GEOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY: NEW ASPECTS OF INTEGRATION IN THE ERA OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

A discussion is presented of the unity of geography and cartography at different stages of their historical development, ending with an indication of new links between these sciences in the current era of scientific and technological progress. Emphasized is the importance of the geospatial paradigm, which is a specific form of an interdisciplinary general scientific methodology. Under this paradigm, geography and cartography play important roles in the solution of problems involving interaction between nature and society. The concept underlying a new Soviet atlas of the world is cited as an example. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Geographic Union, Paris, 1984.     

NEW METHODS OF COMPILING GENERAL REFERENCE MAPS IN ATLAS CARTOGRAPHY

Measures to improve the effectiveness and informational content of general reference maps and other materials in atlases designed for the general public are outlined. Emphasis is placed upon (a) enhancing the readability and visual appeal of color “landscape” maps, providing a generalized, small-scale aerial view of the region(s) of interest–this through the application of principles of perception and colorimetry–and (b) developing larger-scale “reference” maps maximizing levels of graphic detail without jeopardizing ease of perception–this based on a careful study of general reference maps in atlases worldwide and broadly based testing of users with various levels of map reading skills. Translated from: Izvestiya vysshykh uchebnykh zavedeniy: Geodeziya i aerofotos'yemka, 1985, No. 6, pp. 111-115.     

THE THEORETICAL POTENTIAL,METHODS, AND LAWS OF CARTOGRAPHY

The following paper was presented at the 11th Technical Conference of the International Cartographic Association (Warsaw, 1982) and submitted to the Editor-in-Chief who currently serves as the I.C.A. president Since the contents of the paper figure heavily both in the lead article of this issue by Salishchev, and the response to that article by the Editor-in-Chief, it is published here for readers wanting more information about the debate.     

ECOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING: CONCEPTS,METHODS, AND TECHNOLOGY

Another paper in a series of articles on ecological-geographic mapping (see for example, Mapping Sciences and Remote Sensing, Vol. 31, No. 3, July-September 1994, pp. 185-220) focuses on outlining a concise typology of such maps and providing a brief history of their emergence during the 1970s and 1980s. A subsequent section is devoted to methods and technology used in the compilation of ecological-geographic maps, particularly the multiple variants of data organization, processing, and cartographic representation that can be factored into research design. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1995, No. 4, pp. 10-18.     

AUTOMATION IN THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHY

The proceedings of the Eighth All-Union Conference on Thematic Mapping (Moscow, January 23-25, 1985), devoted to issues of automation in cartography, are described by two of the more active delegates. Basic problems include establishing a theoretical basis for automation in cartography, identifying means and principles for creating cartographic data bases, supplying these data bases with the requisite information, devising methods for thematic map compilation, and automating methods of map use and cartographic research. Most urgent is the need to increase domestic production of automated mapping and data storage equipment and accelerate the transition from experimental research to practical applications. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1985, No. 7, pp. 38-42.     

DECORATIVE-APPLIED ART AND CARTOGRAPHY

The need to accelerate the development of map reading and interpretation skills by increasing the exposure of school-age children to maps and other cartographic images is now widely recognized. Two Soviet authors advocate a broader approach; namely, the expansion of decorative-commercial applications of cartography. Maps, in aesthetic and simplified form, should be used more widely as motifs for toys and household goods, articles of clothing, and displays of events and places of popular interest. The most basic properties of the earth (shape, natural colors, etc.) should be retained whenever possible, even when the maps themselves are highly abstract. Translated from: Geodezlya i kartografiya, 1984, No. 12, pp. 26-27.     

STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING

This paper was prepared as supporting documentation for a tutorial given by the authors under Photogrammetric Society auspices. The authors do not make any claims of novelty or innovation but they feel that the information contained in the paper will provide useful study material, especially for practitioners of photogrammetry and surveying. The following topics are covered: functional and stochastic models; the least squares process; statistical testing; optimal design methods; and numerical examples in the design of a horizontal control network and of a close range photogrammetric survey.     

URGENT PROBLEMS IN AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY

A colleague of K. A. Salishchev in the Moscow University Department of Cartography extends that scholar's criticism of the method of “raster digitization” defended by Ye. Ye. Shiryayev in the preceding paper. Yevteyev's comments focus on what he considers to be the narrow range of practical applications of the method, its artificial division of generalization into scalar and thematic components, and the poor perceptibility and resemblance of the maps to the actual objects being portrayed. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 6, pp. 53–55.     

SOME DEBATABLE ISSUES IN CARTOGRAPHY

The author raises several questions about the use of systems and quantitative approaches as a basis for a universal theory of cartography. In particular, he emphasizes that reliance on these approaches does not substitute for knowledge of specific properties of the objects of mapping (derived from the methods of the individual sciences) or of fundamental principles of map design. Mathematical-cartographic modeling, which uses draft maps as a means of comparing mathematical models with reality and thus for evaluating each stage in the modeling procedure, is advocated as a means for integrating diverse approaches in thematic cartography. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 2, pp. 147-152.     

COMMON THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

In a review of one of the fundamental Russian works on geographic information systems, the author provides an interesting glimpse into the development of GIS and GIS training in Russia and other former Soviet republics (most notably, Georgia). Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1992, No. 3, pp. 171-172.     

CERTAIN PROBLEMS IN MODERN CARTOGRAPHY

The author, seeking to demonstrate that cartography can make significant contributions to the space-time paradigm in geography, outlines principles for the compilation of “map-movies,” i.e., the photographing of maps depicting the same area for different, sequential points in time, onto the frames of motion picture film. In particular, the experience accumulated during the compilation of a map-movie depicting the dynamics of the condition of landscapes in the Georgian SSR from January 1 to April 8, 1986 is described, as are the general findings of tests designed to determine how map readers perceive such motion picture images. Translated from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1987, No. 1, pp. 28-32.     

MODERN CARTOGRAPHY: RESULTS AND PROSPECTS

The author reviews the principal problems pertaining to the development of modern cartography raised at a conference on Cartography at the Transition between the 20th and 21st Centuries, held in Moscow in the autumn of 1997. The conference was organized by the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the Russian Geographical Society, the Russian Federation Geodetic and Cartographic Service, the school of Geography at Moscow University, the Russian State Library, the Moscow State University of Geodesy, Aerial Mapping, and Cartography, and the Geoinformation System Association. There were 67 plenary reports, over 30 poster sessions, and a roundtable on “Cartographic Working Groups of Today and Tomorrow.” Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1998, No. 2, pp. 121-130.     

STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING (CONTINUED)

Inner constraints, generalised matrix inverses and S-transformations are described in relation to least squares estimation of spatial positions. A simple example is used to illustrate some of the theory. The various roles and properties of covariance functions and matrices are presented with a discussion of their practical determination and use in least squares interpolation and collocation.     

EVOLUTION OF INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GEOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY

The author's observations on the proceedings of the 1984 IGU Congress in Paris and 1984 ICA Conference in Perth, Australia provide a framework for a commentary on the current state of relations between geography and cartography. In order for ties between the two fields to be strengthened, maps must serve as more than spatial illustrations–they must be further developed, based on advances in automation and remote sensing methods, as a research tool for the elucidation of new geographical laws. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 2, pp. 5-13.     

NATIONAL ATLASES: CONCEPTS,CONTENT, AND EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT

This article summarizes the experience gained from collaboration between the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences and geographers and cartographers of Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam in the creation of national atlases for these countries. The scientific concepts embodied in the atlases are analyzed, as well as the interrelationships and scope of topics, the combination of scientific and practical directions, and characteristics of their organization. Translated from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1988, No. 3, pp. 31-38 by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005.     

移动地图及制作探讨

介绍了移动地图的概念和移动通信设施的类型，指出显示器的尺寸、信息获取的实时特征要求，能够运用活动表征和自动综合，为用户显示不受干扰的重要信息，阐述了移动地图制作过程中信息处理的面向对象的数据库技术、目标信息的互操作、活动目标综合方法和智能体综合方法。     

地理信息系统与地图学教育

本文在简明扼要地叙述地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）及地理信息系统教育的发展特点,系统全面地分析ＧＩＳ与地图学、地图可视化与ＧＩＳ可视化的密切关系的基础上,就新时期的地图学教育,在师资人员培养、课程设置、教学内容选择、教学实验方法等方面进行了探讨。     

THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATION INTO CARTOGRAPHY

The author, in response to a critical review of his book on automation in cartography by K. A. Salishchev (see preceding article), defends his ideas on “raster digitizing” (proposed as only one of several approaches to cartographic automation) by documenting the need for a certain level of uniformity in the storage and presentation of information. In the process he continues a debate on the theoretical basis that should govern the development of automated cartography that occupied the entire “Cartography” section of the May 1986 issue of Geodeziya i kartografiya. In a preface to the section, the editorial board of the Soviet journal emphasized that there is no single, universally accepted position on standards for automating cartography or on the ultimate role automation should play in the discipline as a whole. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 5, pp. 38–43.     

REMOTE SENSING IN THE SOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN CUBA

Remote sensing inventories of the land and marine resources of Cuba, both from satellite and aerial platforms, are assessed in terms of their contributions to research on the country's physical and economic geography. Under the auspices of an international cooperative program “Interkosmos,” maps of many types have been upgraded, the costs of surveys have been reduced dramatically, and the potential for monitoring natural and human-induced change is being realized more fully. In addition, a study of weather and other conditions affecting image quality led to a determination of optimal times for conducting remote sensing surveys. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1988, No. 3, pp. 36-41, by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308.