土星主要卫星天体测量定标试验

在地面望远镜观测土星主要卫星的精确定位中,目前普遍采用CCD成像技术。为了测量视场中暗卫星的位置,常采用4颗主要卫星(土卫三-土卫六)进行定标。鉴于技术的进步,目前CCD视场正在逐步增加,如何精确定标图像值得研究。利用2010年1月20日在云南天文台1 m望远镜上观测的不同取向的105幅CCD图像进行了试验研究。采用了美国喷气推进实验室土星主要卫星历表和美国海军天文台的UCAC4恒星星表进行计算,相对于不同的参考对象进行定标。结果表明,采用4颗主要卫星进行定标并测量离卫星较近的观测对象时具有较好的测量准确度和内部精度。测量离定标星较远的卫星时,这种定标方法具有较大的不确定性。采用6颗主要卫星(土卫三-土卫八)进行定标,所有卫星的测量结果具有更好的外部和内部符合。即便如此,采用四常数模型和六常数模型定标的结果都不是令人满意,这揭示CCD视场存在明显的扭曲效应。如果采用视场中的恒星定标,卫星的外部符合和内部精度明显变差,这说明UCAC4恒星参考星表也不是理想的定标用参考星表。     

土卫八新运动理论的比较研究

通过归算土卫八轨道根数200年的变化将一个最新的高精度土卫运动理论TASS与经典理论作比较,并用20年现代照相观测资料作理论预报精度的归算．归算表明,在一定时期内TASS与经典理论有较好的一致,但其根数长期变化的差很快变大．由此指出,TASS的合理性和进入实用还有待对更长时期大量高精度观测作实算．     

CCD联合平差方法及其初步实例检验

在常规照相天体测量工作中，对暗天体的定位是采用逐级定标星过渡的方法实现的。由于星表系统差和局部差的存在，最终定位结果可能包含难以把握的误差积累。在CCD小视场观测情况下时常难以找到足够数量的定标星。鉴于此，推导了CCD观测联合平差方法的严格矢量表达式，以期通过共同星的过渡，实现大天区统一平差。原理上此方法可实现相对于河外天体的定位，以削弱星表系统差和局部差对定位结果的影响。讨论了CCD联合平差方法实现中的问题，包括底片常数模型选择、切点位置改正、共同星的较差改正和法方程解算方法等，并分析了具体的处理措施。用实例初步检验了CCD联合平差方法的效果，表明通过对多张CCD观测的联合平差，可以削弱单张CCD观测参考星数目过少、单张CCD观测参考星分布不均、个别参考星存在位置偏差和局部区域参考星存在系统性位置偏差等不利因素对归算结果的影响，进而达到扩大视场和提高归算精度的目的。     

小视场CCD图像的几何定标

针对长焦距望远镜CCD观测天然卫星的情况，导出了用两颗亮星作为定标时，CCD视场几何参数(比例尺和指向)测量的误差公式，进而设计了多定标星定标时正确的归算方案。新方案不仅对天然卫星的位置测量，也对同类型的小视场CCD位置测量具有指导意义。     

CCD联合平差方法及其初步实例检验

在常规照相天体测量工作中 ,对暗天体的定位是采用逐级定标星过渡的方法实现的。由于星表系统差和局部差的存在 ,最终定位结果可能包含难以把握的误差积累。在CCD小视场观测情况下时常难以找到足够数量的定标星。鉴于此 ,推导了CCD观测联合平差方法的严格矢量表达式 ,以期通过共同星的过渡 ,实现大天区统一平差。原理上此方法可实现相对于河外天体的定位 ,以削弱星表系统差和局部差对定位结果的影响。讨论了CCD联合平差方法实现中的问题 ,包括底片常数模型选择、切点位置改正、共同星的较差改正和法方程解算方法等 ,并分析了具体的处理措施。用实例初步检验了CCD联合平差方法的效果 ,表明通过对多张CCD观测的联合平差 ,可以削弱单张CCD观测参考星数目过少、单张CCD观测参考星分布不均、个别参考星存在位置偏差和局部区域参考星存在系统性位置偏差等不利因素对归算结果的影响 ,进而达到扩大视场和提高归算精度的目的     

天王星卫星两种定标方法测定结果的比较

利用新发表的高精度、高密度天体测量星表UCAC2,对天王星的五颗主要卫星的CCD观测图像重新进行量测,采用不同方法作定标归算,并使用两种理论模型(GUST86和GUST06模型)计算卫星的理论位置。对不同方法所得到的卫星位置的O-C结果的分析和比较表明,本文获得的卫星位置精度,除天卫五(Miranda)有显著提高,其他4颗卫星的位置精度基本相同。本文中天卫一和天卫三的结果与"亮卫星定标法"的结果在精度上相当,天卫二的位置精度与其他天王星卫星的位置精度具有较好的一致性,这从另一方面证明了我们的"亮卫星定标法"的可靠性。此外我们还获得了天卫四的位置与精度。     

小视场CCD图像的几何定标

针对长焦距望远镜CCD观测天然卫星的情况,导出了用两颗亮星作为定标时,CCD视场几何参数(比例尺和指向)测量的误差公式,进而设计了多定标星定标时正确的归算方案。新方案不仅对天然卫星的位置测量,也对同类型的小视场CCD位置测量具有指导意义。     

CCD用于建立惯性坐标系(Ⅴ)——河外星系与亮定标星相对位置的测量试验

本文介绍了试验观测的过程,给出了归算的程序,得到用CCD测定河外星系相对于两颗定标星位置的单次测定精度是±0″.050,中误差是±0″.022,外部符合是±0″.044。从而证明用CCD测量技术,并采用“底片重迭法”,通过两颗定标星来精确测定河外星系的相对位置是可行的。可望以相隔10年左右的两个历元的观测测定出岁差常数改正值。     

整体平差方法在CCD天体测量中的应用

回顾了基于底片重叠观测的整体平差方法的发展历史和应用概况，分析了该方法应用于底片资料处理没有取得预期效果的原因，介绍了小视场CCD重叠观测的整体平差研究进展．分析与实测资料归算表明，整体平差方法可以在CCD资料处理中充分发挥作用，在保证长焦距、小底片比例尺的同时，通过对CCD重叠观测的整体平差(相当于扩大观测视场)，可覆盖更多的参考星，进而达到改善局部参考架、提高归算结果精度的目的。     

天然卫星CCD精确定位的最新进展

天然卫星CCD精确定位观测对于宇宙飞船探测外行星、行星物理的研究以及天文参考系的连接等方面都有重要的意义．文章介绍了长焦距望远镜CCD观测天然卫星所遇到的各种困难以及解决问题的方案．重点评介了CCD图像处理和归算方法．最后,介绍了影响天然卫星位置测量精度的各种因素及最新观测结果的精度．     

The disruption of planetary satellites and the creation of planetary rings

The Voyager spacecraft discovered that small moons orbit within all four observed ring systems coincident with the discovery of narrow and dusty rings around Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These moons can provide the source for new rings if they are catastrophically disrupted by a comet or large meteoroid impact. This hypothesis for ring origins provides a natural mechanism for the ongoing creation of planetary rings. While it relieves somewhat the problem of explaining the continued existence of rings with apparently short evolutionary lifetimes, it raises the problem of explaining the continued existence of small moons, and the coexistence of moons and rings at comparable locations within the Roche zones of the giant planets. This problem has been studied in some detail recently, and the present work is a review of our current understanding of the processes in satellite disruption that pertain to the creation of planetary rings and the collisional cascade of circumplanetary bodies. Significant progress has been made. Narrow rings are produced by disruption of small moons in numerical simulations, and a self-consistent model of the collisional cascade can explain present-day moon populations. Absolute timescales and initial moon populations remain uncertain due to our poor knowledge of the impactor population and uncertainties in the strength of planetary satellites. More pressing are the qualitative issues that remain to be resolved including the nature of reaccretion of the debris and the origin of Saturn's rings.     

A survey for satellites of Venus

We present a systematic survey for satellites of Venus using the Baade-Magellan 6.5 m telescope and IMACS wide-field CCD imager at Las Campanas observatory in Chile. In the outer portions of the Hill sphere the search was sensitive to a limiting red magnitude of about 20.4, which corresponds to satellites with radii of a few hundred meters when assuming an albedo of 0.1. In the very inner portions of the Hill sphere scattered light from Venus limited the detection to satellites of about a kilometer or larger. Although several main belt asteroids were found, no satellites (moons) of Venus were detected.     

CCD漂移扫描观测星表ACR和CMC13的系统误差研究

对2000年前后发表的两部用CCD漂移扫描观测的天体测量星表——ACR(As- trometric calibration regions along the celestial equator)和CMC13(Carlsberg Merid- ian Catalog 13)进行误差分析.通过与UCAC2(The second U.S.Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog)星表比较,采用数值法,分析了误差的形式和量级大小.并从星表观测方式和数据归算的角度,分析了误差的主要可能来源.发现ACR和CMC13在赤纬方向存在明显的星等差,位置差值随赤经存在与CCD视场大小相近的周期性变化,位置差值随赤纬存在与归算带尺寸大小相近的系统性变化.     

A deep search for Martian dust rings and inner moons using the Hubble Space Telescope

It has long been suspected that Mars might be encircled by two faint rings, one originating from each of its moons Phobos and Deimos. Meteoroid impacts into these moons should release clouds of dust that quickly spread out to become rings; similar dust rings have been associated with several small inner moons of the gas giants. On May 28, 2001 Mars’ hypothetical ring plane appeared edge-on to Earth within weeks of its opposition, providing the best Earth-based opportunity to detect these rings in several decades. Using the Wide Field/Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) on the Hubble Space Telescope, we obtained a set of deep exposures off the east and west limbs of Mars to search for these hypothetical rings. No rings were detected. This result limits normal optical depths to ∼3×10⁻⁸ for the Phobos ring and ∼10⁻⁷ for the Deimos ring. These limits fall at the low end of prior dynamical predictions and a factor of 1000 below previous observational limits. However, our limit for the Deimos ring is more tentative because of large uncertainties about this ring's expected shape, size and orientation. Our data set is also sensitive to small, previously undetected inner moons. No moons were detected down to a radius limit of 75–125 m. Longitudinal coverage of the region near and between Phobos and Deimos is 40–80% complete. We conclude by describing a promising opportunity for further Martian ring viewing in December 2007.     

Astrometric Observations of the Galilean Moons of Jupiter at the Pulkovo Normal Astrograph in 2016−2017

We present the results of observations of the Galilean moons of Jupiter carried out at the Normal Astrograph of the Pulkovo Observatory in 2016?2017. We obtained 761 positions of the Galilean moons of Jupiter in the system of the Gaia DR1 catalog (ICRF, J2000.0) and 854 differential coordinates of the satellites relative to each other. The mean errors in the satellites’ normal places and the corresponding root-mean-square deviations are ε_α = 0.0020′′, ε_δ = 0.0027′′, σ_α = 0.0546′′, and σ_δ = 0.0757′′. The equatorial coordinates of the moons are compared to the motion theories of planets and satellites. On average, the (O–C) residuals in the both coordinates relative to the motion theories are less than 0.031′′. The best agreement with observations is achieved by a combination of the EPM2015 and V. Lainey-V.2.0|V1.1 motion theories, which yields the average (O–C) residuals of approximately 0.02″. Peculiarities in the behavior of the (O–C) residuals and error values in Ganymede have been noticed.     

低纬子午环配备科学CCD的必要性和可行性

从基本天体测量学科的发展趋势和低纬子午环的课题目标出发，叙述了该仪器配备科学ＣＣＤ的必要性和对仪器性能的相应要求，并根据仪器的各种误差的测定方法和测定精度的分析，论述了该仪器配备科学ＣＣＤ后对天体位置作高精度绝对测定的可行性，文中还提出了对配备科学ＣＣＤ的总体要求。     

低纬子午环配备CCD的误差理论分析

本文对ＬＬＭＣ＋ＣＣＤ仪器系统的误差理论进行了综合性的探讨。文中所涉及的误差主要来自两方面：其一是来自仪器系统本身的误差，其二是来自仪器系统以外的误差。论文的第一章对ＣＣＤ器件的特性及其在天文学上的应用作了扼要介绍；第二章阐述了低纬子午环配备ＣＣＤ的观测方法，还简述了低纬子午环的结构及观测原理；第三章对十七种不同类型误差的测定或消除方法作了详尽的探讨和分析；第四章推导了星径曲率改正；第五章对小角度天体测量技术和大角度天体测量技术进行了评估。     

The origin of the Martian moons revisited

The origin of the Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, is still an open issue: either they are asteroids captured by Mars or they formed in situ from a circum-Mars debris disk. The capture scenario mainly relies on the remote-sensing observations of their surfaces, which suggest that the moon material is similar to outer-belt asteroid material. This scenario, however, requires high tidal dissipation rates inside the moons to account for their current orbits around Mars. Although the in situ formation scenarios have not been studied in great details, no observational constraints argue against them. Little attention has been paid to the internal structure of the moons, yet it is pertinent for explaining their origin. The low density of the moons indicates that their interior contains significant amounts of porous material and/or water ice. The porous content is estimated to be in the range of 30?C60% of the volume for both moons. This high porosity enhances the tidal dissipation rate but not sufficiently to meet the requirement of the capture scenario. On the other hand, a large porosity is a natural consequence of re-accretion of debris at Mars?? orbit, thus providing support to the in situ formation scenarios. The low density also allows for abundant water ice inside the moons, which might significantly increase the tidal dissipation rate in their interiors, possibly to a sufficient level for the capture scenario. Precise measurements of the rotation and gravity field of the moons are needed to tightly constrain their internal structure in order to help answering the question of the origin.     

Search for Phobos and Deimos gas/dust tori using in situ observations from Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER

More than 490 elliptical aerobraking and science phasing orbits made by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) in 1997 and 1998 provide unprecedented coverage of the solar wind in the vicinity of the orbits of the martian moons Phobos and Deimos. We have performed a comprehensive survey of magnetic field perturbations in the solar wind to search for possible signatures of solar wind interaction with dust or gas escaping from the moons. A total of 1246 solar wind disturbance events were identified and their distribution was examined relative to Phobos, the Phobos orbit, and the Deimos orbit. We find that the spatial distribution of solar wind perturbations does not increase near or downstream of Phobos, Phobos’ orbit, or Deimos’ orbit, which would have been expected if there is significant outgassing or dust escape from the martian moons. Of the 1246 magnetic field perturbation events found in the MGS data set, 11 events were found within 2000 km of the Phobos orbit, while three events were found within 2000 km of the Deimos orbit. These events were analyzed in detail and found to likely have other causes than outgassing/dust escape from the martian moons. Thus we conclude that the amount of gas/dust escaping the martian moons is not significant enough to induce detectable magnetic field perturbations in the solar wind. In essence we have not found any clear evidence in the MGS magnetic field data for outgassing or dust escape from the martian moons.