内蒙孪井灌区包气带土壤水分特征研究

采用非饱和导水率仪测定了内蒙古孪井灌区土壤样品的负压值和含水量变化,该方法能够完整记录土壤脱水过程,得到土壤水分特征曲线.根据van Genuchten模型及其修正模型对土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,并比较2种模型其拟合值与实测值的差异.研究结果表明,van Genuchten模型能更好的拟合孪井地区的各种土壤,表层砂壤土水分特征曲线形状相同;另外,表层土饱和含水量相近,黏粒含量越高,土壤的残余含水量越大.     

内陆碱化湿地土壤有机质和全磷的时空分布特征

以付老文泡湿地为研究对象,分析了内陆碱化湿地土壤有机质和全磷含量的时空分布特征。研究结果表明7月表层土壤有机质和全磷空间分布格局的异质性高于亚表层,而9月亚表层土壤则呈现出较高的异质性。2采样期内有机质和全磷含量均呈现由表层向下呈减少趋势,除9月土壤有机质外,上下土壤层内的有机质和全磷含量均存在显著性差异。湿地全磷随土壤有机质增加呈幂函数增长变化。湿地土壤有机质和全磷随土壤水分含量增加均呈对数衰减变化,但土壤有机质和全磷随pH值增加则分别呈现指数和幂函数衰减变化。     

海岸带潮滩土壤含水量遥感测量

出露潮滩上土壤含水量的遥感测量是潮间带地形地貌测量方法的一种新尝试,也是对潮滩生态环境深层次认知的一条途径。借鉴陆地土壤含水量遥感监测的经验,通过分析实测潮滩土壤含水量与其光谱值的关系,建立出露潮滩上土壤含水量遥感监测模型,并利用该模型对研究区影像的土壤含水量进行反演尝试。研究结果为:(1)潮滩土壤含水量与光谱反射率的关系,波段的相关系数以ETM+4的相关性最大;(2)从多元线性模型、单波段模型、比值模型、仿植被指数模型的应用比较看,对于潮滩土壤含水量的遥感反演模型选用单波段模型的误差最小。结果表明,通过遥感测量和监测模型的反演,可以迅速得到海岸潮间带露滩上土壤含水量分布。     

南海叶绿素a浓度垂直分布的统计估算

分析整理了1993—2006年近10 a南海北部海域、南沙海域和南海其他海域的叶绿素a浓度历史航次调查资料,基于前人提出的全球叶绿素浓度垂直分布的统计分析模式,根据南海表层叶绿素a浓度大小的不同分级,对南海叶绿素a浓度进行了参数化处理,拟合估算了南海各水层剖面的叶绿素a浓度分布值,并结合不同海区的环境特征,分析了南海叶绿素a浓度垂直分布与其海水物理环境的关系。初步分析结果表明,叶绿素a浓度随深度垂直变化的拟合曲线呈一定倾斜的正态分布特征,当表层叶绿素a浓度较低时,作为南海深水海盆区的代表,拟合值更接近实测平均值的分布,叶绿素a浓度高值集中在次表层剖面上;当表层叶绿素a浓度较高时,作为近岸区和河口区的代表,高值多集中在表层海水,拟合误差偏大。该统计估算模式对于揭示南海叶绿素a浓度垂直分布结构进行了有益的尝试,为发展适合不同海区特点的模式以及校正参数奠定了基础。利用该模式与海洋水色卫星遥感数据有效结合,将对南海叶绿素a浓度时空分布格局的研究具有重要的意义。     

潮滩含水量的临界光谱特性及反演模型研究

以江苏川东港东南侧潮滩为研究区,通过土样采集、粒径分析、光谱测量等手段,分析了土壤含水量与光谱的关系,针对潮滩土壤含水量与光谱的二维散点形态呈"V"型分布的特点,讨论了含水量临界值的求解方法。以临界值为界,建立了高、低含水量状态的反演模型,进一步建立了兼具高、低含水量状态的综合模型。结果表明:1)潮滩土壤含水量与光谱的二维散点形态呈"V"型分布,当含水量值小于临界值,含水量与光谱呈负相关关系;当含水量值大于临界值,含水量与光谱呈正相关关系,随着波长的增加,"V"型的凹度和深度逐渐增加。2)经求导计算,临界值为32%。3)以临界含水量为界,分为低含水量段与高含水量段,分别建立含水量反演模型,预测误差分别为3.396和2.410。4)以4个波段作为参量进行逐步分析可得到与含水量具有较好单一趋势关系的波段组合形式。所建模型可以用于获取潮滩土壤含水量的空间分布,能够为研究潮滩土壤含水量与潮滩地形地貌之间的关系提供数据支持。     

北太平洋表层海水pH值的重建

以1993—2018年北太平洋海表面温度(SST)、海表面盐度(SSS)、叶绿素a浓度(Chl-a)、二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)等数据为基础,利用传统线性回归分析和BP神经网络算法,建立表层海水pH值的预测模型。结果表明：两种方法对于重建北太平洋表层海水pH值都能达到较高的精度,其中线性回归模型基于SSS、Chl-a、pCO₂参数模拟最佳,BP神经网络模型基于SST、SSS、Chl-a、pCO₂参数模拟最佳。对比两种最佳模型的均方根误差和拟合系数发现,BP神经网络模型优于线性回归模型。除此之外,最佳BP神经网络模型在4个季节的拟合效果均很好,不同季节的适用性远高于最佳线性回归模型。表层海水pH值受到多种因素的综合影响,与pCO₂、SST呈负相关关系,与SSS、Chl-a呈正相关关系。应用最佳BP神经网络模型重建北太平洋表层海水pH值发现,本研究模型的预测结果与已有研究、哥白尼欧洲地球观测计划数据、站点实测数据都存在很好的一致性,表层海水pH值冬季高于夏季,整体呈现西北高东南低的趋势。     

削弱水分影响的潮滩表层沉积物遥感分类方法研究

潮滩沉积物中的水分掩盖了沉积物本身的光谱信息,不利于沉积物遥感分类。利用江苏大丰潮滩沉积物在不同含水量下的398条实测光谱曲线数据,基于线性光谱分解方法定量化分析了沉积物光谱对含水量变化的响应,建立削弱水分影响的潮滩表层沉积物组分(砂、粉砂、黏土)含量反演模型,应用于Hyperion高光谱遥感影像,获得沉积物组分的空间分布,并结合Shepard三角分类法实现了潮滩表层沉积物的自动分类。研究结果表明:(1)当沉积物含水量增加时,沉积物光谱中水分权重以含水量的2倍速率增加,含水量大于25%,则水分对光谱的影响占主导作用;(2)2 143 nm波段反射率对沉积物的含水量变化敏感,利用2 143 nm波段反射率进行潮滩沉积物的含水量反演,模型拟合度r2可达0.81;(3)983,1 134 nm波段反射率对沉积物组分含量反演敏感,将含水量与沉积物组分敏感波段一起建立多元线性回归方程,可有效削弱水分的影响,适用于高含水量潮滩区的沉积物组分含量反演;(4)将组分反演结果结合Shepard分类,可实现潮滩沉积物分类,得到潮滩沉积物类型的空间分布特征,分类精度为75.93%,Kappa系数为0.6。     

天然含水量对海底沉积物贯入阻力的影响

研究浅海表层底质沉积物的天然含水量变化规律及其对海底沉积物贯入阻力的影响.对某浅海海域的72份表层底质沉积物样品的天然含水量测试和贯入阻力测定值进行了分析对比.天然含水量是影响海底表层沉积物贯入阻力的重要因素,沉积物天然含水量与贯入阻力之间具有较强的负相关性,沉积物天然含水量越大,贯入阻力越小.     

大洋性次表层和中层水团隶属函数的拟合与应用

本文针对大洋性水团的 T- S曲线族特征 ,提出了拟合其隶属函数的 2种方法——直线定位法和坐标旋转法。把这 2种方法应用于拟合巴士海峡两侧的次表层高盐水团和中层低盐水团的隶属函数并进行了讨论。文中给出了拟合的原理、公式和实例 ,表明它们在分析水团的分布特征、混合变性过程 ,特别是追踪其来源等方面是很有价值的     

基于GIS的琼州海峡潮流空间插值模型比较研究

为了客观准确地反映海洋潮流空间分布特征,文中选取琼州海峡表层大潮流速数据,运用泛克里金插值法中的球状、指数、高斯和有理二次方程式4种不同半变异模型进行拟合插值,采用交叉验证和点验证法,通过对比4种半变异模型4个指标精度,研究结果表明在琼州海峡区域,有理二次方程式模型对表层大潮流速拟合效果最优,该研究为描述琼州海峡潮流空间分布和建立精确插值模型提供依据。     

漫灌条件下内蒙孪井灌区土壤水分动态变化特征

根据内蒙孪井灌区土壤水分观测资料,本文讨论了漫灌条件下该区土壤水分的动态变化规律.由于观测期间降雨对该区影响很小,主要分析了春灌期、灌溉间隔期和作物生长期土壤水分的变化特点.春灌期,灌溉水主要补给上层砂壤土,对下层土壤的补给相对较小;经过2次灌溉过后,土壤含水率不断升高.就蓄水能力而言,粘砂土的蓄水能力最强,砂壤土次之,灌水后水分主要滞留在这2层.结合灌溉渗漏量分析,研究认为,该区灌溉模式使得灌溉渗漏量较大,造成水资源浪费的同时还会引起地下水位上升,致使灌区下游土壤次生盐渍化加重.因此,采用灌溉量较小的喷灌、滴灌等方式,可以避免产生深层渗漏,节约水资源.     

内蒙孪井灌区土壤盐分运移规律分析

研究了孪井灌区典型地段包气带土层可溶盐分在灌溉前后的变化,分析了灌溉水和土壤水盐分动态特征,并在室内进行了不同类型土壤的淋滤试验。结果表明引黄灌溉是使土壤脱盐的过程,尤其是灌溉初期,土壤脱盐非常明显。灌溉洗盐与包气带岩性和灌水量有关,砂壤土较黏砂土易脱盐,土壤初始含盐量越大,灌溉量越大,土壤脱盐量就越大。     

内蒙孪井灌区地下水数值模拟及土壤盐渍化分析

系统分析了内蒙孪井灌区的水文地质条件和包气带水文地质特征，概化出该区水文地质概念模型。在典型地段对不同作物进行了大量的野外灌溉入渗试验，确定了灌溉渗漏量；通过抽水试验，确定了该区的水文地质参数；利用长观资料。建立了该区地下水的数值模拟模型并利用该模型预报了现状、规划和下游排水3种条件下地下水的变化趋势。研究表明：该区随灌溉面积的扩大，地下水位上升迅速，灌区下游水位将超过临界埋深，从而引起土壤次生盐渍化。     

Vortex-Induced Vibrations of A Free-Spanning Pipe Based on A Nonlinear Hysteretic Soil Model at the Shoulders

The pipe-soil interactions at shoulders can significantly affect the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of free-spanning pipes in the subsea. In this paper, the seabed soil reacting force on the pipe is directly calculated with a nonlinear hysteretic soil model. For the VIV in the middle span, a classic van der Pol wake oscillator is adopted. Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the vibration equations of the pipe are obtained which are different in the middle span and at the two end shoulders. The static configuration of the pipe is firstly calculated and then the VIV is simulated.The present model is validated with the comparisons of VIV experiment, pipe-soil interaction experiment and the simulation results of VIV of free-spanning pipes in which the seabed soil is modelled with spring-dashpots. With the present model, the influence of seabed soil on the VIV of a free-spanning pipe is analyzed. The parametric studies show that when the seabed soil has a larger suction area, the pipe vibrates with smaller bending stresses and is safer.While with the increase of the shear strength of the seabed soil, the bending stresses increase and the pipe faces more danger.     

基于FVCOM的渤海冬季三维风生环流数值模拟

利用FVCOM海洋模型以及MM5气象模式预报风场,对渤海冬季三维风生环流进行了数值模拟,结果显示:渤海风生环流具有显著的三维结构,表层基本沿风向运动,量值在5~10 cm/s,海峡处流速可达15 cm/s,底层有明显的补偿流,量值<3 cm/s;深度平均流环流状态明显,渤海海峡海流北进南出,渤海中部以及辽东湾为一顺时针环流,渤海湾以及莱州湾基本呈逆时针环流。文章通过对比实验,进一步讨论了海面风应力以及海底地形对渤海环流的不同影响,得出:在渤海中部风应力的切变涡度是形成顺指针流型的主要驱动力;除渤海中部以外,渤海冬季流型受地形作用的影响要大于海面风场的切变涡度。     

Current Structure and Behavior of the River Plume in Suo-Nada

The behavior of a river plume in Suo-Nada, Japan, has been studied using a primitive equation numerical model, the Princeton Ocean Model. Special attention has been paid to the current structure and behavior of the anticyclonic eddy (bulge) induced by high freshwater inflow changing on a timescale of one week. First, the freshwater is supplied from a river to a rectangular basin with a simple topography. When the river discharge subsides after reaching its peak value, the bulge propagates upstream (i.e., opposite to the direction of the Kelvin wave propagation). Next, the freshwater is supplied from eight major rivers to the basin with realistic topography. The less saline water mass in the southern part of Suo-Nada propagates to the west (i.e., upstream) after the river discharge subsides. This is consistent with an observed phenomenon, viz., that the less saline water mass appears in the western part of Suo-Nada, suggesting that the upstream propagation of the bulge is possible in the real ocean. Finally, the cause of the upstream propagation is considered. Onshore currents appear in the bottom layer beneath the bulge, propagating upstream. They produce an anticyclonic barotropic eddy due to the conservation of potential vorticity. The current component associated with the eddy crosses normally to the isohaline in the upper layer, and therefore transports the bulge upstream. No other current component (such as surface current velocity minus vertically-averaged value) is responsible for the upstream propagation of the bulge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Optimal Basis from Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Wavelet Analysis for Data Assimilation: Optimal Basis WADAi

Wavelet Analysis provides a new orthogonal basis set which is localized in both physical space and Fourier transform space. Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs), on the other hand, provide a global representation of data sets. Here we investigate the various ways in which one can combine these basis sets for optimal representation of data. EOFs represent the global large scale information and wavelet analysis are used to supplement this large scale information with local fine scale information. Here we begin to explore the application of these two basis sets for outputs from an Ocean General Circulation Model and we explore various applications, including data assimilation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Model tests on performance of offshore wind turbine with suction caisson foundation in sand

Abstract

The performance of steel caisson during and after installation with different penetration velocities in medium dense sand is presented. The applied jacking forces, the amount of formed soil heave and bearing capacity were measured in the model tests. The influence of penetration velocities on jacking forces, soil heave and bearing capacity were also discussed in detail. The results indicated that the jacking forces for caisson in medium dense sands were significantly affected by the penetration velocity. The larger the penetration velocity, the more soil flowed into the caisson cavity during installation. This will lead to larger inner shaft resistance and in turn more jacking forces required for the same penetration depth. The height of soil heave during installation increases with penetration velocity. The m value calculated by the ratio of the volumes of the soil heave to that of the penetrated caisson wall can be used to evaluate the soil heave. The larger the applied velocity, the larger the m value and larger bearing capacity of caisson after installation. The relationship between the m value and penetration velocity can be used to control the soil heave for a steel caisson with a wall thickness to external diameter ratio of 4.2% in medium dense sand by jacking method.     

Formation and Movement of the ESIW as Modeled by MICOM

The presence of the minimum salinity and oxygen-rich East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) off Korean coast has raised many questions about its origin and movement. This study attempts to answer these questions in the context of numerical model. For this, the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model is used with surface and inflow boundary conditions based on available data. Model results show that the ESIW forms most distinctly off Vladivostok, where the center of doming structure is observed, and moves southward along Korean coast forming a large cyclonic gyre around the doming. The renewed ESIW has the character of minimum potential vorticity common to usual mode waters. These results are compatible with various indications made in previous observational and theoretical studies. However, it is not known whether the doming structure is a result of convection or the latter is favored by the former. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海底管线区浅表层土孔压静力触探参数特征及应用

利用东海陆架海底输油管道路由调查获得的孔压静力触探数据和钻探资料等,采用统计分析的方法,对管道路由区5 m以浅土体的孔压静力触探曲线特征、土的分类方法鉴别作了探讨,结果表明:研究区5 m以浅黏性土的锥尖阻力(qc),侧摩阻力(fs)值较小,且随深度呈线性增加,粉质土的qc,fs值增大,但随深度线性增加规律不明显,砂类土的qc值急剧增大,但fs值变化不大;Robertson法和Eslami-Fellenius法两种土类划分方法均适用于研究区浅表层软土的土类划分,但Robertson法在判别粉质土时受到一定限制,Eslami-Fellenius法判别较为准确,应用简单。本研究可为我国在海底管线工程路由勘察中直接利用孔压静力触探(CPTU)参数划分土层和判别土类作铺垫。