THE USE OF ANCIENT MAPS AND SPACE IMAGERY IN THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

The author outlines, in diagrammatic form, a procedure for the joint use of old maps (topographic, land survey, etc.) and current space imagery to compile maps of environmental change. The ancient maps reveal land use and physical conditions which serve as a benchmark for evaluation of subsequent change. Space imagery is useful both in updating the current state of the environment and providing a cartographic base for the preparation of final maps. Selected areas of Moscow Oblast are used as test sites. Translated from: Izvestiya vuzov, Geodeziya i aerofotos' yem-ka, 1985, No. 1, pp. 104-109.     

专题制图中各有关专题要素求权方法的比较研究

专题制图中，多专题数据综合分类（评价）是制图数据处理中的重要内容。不论采用什么方法（模型）综合分类，各专题要素的权重确定是至关重要的，因为权重直接关系到最后分类的科学性和准确性。本研究比较几种权重确定方法，系统地介绍各有关专题要素求权的具体步骤。     

COMMON THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

In a review of one of the fundamental Russian works on geographic information systems, the author provides an interesting glimpse into the development of GIS and GIS training in Russia and other former Soviet republics (most notably, Georgia). Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1992, No. 3, pp. 171-172.     

CARTOGRAPHY IN THE WEST: AN ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL VIEWS IN RECENT YEARS

The desire of cartographers in the West to construct a theory of cartography entirely on a communicative basis has suffered an obvious failure. The systematic replacement of theoretical “landmarks” has begun. In this process, several trends have become evident: the desire to eliminate the most vulnerable areas of the communicative theory of cartography, the intention to channel this theory into the path of cognitive cartography, attempts to find new theoretical foundations for cartography, etc. The paper analyzes these phenomena, their positive, or, conversely, unacceptable tendencies. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1983, No. 6, pp. 11-18.     

地图设计与视觉感受的探讨

视觉地图的信息传递 ,实际上是地图作者的设计思想在地图读者视觉感受中的体现。本文在对人的视觉感受和影响感受效果主要因素分析的基础上 ,提出读者视觉感受的效果是地图信息传递成败和效率高低的关键 ,也是评价地图设计的重要依据的观点 ,进而对地图内容选取和概括指标的确定、地图符号设计、色彩设计、图面配置及整饰设计与视觉感受的关系作了一定的分析 ,并提出了在地图设计中需要注意的一些问题。     

THE RELATION OF CARTOGRAPHY TO THE LAWS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCE

The chairman of Moscow University's Cartography Department addresses questions about cartography's place in the system of scientific knowledge, qualifications as a science, subject matter, and methods of analysis. Critiques of recent theoretical works both within and outside the USSR lay the groundwork for the author's view of cartography: a multifaceted, interdisciplinary field of knowledge using maps for the presentation and investigation of natural and socioeconomic phenomena. Although few if any strictly cartographic laws exist at present, map use methods are applied widely for the discovery and analysis of laws in other disciplines. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1984, No. 6, pp. 3-10.     

RECIDIVISM OF COMMUNICATIVE CARTOGRAPHY UNDER THE GUISE OF AUTOMATION

The author, in a review of Ye. Ye. Shiryayev's book, Cartographic Presentation, Transformation, and Analysis of Geoinformation, addresses several issues in the automation of cartography—in particular what he perceives as a growing tendency to underestimate the importance of understanding the information being portrayed on maps. A formalistic (strictly quantitative) view of generalization that focuses on preservation or minimization of the loss of information on an initial map ignores the potential for the creation of new knowledge through the abstraction and elimination of information about lower-order systems. Salishchev criticizes Shiryayev's method of “raster digitizing” on such formalistic grounds, and because of its lack of visual quality and purported indiscriminate application within cartography. Shiryayev's reply to Salishchev's comments appears in the following paper of this issue. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1985, No. 11, pp. 59–61.     

BASIC TENETS OF A THEORY OF SCALING IN CARTOGRAPHY

The basic principles behind a theory of scaling in cartography are outlined and illustrated with a large number of examples. The following levels of scaling are used in the transformation of “(objective) empirical systems of relationships” to “abstract systems of relationships” for the purpose of their graphic representation: nominal, ordinal, interval, proportional or ratio, and absolute. While the first four levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) are similar to those widely identified in the West, the absolute level represents what would be considered a special type of ratio scaling in Western practice. The paper includes criticism of certain graphic methods supposedly used by Western cartographers on maps employing the different levels of scaling (use of symbols differentiated by variations in internal structure, failure to correctly differentiate between interval, ratio, and absolute scaling, etc.). Measurement for mapping purposes should be based on careful analysis of the structure of relationships among the objects of mapping and on their preservation during numerical data transformations and graphic representation. Translated from: Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, seriya geograficheskaya, geologicheskaya, 1986, No. 3, pp. 57-62.     

心象地图在制图传输中的作用

制图传输是制图学的重要研究领域。本文从认知制图的角度,探讨了心象地图在制图传输中的作用;着重分析了心象地图和地图之间的内在联系,指出了人的认知制图能力的客观存在是制图传输得以进行的真正原因;在此基础上,提出了制图传输的扩展模式,增加了从读图者到次读图者之间的传输过程,并从内容和形式等方面分析了它的特殊性,以期完善制图传输模式。     

THE ROLE OF CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION IN PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY

A paper presented at a symposium on “Communication and Society” (Inter-university Center for Postgraduate Studies, University of Dubrovnik, May 13-24, 1985) explores means for extending the use and effectiveness of maps in everyday life. Primary emphasis is on improving overall cartographic communication and devising more effective methods for using maps to augment other communications media, especially newspapers and television. Submitted by the author to the Editor-in-Chief for publication.     

AUTOMATION IN THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHY

The proceedings of the Eighth All-Union Conference on Thematic Mapping (Moscow, January 23-25, 1985), devoted to issues of automation in cartography, are described by two of the more active delegates. Basic problems include establishing a theoretical basis for automation in cartography, identifying means and principles for creating cartographic data bases, supplying these data bases with the requisite information, devising methods for thematic map compilation, and automating methods of map use and cartographic research. Most urgent is the need to increase domestic production of automated mapping and data storage equipment and accelerate the transition from experimental research to practical applications. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1985, No. 7, pp. 38-42.     

THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATION INTO CARTOGRAPHY

The author, in response to a critical review of his book on automation in cartography by K. A. Salishchev (see preceding article), defends his ideas on “raster digitizing” (proposed as only one of several approaches to cartographic automation) by documenting the need for a certain level of uniformity in the storage and presentation of information. In the process he continues a debate on the theoretical basis that should govern the development of automated cartography that occupied the entire “Cartography” section of the May 1986 issue of Geodeziya i kartografiya. In a preface to the section, the editorial board of the Soviet journal emphasized that there is no single, universally accepted position on standards for automating cartography or on the ultimate role automation should play in the discipline as a whole. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 5, pp. 38–43.     

CARTOGRAPHY ON THE EVE OF A NEW MILLENNIUM

One of Russia's foremost cartographers surveys the status of cartography on the eve of the 21st century, in a review of research presented at a plenary session of a recent national cartographic conference of the Russian Federation. The focus is on how changes in scientific paradigms (toward a so-called phenomenological paradigm) have been accompanied by the appearance of new products and modes of communication and information transmission. These, in turn, have generated needs for new programs of mass-based cartographic education and new scientific production institutes for the design and testing of new mapping technologies. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1998, No. 1, pp. 8-17.     

地理信息系统与地图学教育

本文在简明扼要地叙述地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）及地理信息系统教育的发展特点,系统全面地分析ＧＩＳ与地图学、地图可视化与ＧＩＳ可视化的密切关系的基础上,就新时期的地图学教育,在师资人员培养、课程设置、教学内容选择、教学实验方法等方面进行了探讨。     

数字制图中面状注记自动配置的研究

运用了面积比结合形状因子对多边形进行度量,改进了常见的单纯依靠形状因子的办法,通过试验验证了其可行性.     

GEOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY: NEW ASPECTS OF INTEGRATION IN THE ERA OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

A discussion is presented of the unity of geography and cartography at different stages of their historical development, ending with an indication of new links between these sciences in the current era of scientific and technological progress. Emphasized is the importance of the geospatial paradigm, which is a specific form of an interdisciplinary general scientific methodology. Under this paradigm, geography and cartography play important roles in the solution of problems involving interaction between nature and society. The concept underlying a new Soviet atlas of the world is cited as an example. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Geographic Union, Paris, 1984.     

THE ROLE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE NATIONAL MAPPING ACTIVITIES OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY OF NORTHERN IRELAND

Since 1960, photogrammetry has played a leading role in the acquisition of survey data within the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland. The decision to create a digital topographic database for Northern Ireland has changed the philosophy and practice of photogrammetry within the organisation and these changes are discussed in this paper.     

URGENT PROBLEMS IN AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY

A colleague of K. A. Salishchev in the Moscow University Department of Cartography extends that scholar's criticism of the method of “raster digitization” defended by Ye. Ye. Shiryayev in the preceding paper. Yevteyev's comments focus on what he considers to be the narrow range of practical applications of the method, its artificial division of generalization into scalar and thematic components, and the poor perceptibility and resemblance of the maps to the actual objects being portrayed. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 6, pp. 53–55.