USE OF SPACE PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE MAKING AND REVISION OF SMALL-SCALE MAPS

A brief review paper focuses on Soviet strategies for the use of space imagery, particularly photographic products (1:2,000,000 to 1:4,200,000 scale) from manned spaceflights, in the revision of small-scale general reference maps. Principles for the interpretation and mapping of basic map elements appearing on space photographs are outlined. Space photographs provide for reduction in time spent in map editing and the more correct analysis of the reliability of information and its generalization. A technology of map revision based on the joint use of original photographs and photomaps, with the transfer of revisions from photomaps to map originals, is proposed. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 8, pp. 29-33.     

THE USE OF ANCIENT MAPS AND SPACE IMAGERY IN THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

The author outlines, in diagrammatic form, a procedure for the joint use of old maps (topographic, land survey, etc.) and current space imagery to compile maps of environmental change. The ancient maps reveal land use and physical conditions which serve as a benchmark for evaluation of subsequent change. Space imagery is useful both in updating the current state of the environment and providing a cartographic base for the preparation of final maps. Selected areas of Moscow Oblast are used as test sites. Translated from: Izvestiya vuzov, Geodeziya i aerofotos' yem-ka, 1985, No. 1, pp. 104-109.     

USE OF SPACE IMAGERY IN COMPILING EVALUATIVE AND FORECAST MAPS OF LAND USE

Space information is used to assess present and forecast future socioeconomic characteristics related to land use in the Sheki-Zakataly region, Azerbaijan SSR. Land use maps were compiled to clarify present conditions, which then provided a basis for evaluating possibilities for improvement and intensification of land use and for predicting possible land use trends given certain assumptions. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, SSSR: seriya geograficheskaya, 1988, No. 4, pp. 89-96.     

SURVEY CAMP: SOME NOTES ON THE MAKING OF LAND USE MAPS IN NATAL

Abstract

The duties of an Extension Officer of the South African Division of Soil Conservation and Extension are many and varied. Briefly, he gives professional advice on all aspects of farming (except veterinary), technical advice on engineering and building construction applied to farming, he does surveys and advises on dams, contour banks, etc., carries out stocks improvement and seed inspections, enforces the Weeds Act, and last but not least, sees to the enactment of the Soil Conservation Act. In these duties it is considered that one officer and two assistants are necessary for every 200 farms. Johnny Coles, B.Sc., with one full time, and occasional part-time, assistance has, as extension officer in the Ixopo district in Natal, over 1,000 farms comprising 1,800,000 acres, and a considerable number of government-owned properties in his care. Many men in his position would, in desperation over the hopelessness of the task, let things slide. Not so Johnny Coles who set about finding ways and means of getting the work done somehow.     

成都地图

本文通过历史考证，说明成都地图的发展与各时期的作用，图中成都古城资料，证明成都城址无变迁，是地图的历史功绩。     

LANDSCAPE-FUNCTIONAL MAPS IN THE STUDY OF URBAN GEOCHEMICAL ANOMALIES

A method is proposed for the use of large-scale “landscape-functional” maps (depicting interrelationships between landscape structure, land use, and environmental impacts) in the identification and explanation of geochemical anomalies within urbanized areas. Landscape-functional complexes or basic elementary landscapes located within different zones of human activity, serve as the basic units of mapping. An excerpt from a landscape-functional map of an unnamed mining-metallurgical center in a semi-arid mountain basin environment is provided as an illustration of how such maps reveal spatial associations between trace-element concentrations in soil, snow, and stream bottom sediments; location in respect to major pollution sources (proximity, upslope or downslope position, leeward or windward orientation); and frequency and intensity of trace-element transport (mass movements, stream and overland flow, prevailing winds). Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universitete, geografiya, 1986, No. 5, pp. 88-94.     

THE ACCURACY OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

Abstract

“Accuracy” in relation to maps is a term very frequently and widely used. Nevertheless it is hard to obtain any comprehensive precise definition of the word in this connection.     

THE CONTENT OF ECOLOGICAL-LANDSCAPE MAPS

The authors describe results of a project involving intermediate-scale mapping of natural environmental complexes of an experimental area in central Belarus'. Three different cartographic models—of landscape dynamics, landscape-geochemical conditions, and composite ecological-landscape conditions—make it possible to organize and synthesize a large volume of material for the assessment of the ecological situation across a number of diverse natural complexes. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Rossiyskogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, Vol. 127, No. 5, 1995, pp. 24-32.     

USE OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC METHOD IN THE STUDY OF CHANNEL PROCESSES

A second paper on floodplain and channel mapping describes how the “cartographic method” (the use of maps to derive information about the world not readily available through other means of investigation) is applied through the use of special maps depicting the sizes and types of river channels, the character of floodplains and of channel deformation, and the general conditions responsible for channel evolution. The uses, strengths, and limitations of channel maps at small, intermediate, and large scales are discussed, as well as methods of cartographic presentation that have proven most effective. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1986, No. 3, pp. 99-108.     

USE OF SPACE IMAGERY IN THE FOREST ECONOMY

This paper provides a broad overview of current Soviet applications of remote sensing in the performance of forest inventories and related valuational studies, and in the production of derivative thematic maps—in particular, the photostatistical method of forest inventory based on interactive computer-assisted interpretation of satellite imagery and large-scale air photos. The ultimate future objective is the formation of a unified remote sensing-geographic information system for forest management and inventory purposes that will encompass the entire forested area of the country. Advances in the use of satellite imagery in the monitoring of forest fires, insect infestations, and rangeland deterioration have also been made since the late 1970s. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 4, pp. 30–36.     

NOTES ON THE USE OF THE SLIDE-RULE IN TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING

Abstract

The Survey in which the following methods were employed was for a final map on a scale of 1/500,000, with contours at a 500-foot Vertical Interval. In order to make use of any available information shown on existing maps, the scale used in different areas in the field was that of existing maps. These scales were 1,000 roods to 1 inch (1 rood = 12.396 English feet), 840 roods to 1 inch (1/125,000), and 1,680 roods to 1 inch (1/250,000).     

THE ECOLOGY OF RUSSIA ON MAPS

An overview paper, providing general information on research in the field of ecological mapping, surveys the cartographic study of ecological problems occurring in Russia at present and defines priority problems for the future development of this field. Among the criteria used to categorize the inventory of the ecological cartographic products of Russia are map topic, scale, time of compilation, format, and regional distribution. The survey was carried out under the auspices of the Russian Federation Ministry of Science, Higher and Intermediate Education, and Technical Policy at the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with specialists of many institutions and organizations of the country—The Siberian Section, Institute of Geography; the Russian State Library; and others. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1994, No. 1, pp. 107-118.     

THE USE OF AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION ELEMENTS

This paper outlines the history of the development of various auxiliary instruments which can help in the determination of the elements of absolute orientation. The recent work of Dr. H. G. Jerie on height precision is summarised and results of tests carried out with air photography linked to auxiliary instrumental data are presented.     

THE USE OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE ON SURVEYS IN TRINIDAD

Abstract

In Trinidad the magnetic needle is used on all secondary surveys. The term “compass surveys” was given, unfortunately, to these secondary surveys in order to distinguish them from surveys carried out in open country in the ordinary manner with the theodolite oriented by means of solar observations or by bearings obtained direct from the trigonometrical framework.     

USE OF SPACE IMAGERY IN COMPILING ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION MAPS (with reference to the Soligorsk potash-mining district)

The authors apply remote sensing data to the mapping of natural envionment with a focus on environmental protection. The technique is illustrated with particular reference to a largely swampy potash-mining deposit in Belorussia which is the largest potash producer of the USSR, accounting for 54% of its total output in 1983. Translated from: Kartografirovaniye po kosmicheskim snimkam i okhrana okruzhayushchey sredy (Mapping from Space Imagery and Protection of the Environment), edited by Ye. A. Vostokova et al., Moscow: Nedra, 1983, pp. 177-195.