Spatial and temporal analysis of dry spells in Greece

Summary ?A spatio-temporal analysis of the dry spells that occur in the Greek area is carried out for an extended period of 40 years (1958–1997). The dry spells can be defined as a number of consecutive days with no rain. The number of days defines the length of the dry spells. The longest spells are identified in central (Cyclades) and the south-east Aegean Sea whereas dry spells with the minimum length are shown over the north-west of the Greek area that reflects the significance of the latitude and the topography. Negative Binomial Distribution and Markov Chains of second order have been used to fit the duration of the dry spells of different lengths. The study of the seasonal and annual distribution of the frequency of occurrence of dry spells revealed that the dry spells in Greece depict a seasonal character, while medium and long sequences are associated with the duration and hazards of drought. Received February 20, 2002; revised September 5, 2002; accepted October 6, 2002     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of wet spells in the Yangtze River Basin from 1961 to 2003

Daily precipitation records of 147 meteorological stations over the Yangtze River Basin have permitted a detailed analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of wet spells during the period 1961–2003 by distinguishing average daily amount thresholds of 90th and 95th percentiles. The analysis are based on several time series, namely the number of the days in wet spells, the longest wet spell and the precipitation amount in wet spells. Time series trends analyses are compiled for each station by means of the Mann-Kendall test, for four sub-regions. The results show that the annual precipitation in wet spells is higher in the southeast area and the eastern Tibetan Plateau than in the other parts. The longest wet spells are found in the eastern Tibetan Plateau for both the thresholds. The indices in wet spells for most stations have no significant trends. In contrast, only some stations in eastern Tibetan Plateau and the lower Yangtze River Basin increase significantly, while some in the middle reaches show significant decreasing trends. The regional trends analysis presents a noticeable downward trend in the middle Yangtze River Basin and upward trends in the eastern Tibetan Plateau for both 90th and 95th percentiles, however, the upward trend in the lower Yangtze River Basin and downward trends in the upper Jinshajiang River Basin are not significant.     

Spatial and temporal variability of consecutive dry and wet days in Greece

The objective of this study is to find out the spatial and temporal variability of the dry and wet spells in Greece, during the period 1958–2007. The meteorological data with respect to daily precipitation totals were acquired from 27 meteorological stations of the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, which are uniformly distributed over the country. The dry spells concern consecutive dry days (CDD); the largest number of consecutive days with daily precipitation amount less than 1 mm, within a year. The wet spells concern consecutive wet days (CWD); the largest number of consecutive days with daily precipitation amount more than or equal to 1 mm, within a year, as defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI), jointly sponsored by the Commission for Climatology (CCl) of the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme (WCDMP), the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Programme of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM).As results from the analysis, the spatial distributions of the mean annual CDD and the mean annual CWD along with their trends, within the examined period, are presented. The findings indicate that CDD obtain maxima in the Cyclades Islands and the southeastern Aegean Sea, while minima are found in the northwestern Greece. On the contrary, the longest CWD are observed in western Greece and western part of Crete Island and the shortest in the eastern continental Greece and in the majority of the Aegean Sea. On an annual basis, the temporal variability of CWD shows statistically significant (confidence level of 95%) negative trends, mainly in the western region of Greece, while insignificant positive trends for CDD appear almost all over the country with emphasis in the southeastern region. Finally, in order to interpret the drier and wetter periods within the examined period, the 850 hPa and the 500 hPa geopotential height (m) composites of the anomalies from 1958–1996 climatological normal (clino), are analysed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data.     

Spatial and temporal analysis of dry spells in Croatia

Systematic statistical analysis of dry day sequences, which are defined according to 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 mm of precipitation-per-day thresholds, is performed on seasonal and yearly basis. The data analysed come from 25 Croatian meteorological stations and cover the period 1961–2000. Climatological features of the mean and maximum dry spell durations, as well as the frequency of long dry spells (>20 days) are discussed. The results affirm the three main climatological regions in Croatia, with the highlands exhibiting shorter dry spells than the mainland, and the coastal region exhibiting longer dry spells. The prevailing positive trend of both mean and maximal durations is detected during winter and spring seasons, while negative trend dominate in autumn for all thresholds. Positive field significant trends of mean dry spell duration with 5 and 10 mm thresholds are found during spring and the same is valid for annual maximum dry spell duration with a 10 mm threshold. It is found that the Discrete Autoregressive Moving Average (DARMA(1,1)) model can be used to estimate the probabilities of dry spells in Croatia that are up to 20–30 days long.     

Climatology and trends of wet spells in China

Summary Climatological features and variations of wet spells, especially their trends over China, are investigated using a dataset of 594 meteorological stations across China from 1951 to 2003. The results show that the lower the latitude is, the longer the annual duration of wet spells is. The mean annual precipitation from wet spells is higher in southeastern coastal areas and much lower in western and northern China. The longest wet spells are found in Southwest China and the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The maximum daily precipitation of wet spells decreases from the southeast to the northwest, with the highest in southeastern coastal areas and the lowest in western China. The trends of wet spells exhibit striking regional differences. In most areas of western China, the annual number of days in wet spells has slightly increased, but significantly decreased over North China, Central China and Southwest China. The annual precipitation amount from wet spells displays significant downward trends in North China, eastern Northeast China and the eastern part of Southwest China, but upward trends in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and some southeastern coastal areas. Two clearly-contrasting regions in climatic changes of wet spells are the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River and the eastern Tibetan Plateau, characterized by a decrease of about 24 days and an increase of about 6 days in annual wet spell days from 1953 to 2003, respectively.     

湖北省积雪时空特征分析

利用湖北省77个测站1961-2007年气象资料,分析了积雪的时空特征。结果表明,湖北省积雪年际变化振幅明显,20世纪60年代到70年代中期缓慢增加,为积雪多发期;80年代年波动较大;90年代开始明显减少。月积雪日数呈准正态分布,1月最多,2月、12月次之。积雪空间分布表现为西部多,中东部少;山地多,丘陵平原少;沿江多,内陆少。有利于湖北大范围出现积雪的大尺度背景的环流类型主要有纬向型和两槽一脊型。出现积雪时24h变压Δp24为正,24h变温Δt24和水汽压变化Δe24为负,地面气象要素的异常变化,也可以作为积雪预报的着眼点之一。     

近50 a华南干湿状态的时空特征

利用华南地区63个气象站1961-2007年的降水和气温资料,采用月干湿气候指数计算华南各月的干湿状态,其结果可以明显区分华南地区的干湿季.通过趋势分析、EOF(the empirical or-thogonal function,自然正交函数分解)分析、合成分析等方法分析了近50 a华南地区干湿状态时空特征.趋势分析结果表明:华南地区2－3月、5月和7－8月明显变湿,而4月、9－12月显著变干,1月和6月变化趋势不明显,即华南地区的秋季旱情在过去50 a有加重的趋势,而春季旱情有所缓解,夏季洪涝则加重.EOF分析表明,华南地区东、西部干湿状态的时间演变位相相反.背景特征分析表明,华南地区干湿状态主要影响因子可能为海气相互作用过程和陆气相互作用过程.     

天津城市热岛效应的时空变化特征

应用2008年天津市14个自动气象站逐小时资料和6h一次的地面常规资料,对天津城市热岛效应的时空特征进行了分析,结果表明：天津市热岛强度的日变化、月变化和年、季特征显著,且天津市热岛强度与城郊站的选择方法有密切关系。通过多元线性回归方法,分析了天津市热岛强度与云量、云高、风向、风速和相对湿度这5种气象要素的相关性,发现风速是影响天津城市热岛效应的显著气象因子,但总体而言气象要素对天津城市热岛效应的影响相对较小。     

Fitting the distribution of dry and wet spells with alternative probability models

The development of the rainfall occurrence model is greatly important not only for data-generation purposes, but also in providing informative resources for future advancements in water-related sectors, such as water resource management and the hydrological and agricultural sectors. Various kinds of probability models had been introduced to a sequence of dry (wet) days by previous researchers in the field. Based on the probability models developed previously, the present study is aimed to propose three types of mixture distributions, namely, the mixture of two log series distributions (LSD), the mixture of the log series Poisson distribution (MLPD), and the mixture of the log series and geometric distributions (MLGD), as the alternative probability models to describe the distribution of dry (wet) spells in daily rainfall events. In order to test the performance of the proposed new models with the other nine existing probability models, 54 data sets which had been published by several authors were reanalyzed in this study. Also, the new data sets of daily observations from the six selected rainfall stations in Peninsular Malaysia for the period 1975–2004 were used. In determining the best fitting distribution to describe the observed distribution of dry (wet) spells, a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test was considered. The results revealed that the new method proposed that MLGD and MLPD showed a better fit as more than half of the data sets successfully fitted the distribution of dry and wet spells. However, the existing models, such as the truncated negative binomial and the modified LSD, were also among the successful probability models to represent the sequence of dry (wet) days in daily rainfall occurrence.     

1961-2014年石家庄地区降水量的时空变化特征

利用石家庄地区5个代表站1961-2014年的逐日降水资料,采用多种统计分析方法,分析了石家庄地区降水量的时空变化特征,结果表明石家庄地区年降水量从20世纪70年代开始下降,80年代达到最低,90年代有所增加,但也没有明显的上升趋势,21世纪初又开始下降.20世纪70年代降水量的减少春季和秋季贡献最大,80年代降水量的减少和90年代降水量的增加主要是夏季的贡献.石家庄地区年降水量起伏较大,1963年降水量最多,为1038.4 mm,2014年最少,仅为276.2 mm.近54年石家庄年降水量在波动中呈现下降趋势,线性趋势为-11.0 mm/（10 a）,但下降趋势并不明显.石家庄北部年降水量呈上升趋势,市区及东部、南部和西部年降水量均呈下降趋势,变化趋势均不明显.近54年,石家庄春季降水量呈上升趋势,线性趋势为0.9 mm/（10 a）,夏季、秋季和冬季降水量均呈下降趋势,线性趋势分别为-11.9,-1.1和-0.3 mm/（10 a）,上升或下降趋势均不明显.夏季降水减少是导致石家庄年降水减少的主要原因.石家庄四季降水量变化趋势的空间分布具有明显的季节特征和区域特征.石家庄四季降水量均存在显著周期变化.     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of droughts in Luanhe River basin,China

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - The spatial and temporal characteristics of drought are investigated for Luanhe River basin, using monthly precipitation data from 26 stations covering the...     

安顺市大暴雨的时空分布特征与物理量分析

利用2009-2019年安顺市6个国家站和77个区域站的逐日和逐小时降水资料、 Micaps资料,对安顺市大暴雨的时空分布特征及物理量进行分析,结果表明：安顺市年平均大暴雨日数为10.1d,年平均影响范围为54.1站次,5-9月是大暴雨出现的集中期,6月大暴雨出现频次最高,影响范围最广,大暴雨的主要发生时段和最强影响时段出现在夜间到早晨;区域性大暴雨比局地性大暴雨出现时间晚,结束时间早,6月是区域性大暴雨和局地性大暴雨出现最多的月份,5-7月局地性大暴雨出现的频率最高;安顺主要出现单日大暴雨,持续2d以上的大暴雨只出现过16次;大暴雨总日数的空间分布有两个高频区和两个低频区,总量的空间分布与总日数基本一致,强度的空间分布呈南强北弱,总站次的空间分布呈南多北少;在5月预报大暴雨天气时要更注重分析T85和T75,6-7月产生大暴雨时对能量和中低层的水汽含量的要求高于其它月份。     

基于GIS的潮州市日照时数的时空分布特征

基于潮州市100m×100m的高程数据和包含周边10个气象站点的日照百分率数据,应用GIS技术和回归统计模型对潮州市日照时数的空间分布进行了模拟、结果验证和分析。结果表明,创建的各月和年日照时数空间分布模型显著性水平大多为0.01,研究区内的2个气象站的日照时数模拟值和实际值之间具有很好的一致性,误差百分率在6%以下,模拟结果有实用价值。模拟结果分析发现,潮州市的日照时数除了受太阳高度角影响外,还受天气气候等因素的影响,最低和最高月日照时数分别出现在2月和7月;海拔、坡度等地形因子对日照时数有明显影响,最小日照时数出现在约1100~1200m海拔高度或坡度70°~75°上,低海拔地势平缓地区日照时数明显偏多。     

西南地区近40a气温变化的时空特征分析

利用西南地区96个测站近40 a的月平均、月平均最高、月平均最低气温资料,采用主成分分析、旋转主成分分析、小波分析、Mann-Kendall等方法对西南地区气温变化的时空特征进行了分析.结果表明:西南地区年平均、年平均最高、年平均最低气温的空间变化均具有很好的整体一致性,反映了年平均和年平均最高气温在1960s到1980s中期经历了一个由暖变冷的过程后,1980s后期开始呈现明显上升趋势,而年平均最低气温从1970s就开始呈单调上升趋势.青藏高原东侧山脉走向对气温变化的东西差异具有十分明显的影响.气温的主要空间异常可分为4个敏感区.小波分析表明,西南地区气温整体变化在近40 a主要存在准8 a的周期,其中四川盆地东部的气温在整个时段存在准20 a和准8～9 a的周期.