深海钢悬链立管触地点动力响应分析

研究深海钢悬链立管(SCR)在海洋环境载荷作用下的动力响应.利用非线性弹簧模拟立管与海床触地点的耦合模型,通过模态分析得到钢悬链立管的动力特性参数;时域动力响应分析获得不同工况下触地点及典型部位的位移、弯矩和应力时程.比较分析表明:浮体垂荡运动对触地点的应力状态影响较大,触地点附近存在钢悬链立管动力响应过程中的位移极值点和弯矩极值点.所提方法为触地点区域模拟分析提供了新思路,给出的分析结论对钢悬链立管设计有一定借鉴意义.     

非线性海床土深水缓波型立管动力响应分析

缓波立管的结构形式能够有效改善立管触地区的动力响应,达到保护立管触地区的目的。基于集中质量法和考虑土体弱化的非线性海床土模型,用等效浮力的方法将缓波立管浮力段简化,并在Orca Flex中建立传统钢悬链线立管和缓波立管的集中质量模型进行分析,考虑立管结构形式、浮力段长度和浮力段起始位置的影响,得到立管静态位形、触地点张力和弯矩、立管贯入深度以及触地点海床阻力等结果进行比较。结果表明:浮力段的配置会提高立管静态弯矩分布水平,但合理的缓波立管设计能有效改善立管触地区的动力响应,抑制海底沟槽的发展,达到保护立管触地区的目的。     

深水SCR触地区管-土相互作用试验研究进展

与海床的相互作用是钢悬链线立管特有的性质,是传统立管发展中不曾遇到的问题,也是控制立管疲劳寿命的主要因素,特别是触地区出现的峰值弯曲应力和管土接触模型的不确定,成为SCR触地区研究的难点。由于立管与海床的作用机理非常复杂,因此管土相互作用模型的提出大多是建立在模型试验的基础上。通过对国内外深水SCR触地区管土相互作用试验研究案例的分析,简要介绍了SCR触地点的动态响应取决于一系列参数,如海床土刚度、加载状况、立管的提升速度、土的重塑时间和土吸力等,并设计了一套三维管-土相互作用的试验装置,能够为深水钢悬链线立管触地区管-土相互作用的试验研究提供参考。     

平台运动激励下钢悬链式立管触地点动态分析

平台运动和管土相互作用是引起钢悬链式立管(Steel Catenary Riser,SCR)触地点动态响应和疲劳损伤的关键因素。基于竖向土抗力-埋深曲线和侧向库伦摩擦双线模型模拟SCR触地区管土作用,并考虑竖向海床刚度的退化,研究平台三维运动激励下SCR触地区的动态响应与疲劳寿命,相对于简单的单向运动激励和仅考虑竖向管土作用,更符合工程实际。计算结果表明:①三维管土作用下,平台垂荡运动对立管触地区的影响最大,纵荡运动次之,横荡的影响最小;②平台三维运动的耦合,在一定程度上可降低立管触地区的动力响应和疲劳损伤,若仅考虑垂荡运动,结果偏于保守;③非线性海床模型相对于线弹性海床,引起的立管触地区的应力幅值、位移幅值显著增加,虽然贯入位移较小,但土抗力较大,选用线弹性海床的计算误差较大。平台运动和海床强度对SCR触地点动态响应和疲劳损伤的影响较大,因此在SCR响应分析与设计中,准确选择海床模型和平台运动方式,对于预测立管的疲劳寿命具有重要意义。     

顶部浮体激励下钢悬链线立管的动力响应分析

考虑钢悬链线立管大变形的特性以及内流的影响,利用Kane方法和拉格朗日应变理论建立钢悬链线立管的二维动力学模型。将顶部浮体的激励简化为一个沿顺流向的周期作用力施加于立管顶部,采用平均加速度法求解立管的动力响应。探讨顶部浮体不同激励频率下立管的非线性动力响应以及内流流速的大小对管道共振响应幅值的影响。     

钢悬链线立管触地点区域管土相互作用的有限元分析

由于钢悬链线立管具有非线性特性,而海床土体又是软黏土,因此钢悬链线立管触地区域的管土的相互作用十分复杂。根据国外相关试验数据,采用ANSYS中的非线性弹簧单元模拟海床土体,考虑海床土体刚度退化和土吸力对管道的作用,建立海底管道拟静力有限元计算模型,计算分析管道与海床土体的相互作用,并探讨管道触地点区域关键点在顶端升沉运动下弯矩的变化规律,为进一步研究SCR与海床的动力相互作用提供参考。     

非线性管土作用下钢悬链式立管动力响应分析

钢悬链线立管(SCR)在上部浮体运动和波流荷载激励下会与海床土相互作用,传统的线性海床模型假定荷载位移关系是线性的,没有考虑管土相互作用的非线性过程和海床土吸力的影响,本文基于大挠度柔性索理论的钢悬链式立管动力分析程序CABLE3D,将立管受到线性海床的弹性支撑力扩充为立管受到的海床垂向力,充分考虑管土非线性相互作用,并考虑海床土吸力对钢悬链式立管触地点区域的影响,开发出新的动力分析程序。程序采用非线性有限元方法对控制方程进行离散,时域内采用Newmark-β法,求解给定上部浮体运动条件下,SCR的动力响应,通过算例对线性刚度海床和非线性刚度海床进行对比,并分析了不同海床刚度对SCR触地点动力响应和疲劳损伤的影响。结果表明:非线性海床刚度模型比线性海床刚度模型更接近真实的管土作用过程;在非线性海床刚度模型下,海床土刚度越大,SCR触地点区域垂向位移响应越小,应力幅值越大,疲劳损伤越严重。     

复杂载荷作用下立管触地段损伤管道的动力响应

触地段(Touchdown zone, TDZ)是在役钢悬链线立管(Steel catenary riser, SCR)的关键部位,在复杂载荷作用下,极易形成损伤缺陷,其载荷寿命的评估是深海结构工程中的一个关键问题。本文以大型有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,运用损伤管道实体单元与土弹簧阻尼单元相互作用的模型模拟触地段损伤海底管道在复杂载荷作用下的动力响应,数值计算考虑了管-土相互作用过程中的材料非线性、几何非线性以及接触非线性。讨论了单一环向体积损伤位于触地段管道的不同位置时,触地段损伤管道在不同载荷作用下的动力特性及特征点的动力响应。结果表明,管道所受内外压力以及管道提升端的竖向位移载荷会影响结构的自振频率;体积损伤部位的动力响应较完好部位更剧烈;体积损伤的位置和动力载荷频率对管道动力放大系数的影响很大;当动力载荷的激励频率越接近结构基频时,损伤管道的动力响应及动力放大系数越大。     

非线性海床土对钢悬链式立管触地点动力响应和疲劳损伤影响分析

基于钢悬链式立管(SCR)动力分析程序CABLE3D,采用大挠度柔性梁理论建立SCR的运动方程,将线性海床模型扩展为考虑海床土吸力的非线性海床模型,采用非线性有限元方法对控制方程进行离散,时域内积分采用Newmark-β法,开发出新的计算程序。通过算例分析上部浮体垂荡运动幅值、海床土剪切强度、海床土剪切强度梯度对SCR触地点区域动力响应和疲劳损伤的影响。分析结果表明:SCR触地点区域动力响应和疲劳损伤对上部浮体垂荡运动幅值和海床土剪切强度的变化较为敏感,疲劳损伤在触地点区域最大,远大于悬垂段和流线段,在设计过程中应采取一定的加强措施。     

考虑海床土吸力的SCR-Spar整体波浪响应分析

研究海床土吸力对深海钢悬链线立管(SCR)与Spar平台整体波浪响应的影响。分别采用大挠度曲线梁模型、弹性地基梁模型模拟SCR的悬垂段和流线段,考虑SCR与Spar的动力耦合效应,提出整体分析法,并基于锚链/SCR分析程序Ca-ble3D开发V-Cable3D。考虑海床土吸力影响,时域动力响应分析获得一海况下SCR顶点和触地点的位移、张力、弯矩和应力时程。比较分析表明:SCR顶点和触地点附近分别存在波浪响应过程中的张力最大值和弯矩最大值,吸力对这两个特征量以及立管应力状态影响较大。提出的整体分析法为SCR波浪响应分析方法提供了新思路,对SCR与海床的相互作用分析有一定的参考意义。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.