西南典型紧窄褶皱小尺度浅层岩溶水系统特征及隧道涌水分析

西南地区典型紧窄褶皱控制下的浅层岩溶水,具有循环交替快、水量丰富等特点。精细刻画小尺度浅层岩溶水系统模式类型及其特征,对于探讨岩溶水资源量以及中—浅埋隧道涌水条件具有重要意义。本文以西南典型紧窄褶皱——重庆铜锣山背斜和遵义铜锣井背斜为研究对象,细致地梳理岩溶水系统特征的控制性因素,提出地层空间结构的细微差异导致含水介质及地下水补给、径流、排泄特征等不尽相同。据此,将研究区浅层岩溶水系统细分为四类小尺度模式,并基于各模式差异分析中—浅埋隧道涌水条件。研究认为:穿越不同小尺度岩溶水系统的隧址段,其涌水条件具有一定差异;间互式地层空间结构导致小尺度浅层岩溶水系统之间因地表水体的转换而存在联系,计算涌水量时需考虑相邻可溶岩地层外源补给,而包裹式结构则造成各系统相对独立,计算时需考虑相邻非可溶岩地层外源补给;深切河谷排泄边界,不可忽略降雨对隙流散排型模式的补给,计算涌水量时,降雨量参数应小于年均降雨量,但若边界为浅切河谷,降雨量参数可直接选用年均降雨量。      

城市地面沉降研究现状与展望

第四届地面沉降国际讨论会及我国“八五”科技攻关成果表明，我国地面沉降研究及防治工作，由于引进系统思维方式、非线性科学的新理论与方法及计算机技术，融地球科学、环境科学和社会科学为一体进行综合研究，成果显著，目前已进入以数学模型预测为主的动态微量控沉阶段。这要求我们加深沉降机理研究。抽汲地下水形成的地面沉降研究的核心与难点是粘性土中孔隙水运移问题，它也是土体环境地质和外动力地质灾害研究的前缘热点，应引起人们的高度重视。     

微生物提高煤层气产量模拟实验研究

为解决微生物对煤层产气量的影响,通过对不同煤阶煤岩进行生物气模拟实验发现,在实验室条件下煤中微生物能利用自身物质进行生物产气。通过设置不同温度实验发现,在35℃条件下产气量要大于15℃时的产气量,说明35℃的温度更适合微生物利用煤样产气。在进行定量实验后发现,在添加外源营养物质或外源菌类的条件下能提高煤的产气量。在添加外源菌种的条件下,增产比例可达115%,而通过添加营养物质增产比例可达144%。      

滇藏铁路沿线滇藏交界段劈理化带成因探讨及工程效应分析

滇藏铁路沿线滇藏交界段劈理化带是新近发现的与高山峡谷区河流岸坡密切相关的介于劈理与节理之间的密集破裂构造型式。我们对劈理化带进行了较全面的调查、测绘、统计和分析, 由此得出, 劈理化带呈带状断续分布, 规模与河流岸坡规模有关, 在金沙江和澜沧江岸坡地带规模巨大, 并与微地貌关系密切。另外, “劈理”具有倾角陡、不均匀等特点, “劈理”走向往往与河流方向一致。劈理化带是在内、外动力相互作用下形成, 内动力作用可以形成劈理化带, 在内动力作用的基础上, 河谷地带的外动力作用也可以形成劈理化带, 内、外动力对劈理化带均有后期改造作用。拟建的滇藏铁路将通过许多劈理化带, 那里将来可能产生铁路地基大变形、隧道和桥梁大变形、隧道冒顶、隧道渗漏和发生滑坡、崩塌、泥石流灾害。因此, 在将来铁路等工程建设和运营中要采取针对性防治措施。     

Endogenous and exogenous lead in soils of Yangtze River Delta region,China: identified by lead isotopic compositions and multi-elemental approaches

Thirty typical soil profiles were sampled in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region and analyzed for stable lead (Pb) isotopes and total concentrations of Pb and scandium (Sc). Pb isotopic compositions of A-horizon and C-horizon and Pb/Sc ratio were combined to estimate the amounts of endogenous and exogenous Pb accumulated in topsoil and identify possible sources. The results indicated that Pb exhibits a trend of accumulation in topsoil at regional scale. The isotopic composition of endogenous Pb is characterized by a narrow range of isotope ratios, varying with parent material, while that of exogenous Pb is characterized by a comparatively wide range of isotope ratios, varying with anthropogenic source. Coal combustion is probably the most important anthropogenic source of exogenous Pb in the soils of YRD region, as identified by isotopic ratio cross-plot combined with multi-elemental approaches.     

红壤中微生物群落对半导体矿物日光催化作用的响应

本研究选取天然红壤作为研究对象,分析其中的含铁半导体矿物光催化作用对本源微生物群落结构的影响。采用聚 合酶链式反应/变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）,研究了不同原始光照条件的红壤中微生物群落在外源电子作用下群落结 构的改变。DGGE图谱的主成分分析表明,两个不同原始光照环境的土壤样品的微生物群落结构由于原始环境的差异而不同： 原始环境为强光照的样品中微生物群落结构受外源电子影响较小;原始环境为弱光照的样品中微生物群落结构受外源电子 影响较大。这一群落结构改变的差异可能由于原始环境为强光照时半导体矿物光催化作用产生光生电子传递到环境中持续 影响周围的微生物群落,而原始弱光照环境中则缺少光生电子的作用。     

地球化学在物源及沉积背景分析中的应用

物源分析是盆地分析和古地理分析不可或缺的内容和方法,地球化学在物源及沉积背景分析中起着非常重要的作用。运用文献研究法对“地球化学在物源及沉积背景分析中的应用”有关文献进行了研究,分析阐述了常量元素分析、稀土一微量元素分析以及裂变径迹、K—Ar、Ar-Ar、Rb—Sr、Sm—Nd、UPb、Re-Os、S、0、Si同位素分析等方法及其优势与不足。结果表明：常量元素、稀土一微量元素分析在源区物质组成、构造背景、源区风化强度、成分成熟度及氧化一还原条件判别方面有很好的应用效果;各种同位素分析体系在不同目的的研究中具有自身优势,均得到了很好的应用。但影响岩石化学成分的因素较多,特别是对于沉积岩,很容易受外生营力的影响;物源及沉积背景分析中的地球化学方法运用单一;对研究区区域地质情况的研究不足。为此,建议在利用地球化学方法进行物源及沉积背景分析时,需要充分认识影响碎屑沉积物化学组成的因素,综合运用多种方法进行物源区分析,扬长补短,同时要特别注意对区域地质情况的研究。     

再论锰的“内源外生”成矿说

锰矿地质研究一直受到中外地质学界的重视。锰质来源研究,事关锰矿勘查活动的部署依据和找矿预测的成败。1996年,我们率先提出锰的“内源外生”成矿说。一直到20世纪末,中外锰矿地质学界的主流学说认为,形成锰矿床的锰质主要来自于大陆风化。最近,业界有学者新建锰矿“内生外成”模式,这一模式尚需经历科学与实践的检验。     

外源水和外源酸对万华岩地下河系统岩溶碳汇效应的影响

流域的岩石化学风化过程是全球碳循环中的重要环节。近年来流域水化学碳汇通量估算已越来越多地关注到外源水(硅酸盐风化)及外源酸对全球碳循环的影响。文章选取万华岩地下河流域为研究区,流域硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩分布面积占比为64%和36%,于2017年对洞口进行为期一年的取样监测,并分别于4月和9月对万华岩地下河系统内13个水点的离子组成进行监测,利用水化学平衡法和Galy模型,对流域岩石化学风化速率和CO2消耗通量进行了计算,对万华岩地下河系统的岩石风化和碳循环过程进行了分析。结果表明,万华岩地下河系统岩石风化消耗CO2的速率为31.02 t·(km2·a)-1;以碳酸岩风化为主,其风化速率为硅酸盐溶蚀的20倍;流域内碳酸盐岩风化对CO2消耗量占到整个流域的92.16%;不同岩石风化类型对碳通量的贡献率以碳酸溶解碳酸盐岩最大,为87.06%;流域上游的外源水对岩溶碳汇具有巨大的促进作用,外源水汇入后碳酸盐岩碳汇速率可以达到无外源水汇入流域的2倍;硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩次之,为9.24%;碳酸风化硅酸盐岩最小,为3.7%,在计算流域碳汇量的时候应将硫酸参与岩石风化的影响去除。     

中国铍矿成矿规律

中国是世界铍资源大国,本次工作统计到中国铍资源产地241处。铍矿床可分为内生型和外生型。根据岩浆系统的碱铝属性,内生铍矿床可分属于过铝性、偏铝性、过碱性成矿系统;根据流体演化阶段,再分为岩浆型、伟晶岩型、岩浆热液型等3个类型;然后根据赋矿环境进一步分为伟晶岩型、花岗岩型、石英脉型、矽卡岩型、云英岩型等多个矿化形式。过铝性系统的矿石矿物主要为绿柱石;偏铝性系统的矿石矿物主要为硅铍石、羟硅铍石、日光榴石等;碱性系统的矿石矿物主要为硅铍钠石、斜方板晶石、硅钡铍矿、硅铍石、羟硅铍石、硅铍钇矿等。不同赋矿环境产生不同类型的铍矿床,对应不同的矿物组合、矿化分带、矿石结构。统计结果表明,中国铍矿床主要产于过铝性的成矿系统,偏铝性、碱性成矿系统的铍矿床较少。多数铍矿床形成于中生代,主要产于新疆阿尔泰、川西、南岭等成矿带。碱性成矿系统的铍矿床多分布在板块边缘的深断裂或裂谷,过铝性成矿系统的铍矿床主要形成于褶皱造山带,具有一定的定向分布特征。过铝性-偏铝性成矿系统的铍成矿作用可用表示不同岩浆演化阶段和成矿环境的成矿模型描述。笔者建议:在阿尔泰和川西成矿带,重点考虑花岗伟晶岩型锂铍铌钽资源的综合找矿工作;在华南地区,注意与钨锡共(伴)生的铍资源的综合利用;着重在地质找矿和科研工作程度较低的地区,包括在东南沿海、大兴安岭地区寻找火山岩型和岩浆热液型铍矿床;加大西部铍资源空白区的找矿工作。     

地表灌溉对沉积含水层中碘迁移释放过程的影响

灌溉等人为活动会造成外源物质的输入,如硝酸盐、有机质等,从而引起浅层地下水环境发生周期性波动。为研究农业灌溉对沉积含水层中碘迁移富集过程的影响,选取代表性富碘沉积物,通过室内实验模拟了灌溉活动外源物质输入条件下,盆地地下水系统中碘迁移释放的（生物）地球化学过程。实验结果表明：厌氧条件下,外源有机质输入可促使微生物利用有机质作为电子供体,还原固相铁矿物相,进而造成搭载于铁氧化物/氢氧化物表面的碘释放,以碘离子形式在地下水中富集;而在NO₃^-输入情况下,微生物会优先利用NO₃^-为电子受体,至硝酸盐被全部消耗后,Fe（Ⅲ）可进一步被还原为Fe（Ⅱ）。研究结果表明,人为活动造成浅表环境外源物质的输入可直接影响浅层地下水中碘的迁移释放过程。伊利石黏土矿物吸附的铁氧化物矿物相可能为浅层环境中碘的主要搭载介质,微生物作用下,铁氧化物/氢氧化物的还原溶解是高碘地下水形成的主控因素。     

东阿水文地质单元地下水硝酸盐污染来源的同位素分析

针对近年来地下水硝酸盐污染日益严重的现象,本文运用氮同位素技术对位于典型农业区的东阿水文地质单元地下水氮污染来源进行了研究,结果表明:浅层地下水监测点的NO3-含量较高,平均含量为27.77 mg·L-1 ,δ15N 为7.8‰~12‰,反映了浅层地下水主要受到生活污水或粪便的污染;深层地下水（岩溶水）中NO3- 含量相对较低,平均含量为12.81 mg·L-1,δ15N为7.2‰~14.3‰,同样指示为生活污水或粪便污染,与补给区人为干扰密切相关。部分监测点地下水质量较差,建议研究区内使用高效的灌溉技术及科学的施肥方式,补给区附近的家禽养殖场可通过修建发酵池和改善饲料配方等方式,从源头上降低地下水硝酸盐的输入量。      

Main geologic-genetic types of bedrock gold deposits of the Transbaikal region and the Russian Far East

Tens of gold deposits of different genetic classes (endogenous and exogenous), groups, and types were recognized in cratons, orogenic belts and magmatic arcs of the Transbaikal region and Russian Far East (T and RFE), evaluated to different extents, explored, and prepared (or are being prepared) for exploitation. The formation of the noble-metal mineralization of the region was related to the activity of different genetic types of ore systems, which were responsible for the magmatogenic- and metamorphogenic-hydrothermal, hydrothermal-sedimentary-metamorphogenic, and hydrogenic deposits. The concepts of geologic-genetic and economic types of gold deposits serve as the basis for such fundamental notions of metallogenic analysis as ore formations and geologic-economic types of mineralization. In recent years, the researchers of gold deposits (especially large ones) arrived at conclusions of their polygenous and polychronous formation, which is confirmed sometimes by the sufficiently long-term (up to hundreds of millions of years) conjugate development of ore formations, sedimentation, metamorphism, and magmatism of diverse geodynamic natures. The polygenous nature and significant duration of the formation of the gold deposits affect their economic significance and should be taken into account in the metallogenic forecasting and assessment of the potentially ore-bearing areas.     

Genetic classification of uranium deposits

Commercial uranium deposits and those likely to become commercial in the near future are genetically classified as magmatic, hydrothermal, exogenous, metasedimentary, and deposits of questionable origin. A brief discussion of each type is included. — C.E. Sears.     

Understanding the Interactions between Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, Surface Processes and Tectonics in the Earth System: What Can the Studies of Chinese Deserts Contribute?

Due to large deserts on Earth surface a thorough understanding of climate change, landscape evolution and geomorphological processes having occurred in deserts is crucial for Earth System Science. The landscapes in deserts are, however, diverse and different over the globe with regard to their geomorphological nature, human activities and geological histories. In the last decades a great number of efforts have been put to the investigation of the initial timing of the occurrence of arid climate, e. g. in northwestern China. Silty sediments in the downwind directions have been used to deduce the histories of deserts. In general, there is a lack of knowledge about processes and landscapes in Chinese drylands between the initial Miocene silt sedimentation at desert margins and the late Quaternary multiple occurrences of wetter climate with assumed large lakes in many of the deserts in northern China. The geomorphological concept of three primary triggering factors, i.e., the sediment supply, sediment availability and transport capacity of wind, and additionally the underground geology need to be fully considered for a better understanding of the environmental histories of sand seas which should not be viewed as equivalent for deserts because sand seas cover between < 1% and ca. 45% of the desert areas in various continents dependent on a complex interaction between various processes of both exogenous and endogenous origins.     

Risk Assessment based on the Mathematical Model of Diffuse Exogenous Geological Processes

The estimation of the risk caused by hazardous geological processes is a common problem. The aim of this paper is to present a method for solving problems involving a wide spectrum of diffuse exogenous geological processes, based on the mathematical morphology of landscapes. Diffuse processes develop as random rounded sites within certain areas and include karstification, subsidence, thermo-karstification and aeolian processes. Model assumptions take into consideration spatial and temporal randomness of occurrence, independent growth under occasional conditions, and cessation of growth given a ‘stop factor’, with transformation into degenerate sites. Based on these model assumptions, the following probabilities of impact by diffuse exogenous geological processes are solved for analytically. Firstly, the probability of impact on engineering constructions of round shape given the size of the diffuse processes and the known average impact risk; secondly, the probability of impact on small engineering constructions (points); and lastly, the probability of impact on linear engineering constructions of specified length. The computed impact probabilities are verified in various areas within Western Siberia.     

运城市高铬地下水的分布及成因分析

本文通过对运城市高铬（Cr^6＋）地下水分布规律及成因的探讨，确认高铬（Cr^6＋）地下水的分布是自然原因形成的。提出了地下水中Cr^6＋的来源分为外生来源和内生来源两个方面，并详细地揭示了区内高铬地下水的形成机理。     

沉积盆地超深层有机- 无机复合生烃机理及地质模式

全球范围内超深层油气的不断发现,对经典的生烃理论提出了挑战,外源氢加入的有机-无机复合生烃过程引起了广泛关注。基于地质观察统计数据,分子氢在沉积盆地中分布广泛,形成机制复杂。在地质环境中,水和水-岩反应、深部流体等途径产生的无机氢是最主要的外部氢源。可控加氢模拟实验揭示了沉积盆地的氢逸度水平是调控烃类产物生成的重要因素之一,并且干酪根的加氢裂解是沉积盆地中易于发生的生烃过程。外源氢介入生烃过程的前提是环境氢逸度大于沉积有机质本身的氢逸度,其有效范围受生烃母质化学组成和结构的制约,约起始于生油高峰之后,约终止于沉积有机质H/C=0.3之时。亦即,有机-无机复合生烃作用是沉积盆地超深层生烃的有效途径。在其有效发生的范围内,油气资源类型依然由生烃母质类型(化学组成和结构)、成熟度和受热历史等因素决定,具有明显的阶段性和不同于经典理论的生烃模式。外源氢的参与,在成熟阶段可小幅度提升生油产率;在高—过成熟阶段可显著增加天然气产率;在高成熟阶段,加氢脱烷基作用最大可增加50%的轻质油/凝析油产率;在过成熟阶段,加氢脱甲基-开环作用最大可增加约5倍甲烷产率。有机-无机复合生烃模式的确立,丰富了传统生...     

Mobility of cerium in the 2.8-2.1 Ga exogenous environments of the Baltic Shield: Data on weathering profiles and sedimentary carbonates

The absence of Ce anomaly and significant positive correlation between Ce and Fe in the weathering profiles and sedimentary carbonate rocks of the Baltic Shield with an age of 2.8–2.1 Ga indicate that Fe³⁺ was the main form of Fe migration in the Archean-Paleoproterozoic exogenous environments in the Baltic Shield. The Ce distribution was mainly controlled by hydrogen index rather than redox conditions.     

Groundwater assessment in Salboni Block, West Bengal (India) using remote sensing, geographical information system and multi-criteria decision analysis techniques

An approach is presented for the evaluation of groundwater potential using remote sensing, geographic information system, geoelectrical, and multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The approach divides the available hydrologic and hydrogeologic data into two groups, exogenous (hydrologic) and endogenous (subsurface). A case study in Salboni Block, West Bengal (India), uses six thematic layers of exogenous parameters and four thematic layers of endogenous parameters. These thematic layers and their features were assigned suitable weights which were normalized by analytic hierarchy process and eigenvector techniques. The layers were then integrated using ArcGIS software to generate two groundwater potential maps. The hydrologic parameters-based groundwater potential zone map indicated that the ‘good’ groundwater potential zone covers 27.14% of the area, the ‘moderate’ zone 45.33%, and the ‘poor’ zone 27.53%. A comparison of this map with the groundwater potential map based on subsurface parameters revealed that the hydrologic parameters-based map accurately delineates groundwater potential zones in about 59% of the area, and hence it is dependable to a certain extent. More than 80% of the study area has moderate-to-poor groundwater potential, which necessitates efficient groundwater management for long-term water security. Overall, the integrated technique is useful for the assessment of groundwater resources at a basin or sub-basin scale.