陆内碰撞韧性剪切带的变形和应变模式——高喜马拉雅山加华尔的实例

高喜马拉雅加华尔变质带似乎已在宽15～20km,北东倾斜上冲型韧性剪切带内逐渐形成。此带是由于印度板块内,新生代大陆碰撞过程中陆内地壳收缩形成的。在四个不同的重要变形幕中,最广的D_2变形幕的标志是斜卧和平卧褶皱f_2,显著的轴面叶理S_2,共轴的北东向倾伏的L_2拉伸线理和同构造生长的标志变质矿物等。这些变形构造是在SW向D_2韧性剪切带变形过程中形成的,而与S_2叶理及逆冲断层的产状无关。采用石英颗粒和集合体的RS/φ数据,可得到中央主冲断层(MCT)及中央结晶带之下的小喜马拉雅山加华尔组石英岩的区域应变模式,并揭示出,在宽广的韧性剪切带的狭窄糜棱岩带中有限应变(?)达到最大值。在其后D_2和D_3变形幕中,包括MCT的冲断岩席的产生适应了缩短作用,并且Jafagh冲断面与糜棱岩和最大应变面相一致。在更高的层位,韧性剪切带变成挤压的脆—韧性带,并导致了小喜马拉雅冲断岩席向南移动期间产生了倾向南西的F_3a和F_3b褶皱。     

中国西天山东段的构造层次研究

西天山东段的构造变形分为三个构造层次。即：深部构造层次、中部构造层次和浅部构造层次。深部构造层次以韧性剪切，塑性压扁，顶界劈理发育为特征，应变强度平均为１．０３．压缩量平均为６３％。中部构造层次以等厚褶皱，同斜倒转褶皱和逆冲推覆断层为主的脆韧性变形为特征，断层总体为叠瓦扇状逆冲断层系。该层次的应变强度平均为０．６７，压缩量平均为４４％。浅部构造层以宽缓的断层转折褶皱，断层传播褶皱及造山带向盆地仰冲为主的脆性变形为特征，断层伴有大量的水平走滑。该层次的应变强度平均为０．２８，压缩量平均为２４％。     

充分利用剪切带面状变形要素计算应变参数

测定小型剪切带变形构造，是研究地壳大型剪切带运动学机制的基础，也是恢复造山带应平衡剖面的工作手段之一。本以小型脆－韧性切剪带及Ｓ－Ｃ韧性剪切面理构造为例，介绍如下方法：①利用野外所测剪切带各种产种产状要素，通过赤平极射投影计算出剪切指向和应力状态；②按照简单二维有限应变的原理，求出剪切带的应变参数及沿剪切指向所发生的位移量。     

华北克拉通北缘医巫闾山韧性剪切拆离带的运动学涡度与韧性减薄量

医巫闾山韧性剪切拆离带位于华北克拉通北缘,为一走向NE、倾向WNW的低角度正断层系,由下盘的韧性剪切带(糜棱岩带)、未变形中生代的花岗岩体;脆性拆离断层面及上盘未变质的沉积岩系组成。以拆离断层带下盘韧性剪切带内糜棱岩长石碎斑为标志体的三维有限应变测量显示,应变主轴X轴伸长,Y轴不变,Z轴缩短。以极莫尔圆法估算拆离带内糜棱岩的运动学涡度值介于0.61到0.96,平均为0.80(涡度值是无量纲数),表明医巫闾山韧性剪切拆离带形成机制为以简单剪切为主的一般剪切作用。结合三维有限应变测量,医巫闾山韧性剪切拆离带为一加长减薄型剪切带。以有限应变测量与运动学涡度估算为基础,初步估算了该韧性剪切拆离带的韧性减薄量沿剪切拆离方向,减薄量从10%增加到40%,且减薄量与应变强度正相关、与运动学涡度负相关。     

皖东黄栗树—破凉亭断裂带北段构造岩显微—超显微变形特征及地质意义

本文就郯庐断裂带南段东部的黄栗树—破凉亭断裂带内构造岩,特别是中深层次的韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩进行了细致的野外考察、采样,在室内显微构造研究的基础上,选择有代表性的样品和视域进行透射电镜制样观察,在对各超显微构造特征分析归纳的基础上,讨论了构造岩的塑性变形特征,并对构造岩的应变参数(最大差异应力和应变速率)进行了计算,从显微—超显微构造角度仔细研究该断裂带内典型的构造岩的变形特征,初步判明断裂带的性质和运动发展历史,证实了该断裂带是形成在较深构造层次的一条以韧性变形为主的脆—韧性剪切带,应变形式为简单剪切。应变参数的计算结果表明,自东向西从前陆褶皱冲断带根部到后缘带,构造岩中石英的位错密度逐渐减小,最大差异应力逐渐降低。     

黄山韧性剪切带构造形迹及变形期次

黄山韧性剪切带位于东天山秋格明塔什-黄山韧性剪切带东部,是东天山地区最重要地质构造之一.分析其在黄山东一带表现出的构造形迹,并对该区构造变形期次作初步探讨.黄山韧性剪切带在黄山东一带构造形迹总体显示右旋剪切特征,后期存在左旋剪切,变形期次共4期,剪切应变值为2.4～0.73,有限应变分析认为,变形机制以压扁变形为主.     

变形花岗岩中的剪切构造:力学标志和热标志

本文所描述的花岗质岩石被视为软弱组分和强硬组分的混合物。其相对比例随应变和温度变化,并控制着变形期间产生的剪切构造的一些宏观特征。本文用应变温度图解区分出三个主要构造区:(1)以低应变为主的分散交织剪切带;(2)小规模相连的透入性面理和韧性剪切带(如c-s构造);(3)稳定状态的均一面理。我们做如下概括:湿花岗岩中500℃左右时总强度的快速下降;透入性韧性剪切带的广泛出现是退级变形史的标志,尤其是在同构遣侵入体中;绝大多数的递进变形史在构造前基底发生再造作用时,将产生与分散剪切带有关的不均匀应变式样。     

构造岩体积应变与质量迁移分析在地质学研究中的意义——以怒江断裂高黎贡山为例

本文以特提斯构造系怒江断裂高黎贡山韧性剪切带糜棱岩为实例。测试分析表明,在韧性剪切带岩石变形变质前后,SiO2、TiO2、全Fe、H2O等显著贫化,CaO、MgO、Na2O、K2O等显著富集;韧性剪切带的发育使原来的片麻岩转变为糜棱岩,原岩质量和体积的变化分别为-29.48%和-26.86%。构造岩的体积应变和质量迁移分析是构造时限年代学和流体/岩石比值研究的中间环节,它还在估算挤压构造带缩短量以及求算碳酸盐岩脱排CO2资源量等方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

阿尔泰额尔齐斯构造带岩石应变特征及其构造意义

阿尔泰额尔齐斯构造带东段岩石变形强烈,最大应变椭球轴比(Rxz)可达10～30,剪应变(γ)达4～6。该带可分为2个层次4个次级构造带。第一层次为韧性—韧脆性中—中-浅层次变形带,包括萨尔布拉克—科克萨依脆性挤压劈理化带、达拉维孜—阿热勒托别剪切流变构造带和库尔提—玛因鄂博韧性剪压变形带,第二层次是齐伯度—富蕴深层次超韧性变晶糜棱岩带。第一层次变形带中沿达拉维孜—阿热勒托别一线为最强变形带,向两侧依次减弱。中心带以剪切—拉伸变形为主,两侧以压扁变形为主兼有剪切,均为左行剪切。结合区域地质分析,可认为这3个变形带共同组成一个完整的板块(微陆块)聚合变形带,显示喀拉通克岛弧以北东偏东方向俯冲于可可托海—青河陆缘岩浆弧之下,并发生弧—陆碰撞。齐伯度—富蕴变晶糜棱岩带岩石变形温度压力条件高,以右行剪切为特点,具有完全不同的地质演化历史,反映它可能是在古生代期间被强烈改造的具有前震旦纪结晶基底的微大陆的残块(或断片)。     

陕川丁家林-太阳坪金矿带成矿机理

丁家林-太阳坪金矿带与丁家林-太阳坪脆-韧性剪切带同位分布、同能源作用、同步生成，是脆-韧性剪切变形形成的石英脉型金矿，总体走向NE，主要由丁家林和太阳坪2个金矿床组成，分石英单脉、单脉密集带、复脉带3个亚型。丁家林以含Au石英复脉为主，太阳坪以含Au石英单脉为主；成矿物质来源于富含Si质的志留系黄坪组，成矿流体主要是构造水；内生成矿作用分脆．韧性剪切变形-构造分异热液期和韧-脆性剪切变形-构造分异热液期，与2期脆-韧性剪切变形相对应，第2期为主成矿期。其成矿机理是脆-韧性剪切变形动力成岩成矿。     

桐柏-大别南缘殷店-马垅韧性剪切带的变形及年代学分析

殷店-马垅（简称殷马）韧性剪切带是桐柏-大别造山带南缘的一条重要的边界断裂,对其精细的构造变形研究将有助于进一步认识桐柏-大别造山带的演化方式和过程。本文主要对殷店和马垅两个地区进行了详细的剖面观测,利用有限应变测量,计算出殷马剪切带中岩石应变椭球长短轴的平均轴率为1.69,靠近剪切带的岩石应变量大,向北远离剪切带,应变量减小;通过构造应力场分析查明剪切带的古应力状态,最大压应力σ₁为北北东-南南西向,对应最大拉应力σ₃为北西西-南东东向。岩石的有限应变分析和应力场状态,反映出板块间的碰撞挤压作用力在平行剪切带和垂直剪切带方向上存在应力分解。剪切带内糜棱岩中的锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,其年龄为172～137 Ma,据此得出殷马剪切活动时代主要为中侏罗世-早白垩世。     

Syntectonic vein development in a thrust sheet from the external French Alps

The geometry and age relations of syntectonic veins within calcareous rocks of one imbricate sheet within a thrust belt in the external French Alps, are described.The earliest veins developed during the main ductile deformation by cleavage-parallel extension. The majority of the syntectonic veins developed towards the end of the deformation, and after the formation of second folds. They include a conjugate set of normal shears, an abundant set of upright extension veins, and en echelon sets.The dominantly simple shear strain making up the main ductile phase of deformation occurred by a mechanism of grain to grain pressure solution. The stretching lineation records the overall direction of thrust sheet movement. A change in the microchemical mechanism of pressure solution is thought to have caused the change from first to second phase deformation as recorded by slaty cleavage and crenulation folds in the field. From the shear and vein geometries, directions of principal stress have been inferred. The directions rotated throughout the deformation, the maximum principal stress being inclined to bedding during simple shear strain, becoming normal to bedding during the phase of abundant vein growth, and becoming vertical at the very end of the deformation.     

郯庐断裂带肥东桃源韧性剪切带构造分析及时限探究

郯庐断裂带在肥东桃源地区为一混合杂岩带,温压数据显示区域内变形变质环境为中下地壳构造环境。本文对剪切带的应变大小、应变速率、涡度以及应力场等构造特征进行分析测量,结果显示该剪切带所受应力方向为170°左右,夹角为40°～50°,并以简单剪切为主,其变形矿物被拉长。此外,带内发育的长英质糜棱岩流体以及伟晶岩流体均发生同构造变形,本文结合前期年代学研究结果,整合出了3种不同流体之间的关系,并有效限定出带内韧性剪切活动发生在140～124 Ma之间。同时,通过对郯庐断裂带中南段年代学数据统计,发现郯庐断裂带肥东段主要记录了早白垩世的剪切活动,而大别造山带东缘、苏鲁西缘分别记录了同造山年代学数据,断裂带中南段在年代学分布上呈现出明显的空间差异性,反映出郯庐断裂带递进变形的特征。     

Shear bands,crenulations and differentiated layering in ice-mica models

Thin sheets of composite ice-mica have been deformed in order to simulate the development of cleavages in quartz-mica rocks. A strong initial mica preferred orientation was variably oriented to the shortening direction. Deformation parallel to the foliation results in a crenulation type cleavage developing from shear bands initiated after a component of pure shear. Deformation oblique to the foliation produces a differentiated cleavage and involves a large component of shear strain subparallel to the original anisotropy. The strain is accommodated by intra- and intercrystalline processes that produce extensive grain elongation and rearrangement of the ductile matrix, thereby forming ice vs mica rich regions. On the other hand, there is no drastic morphological change when a sample is shortened perpendicular to an original foliation: that is, where the micas lie in the plane of no shear strain. Instead, the mica fabric is strengthened and the grains in the ductile matrix are flattened.Two models are presented for the initiation, propagation and evolution of the observed crenulation versus differentiated cleavage types. These depend on mica stacking and orientation relative to the transverse properties of the sample and also on the direction of anisotropy to the XY plane of the bulk strain ellipsoid. The models invoke shear on planes of high shear strain and rotation of the shear bands and rigid mica grains into a direction approximately parallel to the bulk extension direction.     

中蒙边界早白垩世不对称花岗岩穹隆的伸展时限、剪切作用类型和区域构造意义

东北亚大陆于晚中生代时期发生了大规模地壳伸展,发育变质核杂岩和不对称花岗岩穹隆,其伸展剪切机制一直是构造研究的重要内容之一。中蒙边界东南段沿北东向展布了罕乌拉、纳兰和宝德尔等3个不对称花岗岩伸展穹隆,主体均为晚中生代花岗岩侵入体,岩体西北缘发育韧性剪切(糜棱岩)带,并被后期高角度正断层所围限,整体为穹隆状。根据罕乌拉穹隆韧性剪切带内强变形中粗粒钾长花岗岩(133±1 Ma)和弱变形细粒花岗岩(128±2 Ma)的构造关系及其锆石U-Pb年龄,推测该穹隆内岩体可能为同伸展岩体,韧性伸展时间在133 Ma之后并持续至128 Ma或更晚,与同区其他穹隆发育时限相同。笔者用R_f/ф方法测量了3个穹隆剪切带内糜棱岩中长石的有限应变轴率,利用Hsu图解获得其应变类型为平面压扁应变(k=0.5)。用长石极莫尔圆法、刚性颗粒网法和C轴石英组构法估算了韧性剪切的长期变形过程,得到糜棱岩的平均运动学涡度值为0.68～0.74,表明这些穹隆的韧性剪切作用主要是纯剪切和简单剪切分量几乎相等的一般剪切作用。石英斜向条带法测得的韧性变形后期的运动学涡度值为0.87～0.99,平均值为0.93...     

新疆萨日达拉金矿地质特征及成因探讨

萨日达拉金矿是新近发现的一个成矿机制和控矿因素都与韧性剪切带密切相关的金矿床，具有独特的成矿特征。文章对萨日达拉金矿的地质特征和作用特征进行了较系统的研究，结合矿区不同岩石的痕量金、自然金和硫化物的成分及硫化物的硫同位素、铅同位素测试结果，对矿床的形成过程进行了详细讨论。研究表明，萨日达拉金矿与胜利达坂韧性剪切带在空间、时间及成因上密切相关，属典型的韧性剪切带型金矿，成矿具有多期、多阶段和多物源的特点，韧性剪切变形、热液活动及其成矿构成了统一的韧性剪切成岩成矿作用过程。对于一个含金韧性剪切带系统，不论是垂向上还是横向上，强变形区段都是成矿元素活化、迁出的区段，而低应变－中等应变部位以及不同强度应变带的过渡部位才是含金流体中的金富集、沉淀成矿的最有利部位，也是寻找大型矿床、矿体的有利部位。     

新疆哈密库姆塔格沙垄北段韧性剪切带特征及其地质意义

通过野外调研和显微构造测试,分析了新疆哈密库姆塔格沙垄北段韧性剪切带几何学、运动学和动力学特征,探讨了韧性剪切带的演化及其地质意义,详细研究了韧性剪切带S-C面理、波状消光、变形条带、变形纹、机械双晶、亚颗粒、动态重结晶颗粒、核幔结构、压力影、旋转碎斑系、显微裂隙和石英、方解石c轴组构等显微构造特征,并对其形成机制进行了解析。     

Parallel stretching lineations and fold axes oblique to a shear displacement direction—a model and observations

Spatial variations in shear strain rate are expected in ductile shear zones. Where the variation is a change in shear strain perpendicular to the displacement direction, the effect is to rotate the shear slip planes. This is a mechanism for giving a rotation of fold axes into parallelism with the slip and extension direction in a rock. If such a variation in shear strain affects rocks with a strong planar anisotropy it is possible to produce a fabric with an apparent stretching lineation parallel to fold axes, but both significantly oblique to the slip direction. A possible example of this is seen in strongly deformed quartz-mica schists from Syros, Greece, where a stretching lineation is seen parallel to fold hinges over a range of fold axes orientations of at least 40°.     

Regional significance of kilometric-scale north-east vergent recumbent folds associated with east to south-east directed shear on the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone (Hornachos-Oliva region,Variscan belt,Iberian Peninsula)

On the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone there are two sectors with different styles of deformation. To the south-west, in the Hornachos sector, large-scale recumbent folds associated with ductile shearing can be seen. This shearing is characterized by a direction of movement parallel to the fold axes and can be correlated for 150 km along strike. The K-values of the strain ellipsoid range from 0.8 to 2.0. Stretching in the X direction, parallel to the recumbent fold axes, is more than 100%. To the north-east, in the Oliva sector, first-phase folds are upright and the strain intensity is lower than in the Hornachos sector. Metamorphic, geometric and kinematic considerations lead us to conclude that the shearing in the Hornachos sector is better explained as conjugate to a main shear zone along which the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone is moved onto the Ossa-Morena Zone. This main thrust is at present obliterated by a left-lateral extensional shear zone that affects a high pressure exotic unit located between the Central Iberian and the Ossa-Morena Zones. This high pressure unit constitutes a suture of the Variscan belt in the Iberian Peninsula.