STATE OF THE WORLD ENVIRONMENT MAPPING PROJECT

An international team of cartographers describes the initial concept and methodological principles underlying an IGU-sponsored project to compile a map of the state of the world's environments on the basis of a unified approach and guidelines. The project, which is to involve cartographers and Earth scientists throughout the world, is to provide a comprehensive characterization of the condition of marine and terrestrial ecosystems at a scale of 1:15,000,000 and is to be made available in both digital and paper formats. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1999, No. 1, pp. 108-113.     

SYSTEMS MAPPING OF THE PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHIC PROCESS IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT

An analog to the (terrestrial) physical-geographical process, the concept of boundary surfaces, is elaborated and developed quantitatively for analyzing the diversity of marine ecosystems. Interactions among physical-chemical components of the oceans, and the adjacent coastal, atmospheric, and ocean bottom environments, provides a model used in the study and mapping of heterogeneous “waterscapes.” A series of tables identifies interacting geographic features commonly used as indices for mapping. Sample maps prepared for the Barents Sea and Indian Ocean demonstrate possible results of a systems approach. Translated from: Izvestiya, Vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, 1985, No. 3, pp. 201-208.     

THE PRESENT STATE OF ECOSYSTEMS IN MONGOLIA: PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION AND MAPPING

This paper explores how such characteristics as the polarization of reflected radiation, the angular characteristics of its reflectance, and its thermal properties can be used to supplement conventional remote sensing studies of the condition of the vegetation cover. One possible application is clarified by means of an experiment testing the relationship between the degree of polarization of radiation reflected from cultivated cotton fields and the condition of the crop in those fields. Empirical data demonstrate that changes in the geometric structure of (and reflectance from) fields occurs when cultivated plants are subjected to stress (disease or moisture deprivation). Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: L. N. Vasil'yev, ed., Kosmicheskiye metody izucheniya biosfery [Remote Sensing Methods in the Study of the Biosphere]. Moscow: Nauka, 1990, pp. 77–82.     

现代城市数字测图方法浅析

本文分析比较了目前城市大比例尺数字化测图中主要方法的优缺点，并为实现数字化地形图中不连续线、面状符号及复杂线状符号向GIS的自动化导入，针对电子平板法提出了基础线的概念。对全站仪草图法，提出在全站仪上加挂微型计算机，并用常规摄像方法代替草图。     

城市大比例尺地形图动态修测的质量控制

从深圳市1：1000地形图动态修测的实践出发，阐述了城市大比例尺地形图动态修测质量控制的基本方法和内容，以工程监理制与生产单位的质量控制体系的结合，实现了对地形图动态修测质量的控制。     

MAPS OF USE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE BURYAT REPUBLIC

A team of Russian geographers describes the development of a program for mapping land use/resource development and the condition of the environment in Russia's Buryat Republic. Three ecological maps recently compiled in the Republic, using a single cartographic base and employing standardized methods, are described. The last such map is a map of environmental use that reflects both a resource-development and an environmental-protection perspective. The article includes detailed examples of the legend of the latter map. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1998, No. 3, pp. 23-29.     

论测绘仪器在促进测绘事业发展中的作用

本文主要论述了测绘仪器在促进测绘事业发展中的地位与作用，说明加快发展我国测绘仪器的必要性，同时提出了发展我国测绘仪器的建议。     

地理信息系统与城市测绘

本文综述了地理信息系统（GIS）的产生，发展，范围和组构，探讨了GIS在城市测绘中的应用和发展，以及与城市规划的关系。     

利用IKONOS卫星图像阴影提取城市建筑物高度信息

在分析IKONOS卫星图像上建筑物阴影与实际高度关系的基础上,阐述了估算城市建筑物高度的原理和方法,并在以北京市中关村、天坛公园和北海公园为例的试验中,较为准确地得到了建筑物高度信息,从而显示出卫星遥感在城市园林规划与环境数值模拟等方面应用的巨大潜力。     

THE SLIDE-RULE IN COAST-LINE MAPPING

Abstract

The use of depression angles from a high station to map coasts, lake shores and smooth-flowing rivers has always been attractive, but direct plotting on a plane-table was rarely practised in such cases until Dr John Ball introduced his well-known method, which has been used by the Survey of Egypt for much of the Egyptian Red Sea coast.     

SPOT图像在城市规划信息提取中应用可行性分析

本文讨论了SPOT图像在城市规划、管理中应用的可能性和局限性。全文内容包括城市规划管理所需要的基础信息简介,遥感技术在城市规划、管理中的作用以及SPOT图像应用于城市规划的可能性评价。     

THE ROLE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE NATIONAL MAPPING ACTIVITIES OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY OF NORTHERN IRELAND

Since 1960, photogrammetry has played a leading role in the acquisition of survey data within the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland. The decision to create a digital topographic database for Northern Ireland has changed the philosophy and practice of photogrammetry within the organisation and these changes are discussed in this paper.     

THE STATE OF THE SURVEYS OF BRITISH AFRICA IN 1905-06

Abstract

Whilst turning over some old papers the other day I came across a copy of the first Annual Report of the Colonial Survey Committee, and the recent, much regretted death of Sir Herbert Read reminded me of his services in the development of the surveys and explorations of British possessions in Africa, especially his suggestion, which was approved by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, of the formation of the Colonial Survey Committee, an Advisory Committee which was set up in August, 1905. This Committee advised the Secretary of State “in matters affecting the survey and exploration of British Colonies and Protectorates, more especially those in Tropical Africa”.     

THE MAPPING OF NORTHERN GREENLAND

Approximately 110 sheets of orthophotomaps at a scale of 1:100000 covering all the ice, free area (300000 km²) of northern Greenland are to be produced by the Geodetic Institute of Denmark. Super-wide angle photography at a scale of 1:150 000 was acquired in 1978. Individual models are set up in a Wild B8S stereoplotter and, after carrying out aerial triangulation, a numerical method of absolute orientation is used. A digital ground model of the entire area is established in order to enable the interpolation of contour lines, for automatic plotting and to produce control data, for the orthophotoprojector. a Wild OR1. Methods of data handling and control, accuracies and typical errors are discussed.     

基于航空遥感数据的绿地信息提取与制图系统

介绍了基于航空遥感数据的绿地信息提取与制图系统,该系统具有绿地信息提取、统计、精度分析以及矢量地图产生等功能。通过对华东师范大学航空遥感数据实验研究表明,利用该系统能快速调查出研究区绿地的分布及数量,调查精度达85%以上.     

二滩、官地库区土地覆盖类型图制作方法研究

利用航空彩红外正射影像镶嵌图,用光谱角分类与目视解译相结合的方法,对二滩、官地库区进行土地利用调查工作,取得了较好的效果。     

AN EXPERIMENT IN MAPPING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE STEPPE MARMOT USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

A method for mapping the distribution of a common steppe mammal, the steppe marmot, is described, based on the interpretation of air photos of its life activities (i.e., burrows). Air photos at 1:30,000 scale are used in the compilation of a map of the density of marmot burrows, which permits close and more efficient investigation of the spatial correspondence of marmot habitats and natural conditions and facilitates the selection of routes and areas of sampling in advance of marmot population counts. Translated by Kurt E. Engelmann, Seattle, WA 98195 from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1989, No. 3, pp. 94–99.     

USE OF A CENTER-PERIPHERY MODEL IN MAPPING SOCIAL-TERRITORIAL DIFFERENCES

General principles underlying the study of spatial inequality are outlined from a Soviet perspective before more specific coverage of guidelines for its portrayal in cartographic form. Questions addressed in the development of a center-periphery model for isarithmic mapping of socioeconomic differences in Hungary include selection of appropriate indices and samplings of data points for mapping, and methods for data normalization and comparison. Examples of both aggregate and more narrowly focused maps of living conditions are included. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 4, pp. 68-74.