关于专题地图标准化的几个问题

本文从分析目前国际专题地图标准化的成就及存在的问题入手,剖析了专题地图标准化的重要意义及必要性,探讨了专题地图标准化的具体内容,并在此基础上,提出了专题地图标准化的实现途径。     

数字地图的接边方法研究

为解决我国数字化测图生产中数字地图的相邻图幅自动接边的难题,本文提出了一种可适用于微机的数字地图的接边方法——要素分类接边法。该方法分三步完成接边:(1)提取接边要素对;(2)接边要素对自动分类接边;(3)分幅剪辑与拼接。生产试验说明,这种接边方法可适用于各种大小比例尺的数字地图接边,可达到较高的自动化程度,接边效果满意。     

成都地图

本文通过历史考证，说明成都地图的发展与各时期的作用，图中成都古城资料，证明成都城址无变迁，是地图的历史功绩。     

战区军事地理系列专题地图制图研究

本文论述了制作战区军事地理系列专题图的必要性和可能性:以济南战区为例,以军事地理学和地图制图学为基础理论,探讨了战区军事地理系列专题地图的图幅构成与设计的基本原理和方法;并在微机上初步研制了制作该系列专题地图的软件系统。     

THE ACCURACY OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

Abstract

“Accuracy” in relation to maps is a term very frequently and widely used. Nevertheless it is hard to obtain any comprehensive precise definition of the word in this connection.     

THE CONTENT OF ECOLOGICAL-LANDSCAPE MAPS

The authors describe results of a project involving intermediate-scale mapping of natural environmental complexes of an experimental area in central Belarus'. Three different cartographic models—of landscape dynamics, landscape-geochemical conditions, and composite ecological-landscape conditions—make it possible to organize and synthesize a large volume of material for the assessment of the ecological situation across a number of diverse natural complexes. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Rossiyskogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, Vol. 127, No. 5, 1995, pp. 24-32.     

EXPERIMENTS ON THE GROUP GENERALIZATIONG OF CONTOUR LINES FOR TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of two techni-cal lines for automatic group generalization of contour lines.The author suggeststhat it is possible to get faster and better generalization results if we simulate theintelligence of human experts in program designing,retrieve geomorphologicalstructural information using the input data of 2-D contour lines and derive andoutput the generalied 2-D results directly.     

EXPERIMENTS ON THE GROUP GENERALIZATIONG OF CONTOUR LINES FOR TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of two technical lines for automatic group generalization of contour lines. The author suggests that it is possible to get faster and better generalization results if we simulate the intelligence of human experts in program designing, retrieve geomorphological structural information using the input data of 2-D contour lines and derive and output the generalized 2-D results directly.     

可视地形上叠加数字线划图的设计与实现

基于目前铁路设计多是在二维地形图上进行的事实，本文叙述了利用设计部门现有的资料，构建约束的Delaunay三角网(CDT)及三维显示的过程，并提出了结合2D地形图的快速查询功能，将数字线划图(DLG)叠加到三维地形图上的方法来辅助铁路线路设计。最后给出实例证明了该方法的可行性。     

基于POS系统的1∶1万比例尺正射影像图制作

介绍了机载POS系统对地定位的主要方法和基于POS系统制作1∶1万比例尺数字正射影像图的过程。结果表明，利用POS系统 对地定位只需少量地面控制点即可解算出高精度的外方位元素，进行相应比例尺的航测成图与正射影像图制作。该方法生产效率高 ，成图周期短，展示了POS系统在正射影像图制作方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

THE CONCEPT OF SPACE AND ITS PRESENTATION ON MAPS: THEORETICAL ASPECTS

The author defines cartographic space, i.e., the space encompassed by geographic maps, as the entire “geographic” envelope. Maps as spatial models of the concrete three-dimensional space of this envelope [increasingly this space is viewed as four-dimensional, when the element of time is included] depict geosystems of various levels and complexity and serve as an essential basis for analyzing their properties, internal processes, and relationships. The author argues against divorcing the study of cartographic space from an understanding of the content of the objects being mapped, and critically evaluates positions of other Soviet and East European cartographers on the “dual role” of the cartographic space of maps. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1986, No. 2, pp. 3-9.     

PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE COMPLETENESS OF GEOGRAPHIC MAPS

The author outlines a method for quantitative analysis of the completeness of information presented on maps of varying scale, i.e., for determining, upon reductions in scale of an original map A, what magnitudes of loss in graphic detail will result in derivative maps B, C, D that are of equal relative completeness to the original. Empirical formulae are derived which describe intensities of selection typical of maps devoted to particular topics (stream networks, urban socioeconomic indices, etc.) and graphic methods are described which can be used to determine scale denominators at which specific reductions in the number of features can occur without losses in “completeness” or, conversely, the number of particular kinds of features that can be eliminated on maps (or portions of maps) upon reductions in scale without losses in completeness. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 5, pp. 17–23.     

MAPS OF USE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE BURYAT REPUBLIC

A team of Russian geographers describes the development of a program for mapping land use/resource development and the condition of the environment in Russia's Buryat Republic. Three ecological maps recently compiled in the Republic, using a single cartographic base and employing standardized methods, are described. The last such map is a map of environmental use that reflects both a resource-development and an environmental-protection perspective. The article includes detailed examples of the legend of the latter map. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1998, No. 3, pp. 23-29.     

DESIGN AND REPRESENTATION OF SCALING SYSTEMS ON MAPS

A second installment on the theory of scaling in cartography (see MSRS, 1987, No. 2, pp. 104-111) focuses on the design of scaling (symbolization) systems. Attention is devoted to the reasons for the lack of correspondence between numerical relationships of values being depicted on maps and quantitative relationships in the scaling system(s) used to represent them. The most visually dominant attributes of symbols (form, color) in the scaling system should be used to represent the most dominant characteristic of the mapped objects. A final section contains recommendations for symbol design at different levels (nominal, ordinal, etc.) of scaling. Translated from: Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, seriya 7 [geologiya, geografiya], 1987, No. 3, pp. 53-60.     

SURVEY CAMP: SOME NOTES ON THE MAKING OF LAND USE MAPS IN NATAL

Abstract

The duties of an Extension Officer of the South African Division of Soil Conservation and Extension are many and varied. Briefly, he gives professional advice on all aspects of farming (except veterinary), technical advice on engineering and building construction applied to farming, he does surveys and advises on dams, contour banks, etc., carries out stocks improvement and seed inspections, enforces the Weeds Act, and last but not least, sees to the enactment of the Soil Conservation Act. In these duties it is considered that one officer and two assistants are necessary for every 200 farms. Johnny Coles, B.Sc., with one full time, and occasional part-time, assistance has, as extension officer in the Ixopo district in Natal, over 1,000 farms comprising 1,800,000 acres, and a considerable number of government-owned properties in his care. Many men in his position would, in desperation over the hopelessness of the task, let things slide. Not so Johnny Coles who set about finding ways and means of getting the work done somehow.     

地图上多边形数据的快速数字化方法

本文针对传统数字化方法速度慢、劳动强度大等缺点,提出了一种利用扫描仪对地图进行扫描,再对扫描图像进行矢量化处理,从而完成多边形类地物的数字化的方法。而对每个多边形,只须在多边形中或附近任意采集一点,即可自动得到全部顶点的坐标。实验表明,该方法不仅可以数十倍地提高作业速度,而且还可较大幅度地提高数字化的精度,同时也大大减轻了作业员的劳动强度。     

THE LANGUAGE OF MAPS AND ITS PRINCIPAL FEATURES

The author, head of the Department of Cartography at the Institute of Geography, analyzes the language of maps in terms of general semiotic principles. Using the similarity of processes in other language systems, he constructs a model of the language of maps that distinguishes two sublanguages, one reflecting the locational aspects of maps (coordinate grids, etc.), the other reflecting the map content. The discussion touches on the system of map symbols as a linguistic feature, analyzes the system of map language in terms of such linguistic features as vocabulary, grammar and syntax, and draws other analogies between the language of maps and other language systems. Translated from: Voprosy Geografii, No. 122/123, 1984, pp. 40-56.     

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE MARINE ECOLOGY OF THE WHITE SEA

Aerial photographic surveys of the White Sea have proven to be an effective means for studying the character of bottom relief and bottom sediments in shallow areas along its coast, particularly when film sensitive to visible radiation in the yellow-green range of the spectrum is used. More specifically, the article discusses methods of aerial photographic surveying, keys for the interpretation of different types of bottom sediments, methods of mapping underwater vegetation from air photos, and the potential of radar imagery for the indirect interpretation of bottom features. Sample interpretation maps from the White Sea are included. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1988, No. 4, pp. 314-321.