APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMED IMAGES IN GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

A final installment in a series of papers on transformed cartographic images in geogaphy (see Mapping Sciences and Remote Sensing, 1993, No. 4, pp. 306-319 and 1994, No. 1, pp. 33-85) focuses on their applications in more effectively depicting a variety of spatially distributed phenomena. Most applications are demonstrated using images compiled via a method developed by the authors. Specific transformed images used to illustrate the range of existing applications include those scaled according to population size, GNP, various illness rates, density of ocean vessels, oil pollution in the ocean, and fisheries and offshore oil and gas deposits.     

NUMERICAL METHODS IN THE COMPILATION OF TRANSFORMED IMAGES

A third installment in a series of articles devoted to the compilation of transformed images focuses on computer-assisted numerical image transformations. Particular attention is devoted to algorithms developed by Tobler, Tikunov, and Pikin; Tikunov; White and Griffin; Kadmon and Shlomi; Petrov, Serbenyuk, and Tikunov; and Dougenik et al. Advantages and shortcomings of each of these methods are compared and a new algorithm is unveiled that is designed to eliminate some of the extant deficiencies in image transformation.     

AN EXPERIMENT IN SYSTEMATIZING THE CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGES OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

The authors attempt to identify and standardize the cartographic symbols (“images”) used to represent a variety of specific geomorphological features. A large number of cartographic representations of landform features found on geological-geomorphological maps are classified in terms of their basic pattern/configuration and the level of complexity within each major pattern type. It is argued that the pattern or configuration of a cartographic symbol used to represent a geomorphological feature should represent the spatial structure of that feature with sufficient reliability to serve as a key to an understanding of its genesis. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1987, No. 2, pp. 62-66.     

城市建设中地形图、地籍图、房产图的综合运用

本文详细讨论地形图、地籍图、房产图的内容和特点，针对“三图”的内容和特点探讨现代城市建设中如何合理绘制三种图纸，如何在各部门(主要是规划局、国土局、房管局)合理使用三种图纸，使公用信息产生统一性，最终达到让城市地理信息产生综合服务的目的。     

TOPOLOGY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGES

A survey of the use of topologic concepts of space in map transofrmation supports the author's contention that so-called “transformed images” represent for the most part rather arbitrary distortions of conventional maps constructed in Euclidean space. This paper demonstrates how truly topologic images can be created “from scratch,” i.e., without manipulation of either the sizes or shapes of areal units on preexisting maps. Images created by quantitatively defining “graphic ratios” of areal units can thus be replicated by other cartographers with a minimum of subjectivity. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1984, No. 12, pp. 28-31.     

USE OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC METHOD IN THE STUDY OF CHANNEL PROCESSES

A second paper on floodplain and channel mapping describes how the “cartographic method” (the use of maps to derive information about the world not readily available through other means of investigation) is applied through the use of special maps depicting the sizes and types of river channels, the character of floodplains and of channel deformation, and the general conditions responsible for channel evolution. The uses, strengths, and limitations of channel maps at small, intermediate, and large scales are discussed, as well as methods of cartographic presentation that have proven most effective. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1986, No. 3, pp. 99-108.     

CARTOGRAPHIC MODELS IN THE ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRENDS IN URBAN POLLUTION

Methods of assessing the informational content of multispectral imagery from satellites are examined. The utility of integral measures of the quantity of information from selected vis-à-vis one- and two-dimensional histograms of the brightnesses of multispectral space images are demonstrated. Such a procedure makes it possible to compare data obtained at different times and data obtained using different measuring instruments, which facilitates solution of the problem of predicting possible changes in the investigated area under the influence of natural and human agents.     

THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ANALYSIS OF URBAN AND RURAL LANDSCAPES

This paper reviews major concerns in the development of geographic information systems in Czechoslovakia (underlying theory, design and system requirements, data acquisition and classification, and mathematical-cartographic modeling), and describes the structure of two systems developed for the city of Brno and the surrounding semi-rural countryside. These systems are designed to permit the widest possible range of spatial information to be incorporated into their data bases, to allow maximum flexibility of response to changing user requirements, to produce a wide variety of graphic products, and to provide a capacity for automated forecasting and output of forecast maps. Presented at the Euro-Carto III Seminar sponsored by the International Cartographic Association at Graz, Austria, October 23-25, 1984 and submitted to the Editor-in-Chief for publication.     

DEVELOPMENT OF CARTOGRAPHIC THEORY IN EASTERN EUROPE

The development of cartographic theory in Eastern Europe and its implications are discussed in depth by one of the most prominent Soviet geographers and cartographers. Professor Salishchev who heads the Department of Cartography at Moscow University, was the President of the International Cartographic Association. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1983, No. 10, pp. 51-56.     

GIS在福州城建沙盘演示控制系统中的应用研究

结合福州城建展示馆沙盘模型演示控制系统的建设实践,讨论了利用GIS控制沙盘灯光演示的技术路线,提出了将地理信息技术和沙盘演示控制系统集成的可行性方案。     

DFNN及在城市建设用地面积需求预测中应用

建立了数据驱动型的动态自适应非线性回归系统模型,解决了模糊神经网络模型在执行阶段无法动态学习调整参数的问题,以深圳市建设用地面积需求预测为例说明该模型的有效性。     

协调土地利用与生态建设的研究

研究了土地利用对经济效益和生态效益的影响,设计了基于经济效益和生态效益双因子联合分析协调土地利用与生态建设的技术方法,实现了通过效益调整来协调土地利用和生态建设.     

基于卫星遥感影像的南昌市城市热岛效应研究

分析了城市热岛效应研究的关键技术,采用了地表发射率对亮度温度进行订正的方法,尽可能地消除地表覆盖等对地表温度反演的影响,利用1989和2000年的LandsatTM／ETM＋数据,实现了南昌市城区及其周边区域的城市热岛效应的评价。     

THE ROLE OF CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION IN PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY

A paper presented at a symposium on “Communication and Society” (Inter-university Center for Postgraduate Studies, University of Dubrovnik, May 13-24, 1985) explores means for extending the use and effectiveness of maps in everyday life. Primary emphasis is on improving overall cartographic communication and devising more effective methods for using maps to augment other communications media, especially newspapers and television. Submitted by the author to the Editor-in-Chief for publication.     

心象地图在制图传输中的作用

制图传输是制图学的重要研究领域。本文从认知制图的角度,探讨了心象地图在制图传输中的作用;着重分析了心象地图和地图之间的内在联系,指出了人的认知制图能力的客观存在是制图传输得以进行的真正原因;在此基础上,提出了制图传输的扩展模式,增加了从读图者到次读图者之间的传输过程,并从内容和形式等方面分析了它的特殊性,以期完善制图传输模式。     

分层建设用地使用权登记的思考

比较了二维地籍与三维地籍的登记要素,分析了三维地籍研究的现状,提出了分层建设用地使用权登记的模式.     

论TM图像在土地利用和农作物布局动态监测中的定位定性精度

由于经济建设的发展和自然因素的影响,土地利用状况和农作物布局每年都在发生变化,耕 地在减少、农作物布局每年在调整、建设用地不断增加,为及时掌握土地利用和农作物布局的动态 变化,根据全国农业区划委员会的要求,利用TM磁带结合彩红外航片和地图,在北京地区进行 了动态监测研究试验。由1:10万地形图选取平面控制点对TM磁带进行精处理,平面定位精度为 半个象元,精度较高；利用微机多因子自动分类和目视解译对比分析,定性分类精度达94%;TM 图象的多光谱信息丰富,定位定性精度较高,适用于土地利用和农作物布局的动态监测,周期短、 效益好。     

制图综合方根规律模型的分形扩展

本文分析了方根规律存在的问题，运用分形理论，研究了有关要素数量指标随比例尺变化的规律，并建立了顾及要素自身形态及分布特征的方根规律分形扩展模型，从理论上，为科学、客观地进行制图综合的数量选取开辟了一条新的途径。本文最后还给出了若干要素选取的具体方法和所提出模型的应用实例     

遥感增强图像在变质岩地区构造特征研究和找铁矿中的应用

本文以地质体的波谱特性测试资料为基础, 结合地质调查和地球物理资料, 选择不同的处理 方法进行对比和分析, 使其达到较好效果。研究中利用几种遥感图像, 如比值增强、密度分割, 对隐伏的含铁变质岩系构造和铁矿层的显示获得了好效果。比值增强图像上的色调异常显示为: 基岩区的含铁变质岩系呈深褐色、紫色条带, 第四系分布区呈不规则点状或彩色条带显示。色调 的深浅显示含铁变质岩系埋藏的深浅。通过图像增强处理, 圈定了一些远景区。