Response to wind of a model chimney with added damping

Some ad hoc studies are reported which investigated the use of added damping layers at the base of a wind-tunnel model of a chimney as a means of increasing its overall structural damping. Significant increases in the logarithmic decrement were obtained from decaying free-vibration tests and in subsequent wind-tunnel tests corresponding decreases in wind-excited tip response were measured. It was concluded that the technique is promising for wind-tunnel parametric studies in which significant changes in the structural damping are required and recommends further work.     

Growth history of hydrothermal chimneys at EPR 9-10°N: A structural and mineralogical study

Based on structural and mineralogical characteristics of four hydrothermal chimney samples collected by submersible Alvin, growth history and formation environment of hydrothermal chimney at EPR 9-10°N are established. It is shown that there occur two types of hydrothermal chimney with different deposition environments at EPR 9-10°N according to differences in their shape, structure and mineral assemblage: type I chimney forms in an environment with high temperature, low pH and strong reducing hydrothermal focus flow and type II chimney forms in a relatively low temperature, high pH and rich Zn hydrothermal environment. Growth of type I chimney begins with the formation of anhydrite. Subsequently deposition of Cu-Fe-Zn sulphide in various directions of chimneys decides the final structure of this type of chimney. According to observation and analysis of mineral assemblages, the formation process of type I chimney could be divided into three stages from early, middle to late. Changes of temperature and major chemical reaction type in the process of hydrothermal chimney formation are also deduced. Different from type I chimney, quenching crystalline of pyrite and/or crystalline of sphalerite provide the growth foundation of type II chimney in the early stage of chimney forma-tion.     

Growth history of hydrothermal chimneys at EPR 9―10°N: A structural and mineralogical study

Based on structural and mineralogical characteristics of four hydrothermal chimney samples collected by submersible Alvin, growth history and formation environment of hydrothermal chimney at EPR 9―10°N are established. It is shown that there occur two types of hydrothermal chimney with different deposition environments at EPR 9―10°N according to differences in their shape, structure and mineral assemblage: type I chimney forms in an environment with high temperature, low pH and strong reducing hydrothermal focus flow and type II chimney forms in a relatively low temperature, high pH and rich Zn hydrothermal environment. Growth of type I chimney begins with the formation of anhydrite. Subsequently deposition of Cu-Fe-Zn sulphide in various directions of chimneys decides the final structure of this type of chimney. According to observation and analysis of mineral assemblages, the formation process of type I chimney could be divided into three stages from early, middle to late. Changes of temperature and major chemical reaction type in the process of hydrothermal chimney formation are also deduced. Different from type I chimney, quenching crystalline of pyrite and/or crystalline of sphalerite provide the growth foundation of type II chimney in the early stage of chimney formation.     

黏性阻尼与复阻尼对钢筋混凝土框架结构地震响应影响的分析

本文讨论了利用黏性阻尼和复阻尼模型求解结构动力响应的方法;按相同的阻尼比,分别采用复阻尼模型和黏性阻尼模型计算了两个框架结构在不同地震波作用下的响应,并将结果进行对比,分析了两种不同的阻尼模型对结构动力响应的影响。结果表明,采用不同类型的阻尼对结构响应影响很大。     

基于复阻尼理论的混合结构Rayleigh阻尼模型

混合结构的阻尼矩阵不满足经典阻尼条件,导致传统的模态叠加法无法适用。复阻尼理论无法适用于时域计算,其自由振动响应中存在发散现象。针对混合结构的阻尼矩阵非比例性和复阻尼理论的时域发散性,基于频域等效原则构建了求解Rayleigh阻尼系数的数学优化模型,进而得到与复阻尼理论等效的Rayleigh阻尼运动方程。算例分析表明:依据位移时程响应和结构等效阻尼比可证明Rayleigh阻尼运动方程的正确性。基于本文研究成果,等效复阻尼理论的混合结构Rayleigh阻尼运动方程可直接采用模态叠加法,结合其确定的结构等效阻尼比,为混合结构的振型分解反应谱法提供理论依据。     

Nonlinear performance of classical damping

The performance of a classical damping matrix, constructed either from the use of initial structural properties or current structural properties, in the step-by-step solution of a nonlinear multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) system is analytically evaluated. The analytical results are confirmed by numerical examples. Consequently, some conclusions are drawn from these analytical results that might be considered as rough guidelines for practical applications. It is found that a classical damping matrix constructed from initial structural properties is adequate for practical applications, since it has approximately the same damping effect as obtained by current structural properties and is more efficient in terms of computing.     

Equivalent viscous damping for steel concentrically braced frame structures

The direct displacement based seismic design procedure utilises equivalent viscous damping expressions to represent the effect of energy dissipation of a structural system. Various expressions for the equivalent viscous damping of different structural systems are available in the literature, but the structural systems examined in the past have not included concentrically braced frame structures. Thus, this study describes the development of an equivalent viscous damping equation for concentrically braced frame structures based on the hysteretic response of 15 different single storey models. Initially, equivalent viscous damping is calculated based on the area based approach and then corrected for the earthquake excitation. An iterative procedure is adopted to calibrate the equivalent viscous damping expression to the results of inelastic time history analyses using a number of spectrum-compatible real accelerograms. From the results of this research, a new damping expression is developed as a function of the ductility and the non dimensional slenderness ratio.     

结构阻尼与材料阻尼的关系

针对固体材料在弹性阶段的内阻尼,采用材料粘弹性本构关系,通过有限单元法建立了考虑剪切变形影响的杆单元阻尼矩阵,得到了材料拉压粘滞系数和剪切粘滞系数之间的关系。我们可以通过实验测试材料的损耗因子或粘滞阻尼系数(材料阻尼),像结构质量矩阵、刚度矩阵一样通过比较确切的计算得到弹性阶段结构内阻尼的阻尼矩阵(结构阻尼),而且此阻尼矩阵既基于材料阻尼实验测试,又便于数学处理,且物理意义明确。其次,本文分析了材料阻尼对结构阻尼比影响,得到了材料损耗因子与结构模态阻尼比间的关系,并通过10层钢筋混凝土剪切型框架结构进一步给出了具体的数值结果。     

结构动力分析阻尼模型研究

提出了结构动力时程分析修正的Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ阻尼模型和一个基于单元特性的阻尼参数方法,可用于合理确定复杂阻尼结构的阻尼参数,工程应用实例表明,阻尼参数的计算对时程响应计算结果的影响是十分明显的,必须在分析结构体系振动特性的基础上慎重确定阻尼参数,以避免为为放大或滤掉主要振型,造成虚假的结论。     

随机阻尼对结构抗风抗震动力响应的影响

本文讨论了结构系统阻尼的随机性,运用运动微分方程和二阶摄动地具有随机阻尼的结构系统在地震荷载作用下的动力响应进行了计算,给出随机阻尼对结构响应的影响。结果表明,随机阻尼对结构的位移、速度和加速度的物确存在,特别是阻尼的变异系数较大对结构的动力响应影响更为明显,应引起结构设计者的足够重视。     

Soil-structure interaction effects on the seismic response of tall chimneys

The effects of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of tall (>100m) steel and reinforced concrete chimneys are described. Detailed models of a 130m high steel chimney and a 150m high reinforced concrete chimney are used as structural models. The foundations are represented as rigid blocks resting on a uniform viscoelastic soil model. Perfect bonding between the foundation and the soil is assumed. Parametric studies of the interaction effects on the magnitude and distribution of bending moments and shear forces include four soil rigidities and two seismic excitations characterized by very different frequency contents. The results obtained indicate strong interaction effects for intermediate and soft soils (V_s500 m/sec). The extent of the interaction effects are highly dependent on the characteristics of the seismic excitation.     

Effect of soil on structural response to wind and earthquake

An approximate analytical approach is presented which makes it possible to consider soil properties and footing embedment in the analysis of the response of structures to external excitation such as wind and earthquake. The approach is based on modal analysis and the definition of stiffness and damping due to soil pertinent to each vibration mode. The approach also facilitates the analysis of coupled motions of a footing alone. The analysis of a tall chimney for the effects of gusting wind, vortex shedding and earthquake is used as an example.     

Damping estimation of high-rise buildings considering structural modal directions

One widespread problem in damping estimation of high-rise buildings is the neglect of structural modal directions, which may induce beating in measured dynamic responses along building geometric axes and thereby induce errors in damping estimations to some extent. Based on a proposed two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) simulation model, the effects of neglecting the modal directions on damping estimate are systematically investigated. The results show that the angular differences between the modal directions and the building geometric axes, as well as the frequency difference between the involved modes, both have significant effects on the damping estimate of high-rise buildings. This paper proposes a spectral method to determine the modal directions of high-rise buildings and further validate this method by an analysis of full-scale measurements from four skyscrapers. The damping ratios estimated based on the responses along the identified modal directions are more accurate than those based on those measured along the building geometric axes. Furthermore, an empirical prediction model for damping ratio of high-rise buildings with heights over 200 m is proposed based on the field measured damping results of several buildings with consideration of the modal directions. The objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of damping estimation of high-rise buildings and therefore provide useful information for the structural design of future skyscrapers.     

The numerical and empirical evaluation of chimneys considering soil structure interaction and high-temperature effects

During the past strong ground motions, chimneys constructed according to international standards are representative of similar structures at industrial areas throughout the world, including those collapsed or moderately damaged in earthquake-prone regions. This is due to the specialty of structural characteristics and the special loads acting on the structure such as earthquakes, wind and differences in the level of temperature, etc. In this context, the researchers and designers should focus on the dynamic behavior of chimneys especially under high temperature and seismic effects. For this purpose, the main focus of this study is to evaluate the dynamic response of a chimney under the above-mentioned effects considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). A 52 m steel chimney in Yeşilyurt township of Samsun City in Turkey was studied. The in-situ model testing and numerical models were compared. Before the commissioning of the chimney, a series of tests was realized to define its dynamic characteristics in case of no-heat and after the fabric got to work, the same tests were repeated for the same sensor locations to understand the heat effect on the dynamic response of the chimney. The ambient vibration tests are proven to be fast and practical procedures to identify the dynamic characteristics of those structures. The dynamic testing of the towers promises a widespread use, as the identification of seismic vulnerability of such structures becomes increasingly important. The data presented in this study are considered to be useful for the researchers and engineers, for whom the temperature and SSI effects on steel chimneys are a concern. Using the modal analysis techniques, presented finite element simulation for the soil/pile foundation-chimney interaction system is verified. The results of modal analyses using numerical solutions are shown to have acceptable accuracy compared with results obtained by in-situ test. The present study also aims to provide designers with material examples about the influence of these on the seismic performance of steel chimneys by means of reflecting the changes in the dynamic behavior.     

Feasibility study of a large-scale tuned mass damper with eddy current damping mechanism

Tuned mass dampers(TMDs) have been widely used in recent years to mitigate structural vibration.However,the damping mechanisms employed in the TMDs are mostly based on viscous dampers,which have several well-known disadvantages,such as oil leakage and difficult adjustment of damping ratio for an operating TMD.Alternatively,eddy current damping(ECD) that does not require any contact with the main structure is a potential solution.This paper discusses the design,analysis,manufacture and testing of a large-scale horizontal TMD based on ECD.First,the theoretical model of ECD is formulated,then one large-scale horizontal TMD using ECD is constructed,and finally performance tests of the TMD are conducted.The test results show that the proposed TMD has a very low intrinsic damping ratio,while the damping ratio due to ECD is the dominant damping source,which can be as large as 15% in a proper configuration.In addition,the damping ratios estimated with the theoretical model are roughly consistent with those identified from the test results,and the source of this error is investigated.Moreover,it is demonstrated that the damping ratio in the proposed TMD can be easily adjusted by varying the air gap between permanent magnets and conductive plates.In view of practical applications,possible improvements and feasibility considerations for the proposed TMD are then discussed.It is confirmed that the proposed TMD with ECD is reliable and feasible for use in structural vibration control.     

Damping characteristics of friction damped braced frame and its effectiveness in the mega-sub controlled structure system

Based on energy dissipation and structural control principle, a new structural configuration, called the mega- sub controlled structure (MSCS) with friction damped braces (FDBs), is first presented. Meanwhile, to calculate the damping coefficient in the slipping state a new analytical method is proposed. The damping characteristics of one-storey friction damped braced frame (FDBF) are investigated, and the influence of the structural parameters on the energy dissipation and the practical engineering design are discussed. The nonlinear dynamic equations and the analytical model of the MSCS with FDBs are established. Three building structures with different structural configurations, which were designed with reference to the conventional mega-sub structures such as used in Tokyo City Hall, are comparatively investigated. The results illustrate that the structure presented in the paper has excellent dynamic properties and satisfactory control effectiveness.     

基于楼层剪力的等效阻尼比计算方法研究

针对现有附加有效阻尼比计算方法存在的问题,本文从能量的角度揭示了阻尼比对结构影响的机理。从结构设计的角度,提出一种在时程分析下基于楼层剪力的消能减震结构等效阻尼比计算方法。对布置黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器的消能减震模型,采用本文提出的等效阻尼比计算方法,建立等效结构进行结构响应对比。结果表明,由该计算方法得到的等效阻尼比能够准确地评估阻尼器在结构中的耗能效果,建立的等效结构能够准确反映消能减震结构实际情况。基于楼层剪力的等效阻尼比计算方法通过等效结构楼层剪力大于或等于消能减震结构楼层剪力判断迭代完成,该方法计算过程不涉及阻尼器参数及结构形式,适用于所有阻尼器类型与结构类型。计算得到的等效结构进行设计能够确保结构设计的安全。     

Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation

The Rayleigh damping model, which is pervasive in nonlinear response history analysis (RHA) of buildings, is shown to develop ‘spurious’ damping forces and lead to inaccurate response results. We prove that a viscous damping matrix constructed by superposition of modal damping matrices—irrespective of the number of modes included or values assigned to modal damping ratios—completely eliminates the ‘spurious’ damping forces. This is the damping model recommended for nonlinear RHA. Replacing the stiffness‐proportional part of Rayleigh damping by the tangent stiffness matrix is shown to improve response results. However, this model is not recommended because it lacks a physical basis and has conceptual implications that are troubling: hysteresis in damping force–velocity relationship and negative damping at large displacements. Furthermore, the model conflicts with the constant‐damping model that has been the basis for fundamental concepts and accumulated experience about the inelastic response of structures. With a distributed plasticity model, the structural response is not sensitive to the damping model; even the Rayleigh damping model leads to acceptable results. This perspective on damping provides yet another reason to employ the superior distributed plasticity models in nonlinear RHA. OpenSees software has been extended to include a damping matrix defined as the superposition of modal damping matrices. Although this model leads to a full populated damping matrix, the additional computational demands are demonstrated to be minimal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工程结构的形状记忆合金超弹性阻尼减振技术研究进展

介绍了形状记忆合金(SMA)超弹性阻尼减振的机理，综述了国内外形状记忆合金(SMA)减振装置用于工程结构振动控制的最新进展。大量的研究结果表明形状记忆合金阻尼减振技术在土木工程结构振动控制方面具有比较好的应用前景。     

Seismic structural control using semi-active tuned mass dampers

This paper focuses on how to determine the instantaneous damping of the semi-active tuned mass damper (SATMD) with continuously variable damping. An off-and-towards-equilibrium (OTE) algorithm is employed to examine the control performance of the structure/SATMD system by considering the damping as an assumptive control action. The damping modification of the SATMD is carried out according to the proposed OTE algorithm, which is formulated based on analysis of the structural movement under external excitations, and the measured responses of the structure at every time instant. As examples two numerical simulations of a five-storey and a ten-storey shear structures with a SATMD on the roof are conducted. The effectiveness on vibration reduction of MDOF systems subjected to seismic excitations is discussed. Analysis results show that the behavior of the structure with a SATMD is significantly improved and the feasibility of applying the OTE algorithm to the structural control design of SATMD is also verified.