Earthquake analysis of axisymmetric towers partially submerged in water

A method for analysis of response of axisymmetric towers partly submerged in water to earthquake ground motion is presented. The tower is idealized as a finite element system. The hydrodynamic terms are determined by solving the Laplace equation, governing the dynamics of incompressible fluids, subject to appropriate boundary conditions. For cylindrical towers, these solutions are obtained as explicit mathematical solutions of the boundary value problems; whereas they are obtained by the finite element method in case of towers with non-cylindrical outside surface. The response to earthquake ground motion is determined by step-by-step integration of the equations of motion. Analyses of two actual intake towers are presented to illustrate results obtained by this method. The small computation times required for these analyses demonstrate that the method is very efficient. The effectiveness of this formulation lies in avoiding the analysis of a large system by using a substructure approach and in exploiting the important feature that structural response to earthquake ground motion is essentially contained in the first few modes of vibration of the tower with no surrounding water.     

Earthquake analysis of intake-outlet towers including tower-water-foundation-soil interaction

The available procedure for earthquake analysis of axisymmetric intake-outlet towers is extended to towers of arbitrary geometry, but with two axes of plan symmetry, and to include the effects of tower-foundation-soil interaction. The total system is represented as four substructures: tower, surrounding water, contained water and the foundation supported on flexible soil. The substructure representation of the system permits use of the most effective idealization for each substructure. An example earthquake response analysis is presented to demonstrate the results obtained from the analysis procedure. Computation times for several cases are included to demonstrate the efficiency of the analysis procedure.     

钢-混凝土高层结构抗震性能振动台试验研究

广州天誉大厦采用型钢混凝土框架一钢筋混凝土筒体的混合结构体系,地面以上结构采用抗震缝兼伸缩缝分隔为南、北塔两个独立结构体系,南塔高186.5 m,北塔高159.5 m.两塔的核心筒总宽度与核心筒总高的比值均超出了规范限值.为研究这种超限高层混合结构的抗震性能,对其进行了缩尺(1/30)模型的振动台试验,并建立了有限元计...     

预应力混凝土斜拉桥的地震响应分析

进行地震作用下双塔双索面预应力混凝土斜拉桥时程法分析，了解全桥的内力分布情况，评价抗震性能并针对地震作用下结构动力特性提出了设计建议。     

输电塔-线体系简化模型地震作用下的连续性倒塌分析

采用输电塔-线体系的简化模型,利用大型有限元软件ABAQUS对某输电塔进行地震作用下的连续性倒塌分析,研究输电塔的薄弱部位和倒塌全过程。分析结果表明,采用简化模型得到的输电塔薄弱环节和连续性倒塌过程与采用三塔四线模型得到的结果具有较好的一致性,简化模型可用于输电塔-线体系的连续性倒塌分析。     

黄河胜利大桥动力测试和安全评估

大跨度斜拉桥的整体安全性评估对桥梁的运营管理具有十分重要的意义。在环境激励条件下,测试了黄河胜利大桥桥塔、主桥桥跨的基本动力特性以及斜拉索的索力。利用动力检测结果,以白振频率变化作为桥梁整体安全指标,并通过测试数据与设计允许值的比较,采用整体状态评估的方法研究了黄河胜利大桥的安全性。研究结果表明,大桥桥塔、主桥桥跨结构整体性较好,斜拉索也基本处于正常工作状态。     

高耸塔结构动力特性的监测与分析

使用适合于高柔结构的测试系统和测试技术,监测了塔,陕西塔和天津塔在环境振动激励下不同高程的加速度反应,使用在ＭＡＴＬＡＢ语言环境下编制的数据处理,分析,模态识别程序在微机上对各测点输出信号进行了处理,分析,识别得出３座塔结构平动前１０阶模态频率和前３阶模态阻尼比。     

用于应急避险的城市绿地标致性景观塔抗震设计

为了确保应急避险的城市绿地标志性景观塔抗震设计在城市绿地中能够发挥重要作用,需要进一步研究城市绿地景观塔的抗震设计内容。提出基于Logistic模型的城市绿地景观塔抗震设计方法,该方法介绍用于应急避险的城市绿地的规划、用于应急避险的城市绿地标志性景观塔中功能模块的作用、城市绿地标志性景观塔抗震设计理念,并分析Logistic模型在城市绿地景观塔抗震设计中的应用。结合模拟工程实例分析,利用抗震系数和地震灾害影响因子分析城市绿地标志性景观塔的抗震性能以及抗震设计是否合理。实例结果证明,城市绿地标志性景观塔的抗震性能较好,并且抗震设计具有合理性,能够符合应急避险绿地要求,具有较好景观效果。     

底部二层框架上部多塔楼底隔震数值模拟与试验研究

本文介绍了底部二层框架上部多塔楼底隔震数值模拟与试验研究成果。由13个区底部二层框架、上部2～4座7层或9层塔楼的计算对比及典型区振动台试验结果表明,在9层塔楼与平台问采用隔震技术可以很好地改善下部平台的受力状况,与不隔震时相比底部二层框架的地震剪力可减小1／3左右,上部塔楼通过隔震后水平向地震作用可降低Ⅰ度进行设计。     

基于性能目标的特高压输电塔抗风可靠度分析

特高压输电塔作为风敏感结构,在不同风荷载强度等级作用下,会遭受不同程度的损伤和破坏甚至倒塌。除了关注倒塌这一严重破坏,对于特高压输电塔在运营期间不同的受损程度,即不同的性能水准和表现也应重视,并采取相应的加固维修措施。通过大量调研和分析,提出以应力比和顶点位移为控制标准的性能目标,并建立了其性能水准量化模型;进而结合自适应高次响应面法,对皖电东送一上海1000kV双回路输电线路中的SZ301直线塔进行了相应的抗风静力性能可靠度分析,从而验证了所建议性能水准框架及可靠度分析方法的可行性,对工程设计和实践具有一定的指导意义。     

基于有限元分析高压输电塔结构的地震反应

输电塔结构是重要的生命线工程,对风和地震等环境荷载十分敏感。近几年,世界各地发生过多起输电塔破坏事件,给人们的生命财产和社会经济带来了巨大的损失。因此,对输电塔在风荷载和地震作用下进行更精确的分析就显得十分重要。本文采用SAP2000有限元分析软件,使用三维模型对高压输电塔结构进行多个地震动作用下的模拟计算分析。通过对同一输电塔结构输入多种不同的地震动,研究了地震的随机性对输电塔结构地震反应的影响。经对输电塔在不同地震动作用下地震结构反应的数据处理,比较其最大应力、最小应力和变形值,获得结构的地震反应特征。进一步将数据进行拟合得数值模拟计算的离散情况,从而给出不同地震动下输电塔结构地震反应的更一般情况。     

Assessment of seismic design response factors of air traffic control towers

Air Traffic Control (ATC) towers are among the most vital structures in each airport. Due to inadequate information regarding the seismic design and assessment of these types of structures, practicing engineers may refer to building codes. However, taking into account the special dynamic behavior of ATC towers, instructions and recommendations provided in building codes often do not comply with the required seismic performance levels of ATC towers. In this study, seismic behaviors of three in-service ATC towers with a dual concrete core lateral load resisting system were studied through pushover and incremental dynamic collapse analysis. Seismic design response factors of the reference towers were calculated. It was found that seismic design response factors adopted by the design code did not provide a uniform safety margin for all reference ATC towers. It was also observed that shorter towers have significantly higher response modification factors compared to taller towers. For the studied towers, a structural over-strength factor of 2.4 and a displacement amplification factor of 4 were obtained.     

竖向地震下双塔连体建筑的分析和设计

首先输入多条实际竖向地震记录,用时程分析考察了塔楼高度和连体跨度不同的多个算例。然后将其抽象成塔楼和连体桁架组成的双自由度体系,运用频域分析方法,得到竖向地震作用的变化规律：11随着桁架对塔楼频率比增加,连体地震放大作用越明显;2）当连体对塔楼质量比较小且两者频率比相近1,连体地震反应进一步加强。现行抗震规范的重力系数法提出的大跨度结构竖向地震的实用计算公式对于本文研究结构并不完全适用。提出考虑塔楼和桁架协同地震作用的实用算式,并对一个超高层工程实例进行竖向地震作用分析,与时程分析结果吻合较好。     

Dynamics of submerged intake towers including interaction with dam and foundation

The dynamics of a coupled concrete gravity dam-intake tower–reservoir water–foundation rock system is numerically studied considering two hollow slender towers submerged in reservoir of gravity dam. The system is investigated in the frequency-domain using frequency response functions of the dam and the towers, and in the time-domain using time-history seismic analysis under a real earthquake ground motion. The analyzes are separately conducted under horizontal and vertical ground motions. The coupled system is three-dimensionally modeled using finite elements by Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. It is shown that presence of the dam significantly influences the dynamic response of the towers under both horizontal and vertical excitations; however the dam is not affected by the towers. When the dam is present in the model, the water contained inside the towers has different effects if the foundation is rigid, but it alleviates the towers motion if the foundation is flexible. It is concluded that the effects of foundation interaction are of much importance in the response of tall slender towers when they are located near concrete gravity dams.     

Soil-structure-water interaction of intake-outlet towers allowed to uplift

A procedure that can be used for preliminary seismic analysis of intake-outlet towers including soil-structure-water interaction is developed. The formulation also considers the effect of partial soil-foundation separation, a phenomenon of considerable interest for the design of such systems that has not been addressed in the literature. The hydrodynamic pressure of the water is accounted for through added masses given in concise closed-form expressions for easy use in analysis and design. The nonlinear equations of motion, based on foundation-soil bond conditions, are solved numerically.The effects of soil-structure-water interaction are evaluated for a representative intake-outlet tower. Parametric studies are also conducted in the presence and absence of surrounding and contained water for typical cases of soil conditions and tower height-foundation width ratios. The results indicate that hydrodynamic effects are significant and cause an increase in deflections, moments and shears and a decrease in foundation rotation. The study shows that for short towers, foundation uplift is unlikely to occur. On the contrary for slender towers, uplift is more likely to appear, especially for foundations supported by stiff soil, causing significant decrease in moments and deflections.     

Complex response analysis of shells of revolution including uniform base translation and rocking

A complex response algorithm for the dynamic analysis of axisymmetric thin shells supported on an interactive foundation is developed. The substructure deletion method is employed through the utilization of a dynamic boundary system at the contact area between the superstructure and the substructure. A new mathematical formulation in conjunction with the shell behaviour is developed to deal with rigid body motions due to the negation of the fixed base assumption. Four foundation conditions, that is, a fixed base, two pile foundation cases and a flexible base, are to examine the effect of base flexibility on the seismic response of cooling towers. Also, excellent comparative results between the frequency domain solution and a time domain solution are obtained.     

Field survey and analysis of hillslopes on tower karst in Guilin,southern China

Limestone dissolution in tropical and subtropical humid southern China created residual hills with steep slopes, a landform that is referred to as tower karst. Two types of tower karst landform feature, fenglin or peak forest (isolated towers) and fengcong or peak cluster (linked‐base towers), were identified in Guilin. Previous studies proposed two hypotheses regarding their origin and evolution. One is the sequential evolution model from peak cluster to peak forest. The other is a parallel development model, which postulates that both peak cluster and peak forest have developed simultaneously. Through detailed field survey and analysis of slope forms on tower karst in Guilin, it was found that the mean slope angle of the towers is very high (62·4°) and ranges from 60° to 75°. There is no significant difference in mean slope angle and slope angle distribution between towers in the peak cluster basin and peak forest floodplain areas. Mean slope angle increases with intensified fluvial dissection. Three levels of caves in the towers of the peak forest in Guilin were identified in previous research. The isolated towers of the peak forest as well as scattered residuals of peak cluster are generally distributed in the centre of the Guilin syncline. Favourable circumstances of allogenic water concentration indicate that development of the peak forest resulted from the combined effects of subcutaneous and subterranean dissolution as well as subsequent collapse and recession by fluvial erosion after uplifting. By contrast, peak clusters generally occur on the limbs of the syncline or at the periphery of the Guilin basin with relatively higher elevations. The thick vadose zone and predominantly vertical flow suggests that peak clusters are mainly formed by the combination of intensive uplifting and the enhancement of original dolines. The evidence of slope survey and slope analysis suggests that both isolated towers and linked‐base towers developed simultaneously but by different mechanisms of formation and different combinations of development processes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不等高输电塔线体系风致动力响应分析

以山区常用输电塔5A-ZBC2为基础,建立了山区的不等高输电塔线体系。考虑到高差的不断变化以及不同方向攻角风荷载的作用,运用随机模拟风振分析方法对其进行了分析。结果表明,位于山顶的输电塔顶位移均值最大;位于山坡的次之;而位于山底的最小。而对不平衡张力来说,位于山坡的塔所受的不平衡张力最大;位于山顶的塔次之;位于山底的塔最小。随着高差的增大,塔顶位移和不平衡张力增大。塔顶位移主要受导线风荷载影响,而塔顶速度和加速度与塔的一阶振型有关,导线振动与荷载激励相关。     

Effectiveness of nonlinear static procedures for slender masonry towers

This paper investigates the accuracy of pushover-based methods in predicting the seismic response of slender masonry towers, through comparison with the results from a large number of nonlinear time-history dynamic analyses. In particular, conventional pushover analyses, in both their force- and displacement-based variants, are considered, and seismic assessment through the well-established N2 method is also addressed. The study is conducted by applying a simple non-linear elastic model recently developed and implemented in the computational code MADY to represent slender masonry structures. The model enables both pushover analyses and non-linear dynamic analyses to be performed with a minimum of effort. A multi-record incremental dynamic analysis carried out for a quite large number of structural cases, each of which is subjected to a comprehensive set of dynamic nonlinear analyses, is used to evaluate the accuracy of pushover methods in predicting the global structural response, as represented by the usual capacity curve together with a damage curve, both of which are compared with dynamic envelopes. Local responses, in terms of lateral displacements and the distribution of damage along the tower height are also compared. The results reveal that the key issue in the accuracy of pushover methods is the nature of the lateral load applied, that is, whether it is a force or a displacement. Different ranges of expected deformation are suggested for adopting each type of lateral load to better represent the actual behaviour of masonry towers and their damage under seismic events through pushover methods.     

Design of hysteretic dampers with optimal ductility for the transverse seismic control of cable‐stayed bridges

Cable‐stayed bridges require a careful consideration of the lateral force exerted by the deck on the towers under strong earthquakes. This work explores the seismic response of cable‐stayed bridges with yielding metallic dampers composed of triangular plates that connect the deck with the supports in the transverse direction. A design method based on an equivalent single‐degree of freedom approximation is proposed. This is proved valid for conventional cable‐stayed bridges with 200‐ and 400‐m main spans, but not 600 m. The height of the plates is chosen to (1) achieve a yielding capacity that limits the maximum force transmitted from the deck to the towers, and to (2) control the hysteretic energy that the dampers dissipate by defining their design ductility. In order to select the optimal ductility and the damper configuration, a multi‐objective response factor that accounts for the energy dissipation, peak damper displacement and low‐cycle fatigue is introduced. The design method is applied to cable‐stayed bridges with different spans and deck–support connections. The results show that the dissipation by plastic deformation in the dampers prevents significant damage in the towers of the short‐to‐medium‐span bridges under the extreme seismic actions. However, the transverse response of the towers in the bridge with a 600‐m main span is less sensitive to the dampers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.