A STUDY ON THE CARTOGRAPHIC FUZZY MATRIX MODEL AND MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS OF CARTOGRAPHIC TERMS

On the basis of the research of the cartographic modelsmade by the authors some years ago,this paper further studies theestablishment of cartographic fuzzy matrix to make the concepts incartography e.g.,selection,deletion,mapping generalization andimage tranformation,into some precise mathematical expressions.     

A CARTOGRAPHIC SIMULATION MODEL OF THE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ON THE ENVIRONMENT

The principles of systems mapping are employed in a model simulating the effects of human activity on the environment. The model takes the form of series of maps which are organized within three basic units or “blocks.” Block I contains general preliminary maps of land use and environmental change within an area which can serve as a basis for subsequent forecasting and proposals for improving land use. Block II contains maps that take stock of, evaluate, and predict human impacts on specific environmental components, and show the spatial distribution of measures proposed to ameliorate these impacts. Block III consists of maps synthesizing the component-related information of the preceding block for the purpose of providing summary assessments about the condition of the environment and land use conflicts in an area and targeting areas deserving the most comprehensive reclamation efforts. Methods of compiling the various maps are described in detail. Translated from: Izvestiya AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1986, No. 2, pp. 114–127.     

扩展分维模型在地图曲线自动综合中的应用

为了改进目前采用的单一分维值方法无法充分描述地图曲线的空间形态特征,导致综合结果产生偏差,探讨了在扩展分维模型条件下经过改进的地图曲线自动综合算法.     

制图综合方根规律模型的分形扩展

本文分析了方根规律存在的问题，运用分形理论，研究了有关要素数量指标随比例尺变化的规律，并建立了顾及要素自身形态及分布特征的方根规律分形扩展模型，从理论上，为科学、客观地进行制图综合的数量选取开辟了一条新的途径。本文最后还给出了若干要素选取的具体方法和所提出模型的应用实例     

心象地图在制图传输中的作用

制图传输是制图学的重要研究领域。本文从认知制图的角度,探讨了心象地图在制图传输中的作用;着重分析了心象地图和地图之间的内在联系,指出了人的认知制图能力的客观存在是制图传输得以进行的真正原因;在此基础上,提出了制图传输的扩展模式,增加了从读图者到次读图者之间的传输过程,并从内容和形式等方面分析了它的特殊性,以期完善制图传输模式。     

THE ROLE OF CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION IN PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY

A paper presented at a symposium on “Communication and Society” (Inter-university Center for Postgraduate Studies, University of Dubrovnik, May 13-24, 1985) explores means for extending the use and effectiveness of maps in everyday life. Primary emphasis is on improving overall cartographic communication and devising more effective methods for using maps to augment other communications media, especially newspapers and television. Submitted by the author to the Editor-in-Chief for publication.     

USE OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC METHOD IN THE STUDY OF CHANNEL PROCESSES

A second paper on floodplain and channel mapping describes how the “cartographic method” (the use of maps to derive information about the world not readily available through other means of investigation) is applied through the use of special maps depicting the sizes and types of river channels, the character of floodplains and of channel deformation, and the general conditions responsible for channel evolution. The uses, strengths, and limitations of channel maps at small, intermediate, and large scales are discussed, as well as methods of cartographic presentation that have proven most effective. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1986, No. 3, pp. 99-108.     

APPLICATION OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC METHOD IN THE STUDY OF NATURE-SOCIETY INTERACTION IN THE MOLDAVIAN SSR

A Russian geographer describes a methodology whereby data on slopes contained within a geographic information system are employed in the compilation of geomorphological maps. More specifically, the author proposes and tests a technology for the automated compilation of electronic maps of mean slope for the territory of Altay Kray, West Siberia, Russia. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, Virginia from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 2002, No. 2, pp. 142-146.     

灰色动态组合模型及其在大坝变形预测中的应用

提出了先对序列进行平滑处理,再建立灰色动态组合模型,分析了实测数据的计算结果,实现了较高的预测精度。     

CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF GAME ANIMAL RESOURCES IN THE MIDLANDS REGION OF THE USSR

The authors describe the principles and method used in compiling a map of game animal resources for the Midlands region, the name given to the middle segment of the Soviet Union comprising West Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The results make it possible to recommend the optimal use of game resources and to identify future prospects of the trapping and hunting economy. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1982, No. 5, pp. 17-23.     

澜沧老厂矿床线-环结构模式拟建及成矿预测

根据矿床遥感地质理论，解译分析老厂矿床线、环构造及蚀变信息，并结合地质、物化探信息，拟建老厂矿床线-环结构模 式。在区域性北西向线性构造带遥感地质背景下，南北轴向南老环和东西轴向透镜体系列叠加形成老厂环-环横叠式结构，二者分 别反映华力西期火山洼地和燕山-喜山期隐伏中酸性岩体，其叠加地段是有利成矿部位。影像上受北北西向线性构造控制的色调异 常斑块显示了近矿围岩蚀变的范围，并据此模式进行成矿预测。     

FAST密云模型表面精度分析

介绍了标准旋转抛物面表面精度统计的方法,给出了FAST密云模型反射面表面精度计算的具体方法,得出了最优拟合精度及对应的焦比、平均径向误差等。     

AN EXPERIMENT IN SYSTEMATIZING THE CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGES OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

The authors attempt to identify and standardize the cartographic symbols (“images”) used to represent a variety of specific geomorphological features. A large number of cartographic representations of landform features found on geological-geomorphological maps are classified in terms of their basic pattern/configuration and the level of complexity within each major pattern type. It is argued that the pattern or configuration of a cartographic symbol used to represent a geomorphological feature should represent the spatial structure of that feature with sufficient reliability to serve as a key to an understanding of its genesis. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1987, No. 2, pp. 62-66.     

层次分析法在生态环境综合评价应用中的优化

层次分析法（Analytical Hierarchy Process,AHP）,是一种常用的系统分析与决策方法,但在应用于青藏高原区域生态环境综合评价时,由于因素的权重值只能为正数,影响了表达效果。为此,本文对其进行了优化,改进了构造判断矩阵时的赋值方法,在评价过程中引入了负数。实验证明,优化后的方法能准确地评价青藏高原的生态环境。     

地表形变D-InSAR监测方法及关键问题分析

总结和分析了地表形变D-InSAR监测的主要方法和当前所面临的主要问题。针对常规D-InSAR技术中大气相位和低相干区域相 位解缠，分别介绍了基于Delaunay三角网的不规则格网解缠方法、累积干涉纹图处理方法（Stacking Interferograms）、永久性 散射体（PS）技术以及角反射器干涉测量（CR-InSAR）方法，分析了各自的适用条件和优缺点。此外，对有限数据量条件下低相干 区域大气相位校正、相干目标识别等问题进行了重点讨论。立足于工程应用需要，分别对D-InSAR测量地表形变的参数选择、测量 结果的精度验证、D-InSAR测量值与形变的关系、大区域处理以及形变场时空演变等问题进行了分析和讨论。     

CARTOGRAPHIC MODELS IN THE ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRENDS IN URBAN POLLUTION

Methods of assessing the informational content of multispectral imagery from satellites are examined. The utility of integral measures of the quantity of information from selected vis-à-vis one- and two-dimensional histograms of the brightnesses of multispectral space images are demonstrated. Such a procedure makes it possible to compare data obtained at different times and data obtained using different measuring instruments, which facilitates solution of the problem of predicting possible changes in the investigated area under the influence of natural and human agents.     

TRANSFORMATION OF THE LINE LENGTHS OF CARTOGRAPHIC MODELS IN ACCORDANCE WITH FUNCTIONAL UNITS

A paper devoted to the transformation of cartographic images based on nontraditional systems of scaling (travel time, transport effort, cost, etc.) describes the results of work to develop a more effective algorithm for such transformations, i.e., one which the authors claim provides for the more accurate determination of “transformed” line lengths than possible with earlier methods. Translated from: Izvestiya AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1987, No. 4, pp. 105-111.     

A GENERALISED ANALYTICAL RELATIVE ORIENTATION PROCEDURE AND ITS APPLICATION TO APOLLO 14 CLOSE UP PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE LUNAR SURFACE

Close up photographs of the lunar surface obtained by the Apollo 14 astronauts presented unusual problems in relative orientation caused by essentially different directions of the camera axes. The problem was resolved by dividing each large unknown rotation into two parts, one of which was a large known part and the other was a small unknown part. The method succeeds when the unknown rotation elements can be initially estimated to about 10°.