陆面特征非均一作用参数化及其对区域气候影响的数值模拟试验

本文首先改进了陆地下垫面特征非均一性的次网格尺度参数化方法，然后利用三维地气耦合的区域气候模式，设计一系列值试验，研究了下垫面特征改变对区域气候环境变化的影响，主要分析了陆地表面特征变化对我国苏南附近地区夏季温度化的影响，结果表明采用地下垫面特征非均一作用的次网格尺度参数化方法对于改进数值模拟结果的质量有一定效果。     

森林下垫面陆面物理过程及局地气候效应的数值模拟试验

文中基于大气边界层和植被冠层微气象学基本原理 ,建立了一个森林植被效应的陆面物理过程和二维大气边界层数值模式。并应用该模式进行了植被和土壤含水量等生物和生理过程在陆面过程和局地气候效应方面的数值模拟试验。所得数值模拟试验结果与实际情况相吻合。结果表明 ,应用该模式可获得植被温度、植被冠层内空气温度、地表温度日变化特征 ;森林下垫面大气边界层风速、位温、比湿、湍流交换系数的时空分布和日变化特征。该模式还可应用于不同下垫面 ,模拟陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制及其局地气候效应的研究 ,这将为气候模式与生物圈的耦合研究奠定一个良好的基础。     

NIM陆面过程模式的研究Ⅱ：青藏高原夏季陆面过程的数值模拟

采用南京气象学院（NIM）5层陆面过程模式，利用1979年5－8月“青藏高原气象科学实验”资料模拟和分析了夏季青藏高原不同地区的陆面特征和地表能量特征。并将模拟值与根据观测资料计算得到的感热和潜热以及观测得到的净辐射、土壤温度、土壤热通量进行了对比。结果表明，NIM5层陆面过程模式可以模拟青藏高原夏季不同下垫面情形下的能量交换过程。     

SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS ON THE MM5V3 COUPLED WITH LAND SURFACE MODEL BATS*

In this paper,the complex land surface model BATSle was coupled to the PSU/NCAR MMSV3.And the coupled model was used to simulate the heavy rain in summers of 1991 and 1998.The results show that,with the detailed land surface parameterization,the model can(1) simulate the distribution of heavy rain in Yangtze River Basin in summers of 1991 and 1998 more precisely,and improve the results by increasing the simulated precipitation rate;(2)improve the simulation results of surface temperature:(3)improve the simulation results of the circulation and temperature fields at middle and high levels.     

土壤类型变化对区域气候影响的数值试验

利用地气耦合区域气候模式研究了我国华北和西北部分地区土壤类型变化的区域气候效应，着重分析了土壤类型变化对海平面气压场、近地层气温和湿度、土壤温度、边界层风速、垂直运动以及地面能量平衡和转换关系的影响，所得结果可为我国北方干旱半干旱地区土地资源的合理开发和利用提供一定的气候依据。     

A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT ON CHINESE REGIONAL CLIMATE DUE TO SEASONAL VARIATION OF LAND SURFACE PARAMETERS (PART Ⅱ)

The effect on climate due to seasonal variation of vegetation and roughness length wassimulated in Part Ⅰ of this essay.In Part Ⅱ,the individual effect of albedo and the joint effect of allthose factors (vegetation,roughness length and albedo) were calculated by numerical sensitivityexperiments.The results showed that:(1)There is no significant effect on precipitation if thealbedo of 4 seasons is used to replace the CRCM's climate average data,but the effect on landsurface temperature can be seen clearly.And the effect also can be seen in adjacent regions.(2)Ifall these three factors are used to replace the CRCM's climate average data at the same time,theeffect on precipitation is significant,the most variation value is 300mm.And the effect ontemperature is similar to what we can see if only one of these factors in CRCM is replaced bymonthly or seasonal data.(3)Seasonal variation of land surface parameters has important effectnot only on regional climate,but also on global environment.     

A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT ON CHINESE REGIONAL CLIMATE DUE TO SEASONAL VARIATION OF LAND SURFACE PARAMETERS (PART Ⅱ)*

The effect on climate due to seasonal variation of vegetation and roughness length was simulated in Part Ⅰ of this essay.In Part Ⅱ,the individual effect of albedo and the joint effect of all those factors (vegetation,roughness length and albedo) were calculated by numerical sensitivity experiments.The results showed that: (1) There is no significant effect on precipitation if the albedo of 4 seasons is used to replace the CRCM's climate average data,but the effect on land surface temperature can be seen clearly.And the effect also can be seen in adjacent regions.(2)If all these three factors are used to replace the CRCM's climate average data at the same time,the effect on precipitation is significant,the most variation value is 300mm.And the effect on temperature is similar to what we can see if only one of these factors in CRCM is replaced by monthly or seasonal data.(3)Seasonal variation of land surface parameters has important effect not only on regional climate,but also on global environment.     

温室效应引起的中国区域气候变化的数值模拟Ⅰ:模式对中国气候模拟能力的检验

使用RegCM2区域气候模式单向嵌套澳大利亚CSIRO R21L9全球海-气耦合模式,进行了CO2加倍对中国区域气候变化影响的数值试验研究,分析了控制试验(1×CO2)即模式对中国当代气候的模拟情况.首先给出了全球模式控制试验在中国地区的结果,分析表明它对中国区域的地面气温和降水具有一定的模拟能力,其结果可以用来制作驱动区域气候模式的初始场和侧边界.对RegCM2 5 a时间长度控制试验积分结果的分析与检验表明,区域气候模式由于具有较高的分辨率和较完善的物理过程,它对中国区域地面气温和降水的模拟效果较全球模式有了较大提高,如它模拟的各月气温与实况的相关系数全年12个月的平均由全球模式的0.83提高到0.92,降水由0.48提高到0.65.     

CLIMATE CHANGE DUE TO GREENHOUSE EFFECTS IN CHINA AS SIMULATED BY A REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL-PART I:EVALUATION OF THE MODEL SIMULATIONS*

Impacts of greenhouse effects(2×CO₂) on climate change over China as simulated by a regional climate model have been investigated.The model was based on RegCM2 and is nested in one-way mode within a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model(CSIRO R₂₁L₉ AOGCM).Two multi-year simulations,the control run with normal CO₂ concentration and the sensitivity run with doubled CO₂ concentration are conducted. As Part I of the publications,results of control run of the CSIRO,i.e.its simulation of present climate in China,are analyzed briefly.It shows that the model can basically reproduce the surface air temperature and precipitation pattern over China.Therefore,its outputs can be used to drive the regional model. Analysis of control run of RegCM shows that with a high resolution,the model improves the simulations of surface air temperature and precipitation in China as compared to the CSIRO model, especially for the precipitation.The spatial correlation coefficient between simulated and observed annual temperature increased from 0.83 in the CSIRO to 0.92 in the RegCM and for annual precipitation from 0.48 in the CSIRO to 0.65 in the RegCM.A similar improvement in the RegCM compared to the CSIRO was found in all simulated months.The main improvement for surface temperature is that RegCM can simulate the fine scale structure of temperature caused by topography.RegCM greatly improved the spatial distribution of precipitation by eliminating the virtual precipitation center in central China,which was simulated by many other GCMs.The precipitation simulated by RegCM in North and Northwest China is smaller than that by CSIRO, which makes it closer to the observation.     

p—σRCM模式对中国区域气候季节变化的模拟

通过对区域气候季节变化的模拟，对p-σ坐标系区域气候模式的模拟能力进行了检验，模式较准确地再现了中国区域气候系统的季节性变化特征及中国东部降水带的季节性进退，模拟的各气候区域水的季节变化趋势也与实况基本相符，但模式低估了华东和华南地区的春季降水，而高估了华东，西南和西北地区的秋季降水。     

区域气候模式对我国中、东部夏季气候的数值模拟

利用高分辨率的区域气候模式RegCM3(ICTP,2004年)对1994、1997、1998年我国夏季(6～8月)气候进行了数值模拟试验,并对比分析了不同积云对流方案对降水场模拟结果的影响。结果表明:该模式能够较真实地描述出我国夏季温度场的主要高、低温中心及月际变化,但模拟的气温场偏低;选择不同的积云对流方案对降水的模拟结果影响很大,采用Grell积云对流方案模拟出的我国夏季降水场最接近观测场,较好地模拟出我国东部地区夏季主要雨带的大致位置及变化,但雨带的位置偏南、中心降水量值偏大;500 hPa位势高度场的模拟结果和实际观测场较为一致,但西风带的位置偏南,相应地副热带高压588位势什米线位置较观测场向东南偏移。     

一种区域气候模式地表产流方案的改进及数值试验

本文针对陆面过程模式BATS中没有水文非均匀描述的这一缺陷,将更符合物理过程实际的考虑入渗非均匀和降水非均匀的水文模型VXM并入BATS,并将此改进后的陆面过程参数化方案与MM5V3耦合。利用该区域水文气候模式模拟1990、1991和1998年夏季风气候,对模拟结果分析得知,总体上该模式的模拟能力对入渗非均匀和降水非均匀的响应是敏感的,而且考虑入渗非均匀和降水非均匀后模式的模拟能力得到了一定的提高。     

SIMULATION OF PRESENT CLIMATE OVER EAST ASIA BY A REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL

A 15-year simulation of climate over East Asia is conducted with the latest version of a regional climate model RegCM3 nested in one-way mode to the ERA40 Re-analysis data. The performance of themodel in simulating present climate over East Asia and China is investigated. Results show that RegCM3 can reproduce well the atmospheric circulation over East Asia. The simulation of the main distribution patterns of surface air temperature and precipitation over China and their seasonal cycle/evolution, are basically agree with that of the observation. Meanwhile a general cold bias is found in the simulation. AS for the precipitation, the model tends to overestimate the precipitation in northern China while underestimate it in southern China, particularly in winter. In general, the model has better performance in simulating temperature than precipitation.     

植被变化对中国区域气候影响的数值模拟研究

用高分辨率区域气候模式(RegCM-NCC)模拟了中国区域植被发生改变后引起的局地或区域气候变化。结果表明:大范围区域植被变化对区域降水、温度的影响非常显著,内蒙古地区土地荒漠化可导致中国北方大部分地区降水减少,尤其加剧了华北、西北地区的干旱,西北地区绿化有利于黄河流域降水增加,而长江流域和江南地区降水却有不同程度的减少,因此可在一定程度上减少这里的洪涝灾害;气温的变化比降水更显著,植被退化使当地气温明显升高,使中、低层大气变得干燥,近地层风速加大,而植树造林却使当地及周围地区冬偏暖、夏偏凉,大气变得湿润,近地层风速减小,有利于在一定程度上减少沙尘暴的发生。另外,植被变化对东亚冬、夏季风强度也有一定程度的影响,从而影响到中国东部地区降水的分布和冬季低温、冷害事件发生的强度。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO LAND SURFACE SCHEMES IN WRF MODEL OVER EASTERN CHINA

Two land surface models, Community Land Model (CLM3.5) and NOAH model, have been coupled to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and been used to simulate the precipitation, temperature, and circulation fields, respectively, over eastern China in a typical flood year (1998). The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of land surface changes on regional climate modeling. Comparisons of simulated results and observation data indicate that changes in land surface processes have significant impact on spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and temperature patterns in eastern China. Coupling of the CLM3.5 to the WRF model (experiment WRF-C) substantially improves the simulation results over eastern China relative to an older version of WRF coupled to the NOAH-LSM (experiment WRF-N). It is found that the simulation of the spatial pattern of summer precipitation in WRF-C is better than in WRF-N. WRF-C also significantly reduces the summer positive bias of surface air temperature, and its simulated surface air temperature matches more closely to observations than WRF-N does, which is associated with lower sensible heat fluxes and higher latent heat fluxes in WRF-C.     

剔除“系统误差”对月尺度区域气候动力预测影响的研究

通过大气环流模式提供侧边界条件,单向嵌套并入了水文模型VXM的区域气候模式RegCM3对我国华东地区进行月尺度气候预测。根据嵌套模式1991～2000年10年各月的积分结果与美国气候预测中心的降水综合分析资料(CMAP)、美国国家气象中心(NMC)的温度资料建立了一组针对各月的“系统误差”,对2001～2005年5年各月的回报结果进行订正,通过对原始回报结果和订正结果进行评估发现,经剔除“系统误差”后的预测结果较原始预测结果改进较为明显,表明该方法可有效提高月尺度区域气候动力预测的准确率。     

温室效应引起的中国区域气候变化的数值模拟Ⅱ:中国区域气候的可能变化

使用RegCM2区域气候模式单向嵌套澳大利亚CSIRO R21L9全球海-气耦合模式,进行了温室气体CO2加倍对中国气候变化影响的数值试验研究。该文为第2部分,对敏感性试验结果进行的分析。分析表明:由于温室效应,中国区域的地面气温特别是在冬季和北方将有明显升高,区域年平均的升高值为2.5℃;同时区域内日最高和最低气温将明显上升,日较差将减小。结果还表明,在CO2倍增条件下,中国区域降水将呈增加趋势,区域年平均的增加值为12％;以夏季的增加率最大,其次为冬季。中国汛期降水将呈现出“三类雨型”出现频率增多的趋势。南方的大雨日数将有所增加。此外,生成和影响中国的台风数目也将有所增加。温室气体的增加同时对环流场产生影响,如导致500 hPa高度场的升高。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON THE RESPONSE OF LAND SURFACE TO SEVERE WEATHER

A coupled model of RAMS3b(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System,Version 3b)andLSPM(a land surface process model),in which some basic hydrological processes such asprecipitation,evapotranspiration.surface runoff,infiltration and bottom drainage are included,has been established.With the coupled model,we have simulated the response of soil to the severeweather process which caused the disastrous flood in north italy during 4-7.November,1994,simultaneously compared with the observation and the original RAMS3b,which has a soil andvegetation parameterization scheme(hereafter,SVP)emphasizing on the surface energy fluxes,while some hydrological processes in the soil are not described clearly.The results show that the differences between coupling LSPM and SVP exist mainly in theresponse of soil to the precipitation.The soil in the SVP never saturates under the strong input ofprecipitation,while the newly coupled model seems better,the soil has been saturated for one dayor more and causes strong surface runoff,which constitutes the flood.Further sensitivityexperiments show that the surface hydrological processes are very sensitive to the initial soilmoisture and soil type when we compared the results with a relatively dry case and sandy soil.The coupled model has potentiality for simulation on the interaction between regional climateand land surface hydrological processes,and the regional water resources research concerningdesertification,drought and flood.     

SIMULATION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE SUMMER OF 1998 OVER CHINA WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL

The heavy rainfall in the summer of 1998 over China has been simulated with the NCCRegional Climate Model(RegCM_NCC).It was successful for RegCM_NCC to reproduce thelocation and seasonal shift of the seasonal rain belt in the summer of 1998 over China.The rainyseason in the summer of 1998 over China can be divided into 7 episodes,including the pre-summerrainy season in South China.the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin,shortappearance of North China rain season and the retreat of seasonal rain belt,the second Meiyuseason over the Yangtze River Valley,the rainy period over the Yellow and Huaihe River Valleyand the seasonal retreat of rain belt over North China.The shortcoming of the RegCM_NCC isover-estimation of precipitation amounts.The regions with large latent heat flux,upper soilmoisture and total runoff are located in the rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt duringthe different episodes.On the contrary,the regions with small sensible heat flux are located in thesimulated rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.     

陆面模式的植物叶光合生理的数值模拟试验及分析

根据C3、C4植物生态生理过程中植物叶水平的光合同化机制过程和植物叶片尺度的光合作用限制函数方程。采用单叶光合作用模式进行C3、C4植物光合模拟试验,模拟不同环境影响因子对C3、C4植物光合作用的影响。结果表明,植物叶尺度光合作用模型能较好地模拟不同环境影响因子下的C3、C4植物光合作用状况。本文依据C3、C4植物光合生理特性进一步分析植物光合作用的三个限制函数方程在C3、C4植物光合的不同作用,揭示吸收光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶内温度(Tc)和CO2浓度(Ci)的敏感性。结果可用于植被—大气相互作用的能量和碳同化过程的物质交换研究。