 110–116.     

REMOTE SENSING IN THE STUDY OF LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE

Applications of remote sensing, in particular space imagery, in the study of the physical structure of landscapes are described. Special attention is paid to space imagery's capacity for instantaneous analysis of extensive areas, its potential for combined use with more traditional methods, and the multiscalar quality of the data obtained. Joint use of a variety of image products and imaging sequences provides diverse information which can be integrated for a more comprehensive understanding of landscape structure in a variety of physical environments. Translated from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, 1985, No. 3, pp. 266-270.     

ANALYSIS OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY IN ENGINEERING GEOMORPHOLOGY

An image interpretation technique known as “indicational analysis” is applied to engineering geomorphology–i.e., image characteristics visible on remote sensing imagery are used to infer (indicate) the presence of features that are not directly visible. In this case the identification of particular relief forms provides a basis for inferring the level of risk posed by geomorphological hazards to major construction projects such as railroads, pipelines, and highways. A key aspect of the procedure is a multiscalar approach, in which different components of the overall store of information brought to bear on a problem are obtained at different levels of interpretation. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1987, No. 2, pp. 35–42.     

REMOTE SENSING IN THE STUDY OF DEEP GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE IN OIL AND GAS FIELDS

The paper presents a series of guidelines, developed by the “Aerogeologiya” prospecting trust, for the use of remote sensing imagery in the study of oil-gas potential in remote areas of the USSR. These guidelines take into consideration both conventional oil-gas exploration strategies and the sequence typical of remote sensing research [from small-scale, general analysis, to large-scale detailed studies]. At present predominantly small-scale imagery is used for general reconnaissance, although instances where larger-scale images provide the basis for more specific investigations are also mentioned. A diagram demonstrates how remote sensing might be incorporated into the traditional framework of oil-gas exploration. Translated from: Kompleksnyye aerokosmicheskiye issledovaniya Sibiri, A. L. Yanshin and L. K. Zyat'kova, eds. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984, pp. 33-40.     

THE STUDY AND MAPPING OF HUMAN IMPACTS ON NATURE IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE USSR USING SPACE IMAGERY

The authors present the results of experiments in the use of remote sensing imagery for construction of maps depicting human modification of nature. Four diverse areas within the USSR were selected as mapping sites, providing a broad range of environmental and land-use characteristics for investigation. Human impacts were most effectively mapped for two desert sites. The authors recommend combining satellite imagery with terrestrial spectrometric observations or color-infrared photography in investigations of environmental change in steppeland and forested territory. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1984, No. 6, pp. 11-18.     

高光谱遥感影像管理系统的设计与实现

由于高光谱数据的海量高维特征,使得传统的信息系统难以有效地对这些数据进行高效地存储、处理、分析,表现等管理操作。因此如何采用新的技术来开发一个能有效管理高光谱遥感影像数据的影像管理系统,是当前高光谱快速发展和深入应用的一个瓶颈之一。本文在研究的过程中,对当前影像管理系统的发展作了大量的分析,利用成熟的关系数据库和程序设计语言,开发了一个方便实用的高光谱遥感影像管理系统以管理高光遥感影像和其他遥感信息,提高影像管理效率。系统已初步实现了多景高光谱遥感影像检索,可以任意加载、导入高光谱遥感影像,运行效果良好。     

多主体框架下基于FCM的彩色遥感图像分割

为解决大尺度高分辨率遥感图像的数据量大及局部非均匀问题,提出一种在多主体系统（MAS）框架下基于模糊C均值（FCM）的彩色遥感图像分割方法。首先利用规则划分技术将图像域划分为若干个子块,每个分割主体控制一个子块;然后在MAS框架下,分割主体通过FCM算法实现对应子块的初始分割,将初始结果与全局模型协作,确定其区域正确类别数和标号统一;最后通过协调主体协调各分割主体及其邻域分割主体的聚类中心,从而消除遥感图像的局部非均匀性,以实现彩色遥感图像分割。利用提出算法和FCM算法分别对真实彩色遥感图像和合成图像进行了分割试验,并对其分割结果进行定性、定量评价,其结果说明了提出方法的可行性和有效性。     

STATISTICAL APPROACHES TO IMAGE PROCESSING AND THE MODELING OF FEATURE EDGES

The authors describe a method of nonlinear modeling of the space of feature edges on remote sensing imagery, which is used to derive algorithms for the identification of edge features, and subsequently the production of feature classification maps. Translated from: Metody kompleksnykh aerokosmicheskikh issledovaniy Sibiri, L. K. Zyat'kova, ed. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985, pp. 60–63.     

ERRORS IN THE INDICATION OF GEOSYSTEMS FROM REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY

After a general discussion of principles of remote sensing indication and image recognition theory, the particular errors in this process are analyzed individually: errors in data recording; errors in automated image analysis; errors in interpretation of the content of geosystems; errors in the selection of interpretation keys; and finally errors in generalization and the extrapolation of results. The total error in geosystem indication from remote sensing imagery can be determined by an analysis of these particular errors. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1988, No. 4, pp. 98-107.     

CBERS-02B星数据质量评价及其铀成矿要素解译应用研究

利用遥感影像处理技术和数理统计方法,评价了中巴地球资源一号卫星02B星（CBERS—02B,以下简称02B星）遥感数据的空间特性和辐射特征,并与ETM＋多光谱数据主要特征参数进行了对比分析。在此基础上,以江西桃山花岗岩型铀矿田为试验区,结合航空放射性数据,开展了基于02B星遥感数据的控矿断裂带、热液蚀变带及主要成矿岩体等铀成矿要素的光谱特征识别与提取,并对该数据的地学应用潜力进行了评价。     

利用矢量影像法进行土地利用变化自动检测

为解决土地利用矢量图与遥感影像的变化检测问题,提出了一种基于类别的矢量图与遥感影像变化检测方法。在矢量图约束下,对遥感影像进行影像分割获取像斑;提取像斑在遥感影像上的直方图特征,采用G统计量度量像斑之间的特征距离;利用像斑与其他相同类别像斑之间的特征距离,构建单波段上像斑的类别异质度,自适应加权组合各波段上像斑的类别异质度构建像斑的类别异质度;依据最大熵方法获取各地物类别对应的异质度阈值,以类别为单位对各像斑进行变化判别,获取变化检测结果。在QuickBird遥感影像上的试验验证了本文方法的有效性,实现了矢量图与遥感影像的自动变化检测。     

高分辨率遥感影像波段配准误差试验分析

高分辨率遥感影像波段间配准误差是影响影像质量及其应用精度的重要因素之一。配准误差指标要求是影像传感器研发中 的一项重要参数。为准确分析配准误差对遥感应用的影响程度，在试验研究中利用多项式模型模拟各种配准误差的图像，并从几何 精校正、目视解译、非监督分类实验及数据融合等角度分析了不同波段配准误差情况下对遥感应用的影响，提出了遥感应用中对高 空间分辨率卫星影像的波段配准指标要求。     

高分辨率遥感影像智能解译研究进展与趋势

遥感影像解译是一个不断发展的研究方向,随着日新月异的遥感应用需求、高分辨率遥感数据的快速发展、地理知识的日积月累、以及人工智能技术的发展,亟需发展自动化、智能化的遥感影像解译技术。本文针对遥感影像智能解译,首先从遥感影像解译单元、分类方法、解译认知3个方面阐述遥感影像解译的研究进展,然后提出了面向地理场景的 “地理知识图谱构建—深度学习模型构建—地理知识图谱与深度学习模型协同的遥感影像语义分类”遥感影像智能解译总体框架,并给出初步试验成果,最后对智能解译的重要发展趋势予以展望,以期拓展遥感影像智能解译研究的思路与方法,提高遥感影像智能解译的精细程度和智能化水平,使智能解译具备地理空间理解能力,推动“数据—信息—知识—智能”的深度转化。