Geochemistry of K‐feldspar and Muscovite in Rare‐element Pegmatites and Granites from the Totoral Pegmatite Field,San Luis,Argentina

The geochemistry of K‐feldspar for K, P, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cs, Ga, and of muscovite for the same elements plus Nb and Ta, was used for proving the parental relationships of S‐type granites and LCT (Li, Cs, Ta) rare‐element pegmatites in the southernmost pegmatitic field of the Pampean pegmatite province in Argentina. The variation of K/Rb‐Cs, K/Cs‐Rb, K/Rb‐Rb/Sr, K/Rb‐Ba in K‐feldspar from the granites and pegmatites show that they form an association with the evolutional sequence: granites → barren‐ to transitional pegmatites → beryl type, beryl‐columbite‐phosphate pegmatites → complex type of spodumene subtype pegmatites → albite‐spodumene type → albite type pegmatites. This sequence reflects the regional distribution of the different magmatic units. The Ta‐Cs diagram for muscovite reveals that none of the studied pegmatites exceed the threshold established in previous studies for being considered with important tantalum oxide mineralization. The granites and pegmatites constitute a rare‐element pegmatitic field in which different magmatic units form a continuous fractionation trend, extended from the less evolved granitic facies to the most geochemically specialized pegmatites     

Rare metal-bearing pegmatites from the Southeastern Desert of Egypt： Geology, geochemical characteristics, and petrogenesis

The pegmatite province of the Southeastern Desert (SED) is part of a pegmatite district that extends from Egypt (extends to 1200 km2). Rare metal pegmatites are divided into (1) unzoned, Sn-mineralized; (2) zoned Li, Nb, Ta and Be-bearing; and (3) pegmatites and pegmatites containing colored, gem-quality tourmaline. The Rb/Sr data reflect a crustal origin for the rare metal pegmatites and indicate that the original SED magma was generated during the peak of regional metamorphism and predates the intrusion of post-tectonic leucogranites. These bodies developed an early border zone consisting of coarse to very coarse muscovite quartz alkali feldspar, followed by an intermediate zone of dominant quartz feldspar muscovite rock. Garnet, tourmaline, beryl, galena, pyrite, amblygonite, apatite and monazite are rare accessories in both zones. Cassiterite tends to concentrate in replacement zones and along fractures in albite quartz muscovite-rich portions. The highest concentrations of cassiterite occur in irregular greisenized zones which consist dominantly of micaceous aggregates of green Li-rich muscovite, quartz, albite and coarse-grained cassiterite. The different metasomatic post-solidification alterations include sodic and potassic metasomatism, greisenization and tourmalinization. Geochemically, the pegmatite-generating granites have a metaluminous composition, showing a differentiation trend from coarse-grained, unfractionated plagioclase-rich granite towards highly fractionated fine- to medium-grained, local albite-rich rock. Economically important ore minerals introduced by volatile-rich, rare metal-bearing fluids, either primarily or during the breakdown of the primary mineral assemblages, are niobium-tantalum oxides, Sn-oxides (cassiterite), Li-silicates (petalite, spodumene, euctyptite, and pollucite), Li-phosphates (amblygonite, montebrasite and lithopilite) and minor REE-minerals (Hf-zircon, monazite, xenotime, thorian, loparite and yttrio-fluorite). The pollucite is typically associated with spodumene, petalite, amblygonite, quartz and feldspar. The primary pollucite has Si/Al (at) ratios of 2.53-2.65 and CRK of 79.5- 82.2. Thorian loparite is essentially a member of the loparite (NaLREETi2O6)-lueshite (NaNbO3)-ThTi2O6-ThNb4O12 quaternary system with low or negligible contents of other end-member compositions. The mineral compositionally evolved from niobian loparite to niobian thorian and thorian loparite gave rise to ceriobetafite and belyankinite with high ThO2 contents. Thorian loparite is metamict or partly metamict and upon heating regains a structure close to that of synthetic loparite NaLaTi2O6.     

Assemblages of Li-Cs pegmatite minerals in equilibrium with a fluid from their primary crystallization until their hydrothermal alteration: an experimental study

Summary Hydrothermal alteration of alkali-rich pegmatites gives rise to secondary minerals: for example spodumene + quartz replace petalite, cesian analcime crystallizes at the expense of pollucite and albite. Earlier experiments were performed at 450° and 600°C to determine the composition of the hydrothermal solution in equilibrium with Na-Li-Cs bearing minerals during their primary crystallization. New experiments performed at 330°C extend the previous results At 1.5 kbar, the Na/(Li + Na) ratio of the solution coexisting with petalite + albite remains constant and equal to 0.54 from 600° to 330°C. At 4 kbar the ratio of the solution coexisting with spodumene + albite varies from 0.49 to 0.68 over the same temperature range. During the lowering of the temperature these variations induce the dissolution of albite and the crystallization of a Li mineral. In the case of Cs, Na aluminosilicates, at 330°C we observe a continuous solid solution from pollucite to analcite. This result explains the wide variety of compositions of secondary cesian analcite in contrast to the relatively constant composition of primary pollucite.

---

Résumé L'altération hydrothermale des pegmatites riches en alcalins donne naissance à des minéraux secondaires: par exemple l'association spodumène-quartz remplace la pétalite, et l'analcime substituée en césium remplace l'association pollucite-albite Des expériences précédentes, à 450° et 600°C, ont déterminé la composition des solutions hydrothermales chlorurées en équilibre avec des associations minérales contenant Li, Na et Cs. Nous présentons ici de nouvelles expériences à 330°C.Entre 600° et 330°C, à 1,5 kbar, dans la solution en équilibre avec l'association pétalite-albite, le rapport Na/(Li + Na) reste égal à 0,54. Entre les mêmes températures, à 4 kbar, ce rapport varie de 0,49 à 0,68 pour la solution en équilibre avec spodumène-albite. En système fermé, cette variation entraîne qu'une baisse de température, à pression constante de 4 kbar, provoque la dissolution de l'albite et la cristallisation d'un minéral contenant du Li.A 330°C nous constatons que la pollucite forme une solution solide continue avec l'analcime. Ceci explique pourquoi, dans la nature, les analcimes césiques de deuxième génération ont une composition très variable, alors que les pollucites primaires ont une composition relativement constante.

---

---

With 4 Figures     

阿尔泰可可托海3号脉伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床云母和长石的矿物学研究及意义

可可托海3号脉伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床是阿尔泰造山带产出的规模最大的伟晶岩脉,其完美的同心环状结构分带举世闻名。云母和长石作为3号脉9个结构带的贯通性矿物,由外向内表现不同的结构和成分特征。其中,云母由白云母系列向锂云母系列演化,白云母呈黄-绿色中细粒→白色或绿色中粗粒-巨晶→白色或绿色书状集合体→白色或绿色中粗粒-巨晶,锂云母呈玫瑰紫中细粒鳞片状或楔状集合体,BSE图像下云母表现出成分分带及不平衡和交代结构;长石主要为钾长石和钠长石,及少量斜长石,钾长石主要呈块体产出,钠长石呈细粒→叶片状→薄片状产出。本次研究通过电子探针(EMPA)和激光剥蚀等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)获得3号脉各结构带云母和长石的主微量成分。3号脉云母具有高Li(249×10^-6~35932×10^-6)、Rb(1240×10^-6~22825×10^-6)、Cs(35.9×10^-6~13980×10^-6)、Ta(13.3×10^-6~447×10^-6)含量、低K/Rb值(4.23~59.4)和K/Cs值(6.53~2368),钾长石具有低K/Rb值(35.4~1865),且由外向内,随K/Rb值降低,云母的Li、Rb、Cs、F、Ta含量升高,表明3号脉是一个由外向内结晶的分异演化程度较高的伟晶岩脉。另外,连续相邻结构带中云母和长石的主微量成分呈振荡变化,该现象主要受熔体不混溶过程的控制,也受矿物结晶不平衡影响,而熔体不混溶过程也是控制3号脉结构分带的机制之一。外部带(I-IV带)和内部带(V-VIII带)的云母和碱性长石在成分(FeO、Li、Rb、Cs、F、Ta含量和K/Rb值及K/Cs值)和结构(不平衡和交代结构)上具有明显差异,内部带演化程度明显加大,流体组分比例升高,表明体系由以熔体为主的阶段(外部带)进入以熔流体为主相对不稳定的阶段(外部带)。结合野外观察的证据,促使体系在IV带和V带间发生突然转变而进入熔流体阶段的是一个泄压事件。     

青藏高原东北缘茶卡北山印支期(含绿柱石)锂辉石伟晶岩脉群的发现及Li-Be成矿意义

青藏高原东北缘茶卡北山地区首次发现锂辉石伟晶岩脉群。这些伟晶岩脉沿宗务隆山南缘断裂北侧密集出露,并呈狭窄带状北西向展布。到目前为止,已发现9条含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩脉(Li2O平均品位为1.11%~3.13%,BeO平均品位为0.06%)和13条含绿柱石伟晶岩(BeO平均品位为0.044%~0.056%)。伟晶岩锆石U-Pb测年确定其成岩成矿年龄为217 Ma,含绿柱石伟晶岩具有高SiO2(71.62%~77.34%)、Al2O3(15.57%~17.55%)和富K2O(1.99%~2.02%)、Na2O(6.09%~6.24%),稀土元素总量非常低(ΣREE=5.2~9.1μg/g),轻稀土元素略微富集((La/Yb)N=6.8~10.1),Eu具负异常(δEu=0.25~0.92),具有Cs、Rb、Ta、P和Pb富集,以及Ba、Th、La、Ce、Sr、Nd和Ti的强烈亏损特征。含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩具有高SiO2(75.73%~77.34%)、Al2O3(15.58%~17.52%)和富Na2O(3.0%~3.16%)、贫K2O(0.36%~0.79%),稀土元素总量也很低(ΣREE=5.3~6.0μg/g),轻稀土元素略微富集((La/Yb)N=3.1~4.6),Eu具强烈负异常(δEu=0.17~0.23)。相对于含绿柱石伟晶岩,含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩更加富集Cs、U、Nb、Ta、Th、Sn和B,更亏损K和P。含绿柱石伟晶岩和含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩锆石具有相似的Hf同位素组成,εHf(t)值分布范围在–15.1~–12.9之间,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄tDM2为1.99~2.22 Ga,表明伟晶岩源于全吉地块古元古代地壳物质的重熔再造。茶卡北山(含绿柱石)含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩的发现可推断宗务隆山构造带东段是青藏高原北部一条新的、重要的锂铍成矿带,除Li和Be外,Nb、Ta、Cs和Sn可能也是有潜力的成矿元素。     

Classification and mineralization potential of the pegmatites of the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province

The potential for Nb, Ta, Li, Sn-mineralization as well as for precious stones for the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province (EBPP) has been evaluated on the basis of 530 K-feldspar and 550 muscovite major and trace element analyses. The EBPP is situated mainly in the State of Minas Gerais, but encompasses also parts of the States of Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. The EBPP is the largest pegmatite province of South America. It was divided into the pegmatite districts of Itambé, Araçuaí, Safira, Nova Era, Aimorés and Espera Feliz. This was done to test whether the pegmatites of these districts differ in their mineralization potential and how geotectonic setting influences mineralization potential. The fractionation diagrams such as Cs, Zn, Li, Be, Ba versus K/Rb, Cs versus Ta/(Ta + Nb), and U, Na₂O versus K/Cs for the pegmatite districts of Araçuaí and Safira show the widest range in fractionation. These pegmatite districts are leaders in the production of gem-quality tourmaline, aquamarine, morganite, and contain abundant spodumene, tantalite and columbite. In contrast, the Espera Feliz and Aimorés pegmatite districts are the most primitive districts examined and have a corresponding lack of rare-element mineralization. Literature data indicate that all studied pegmatites are of Brasiliano age, i.e., formed between 600 and 480?Ma. The pegmatites of Transamazonic age (1.9?Ga), found rarely in the study area, are of economic importance in the context of emerald mineralization, but seem to be of less importance for rare metal and other gemstone mineralization.     

Interaction of crustal and mantle materials,sources of trace elements during the formation and evolution of Early Paleozoic Li-rich granite-pegmatite systems in southeastern Tuva

We present new data on the age, composition, and environments of formation of granites of the Kystarys complex and the associated Li-rich rare-element pegmatites of the South Sangilen pegmatite belt including the large Tastyg lithium deposit. It has been established that they formed during the Early Paleozoic collisional orogeny in the Tuva-Mongolian massif at the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary. The granites of the Kystarys complex are moderately alkaline high-K rocks and are enriched in Zr, Nb, Y, and REE; therefore, they are classified as postcollisional, transitional to within-plate (A-type). The spodumene pegmatites of the South Sangilen pegmatite belt are similar to the above granites in age and isotopic and geochemical parameters, which suggests a paragenetic relationship between these rocks. Pegmatites form several pegmatite fields within the belt, which differ in trace-element signatures. In addition to predominant Li, Cs, and Ta, specific to all spodumene pegmatites (LCT family), pegmatites of two fields have high contents of Nb, Y, REE, and Zr, which are indicator elements of NYF family pegmatites. It has been established that the formation of spodumene pegmatites with combined LCT-NYF geochemical signatures was preceded by the intrusion of dikes of monzogabbro with the geochemical characteristics of OIB and of alkali aegirine granites and by the formation of associated metasomatites enriched in Zr, Nb, Y, and REE. Based on the geological, mineralogical, and geochemical data, we substantiate the hypothesis of the formation of Li-bearing granite-pegmatite melts from a mixed source resulted from the influence of fluids of an alkaline igneous complex of mantle genesis on the crustal protolith.     

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田206号锂辉石伟晶岩脉地球化学特征及成矿时代

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田是中国近年来新发现的一处重要的花岗伟晶岩型铌、钽、锂等稀有金属矿产地,文章针对矿田含锂伟晶岩地球化学特征、成矿时代及其与花岗岩的关系,选取传梓源锂铌钽矿床内规模最大的206号锂辉石伟晶岩脉开展地球化学和白云母Ar-Ar定年工作,并与区内其他伟晶岩、花岗岩的地球化学特征、成岩时代对比分析.传梓源206号锂辉石伟晶岩属高分异稀有金属伟晶岩,形成时代为(135.4±1.4)Ma,岩石地球化学表现为高硅、高铝、低钙、相对富碱、钙碱性及过铝质特征;稀土元素总量很低,以轻稀土元素为主;微量元素富集Cs、Rb、U、Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf,相对亏损Ba、Ti,Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta比值低且集中.幕阜山地区稀有金属成矿可分为2期:第1期稀有金属成矿时代约145 Ma,与燕山早期岩浆活动有关;第2期稀有金属成矿时代135～125 Ma,为主成矿期,该期稀有金属伟晶岩与燕山晚期的二云母二长花岗岩存在成因联系,两者为同源岩浆连续结晶分异过程中不同阶段的产物.稀有金属富集成矿经历了岩浆-热液两阶段作用,Be、Nb、Ta、Li、Rb、Cs等稀有元素的富集多发生于岩浆结晶分异晚期,热液作用使Ta、Li、Rb、Cs再次富集.     

喜马拉雅东段库曲岩体锂、铍和铌钽稀有金属矿物研究及指示意义

稀有金属矿物记录了花岗伟晶岩成岩成矿的重要信息。喜马拉雅是全球著名的淡色花岗岩带,库曲岩体位于喜马拉雅东段的特提斯喜马拉雅岩系中。本文调查了库曲岩体的二云母花岗岩、白云母花岗岩、电气石花岗岩和花岗伟晶岩,其中,花岗伟晶岩涉及花岗岩的伟晶岩相和独立伟晶岩脉。库曲岩体产出的稀有金属矿物包括锂辉石、锂绿泥石、绿柱石、铌铁矿-钽铁矿、钇铀钽烧绿石和细晶石,它们主要赋存于似文象伟晶岩、石英-钠长石-白云母伟晶岩、块体长石-钠质细晶岩、块体长石-电气石钠质细晶岩、锂辉石-块体长石-细晶岩、白云母花岗岩的伟晶岩相以及电气石花岗岩内。显微镜观察、电子探针和LA-ICP-MS测试结果显示锂辉石具有四种产状,包括粗粒锂辉石自形-半自形晶、细粒锂辉石-石英镶嵌晶、中细粒锂辉石-钾长石-钠长石-云母镶嵌晶以及发育锂绿泥石的粗粒锂辉石,揭示了其形成时复杂的熔流体动荡结晶环境。绿柱石背散射电子图像（BSE）下呈均一结构和不均一结构（蚀变边、不规则分带和补丁分带）,元素替代机制包括通道-八面体替代、通道-四面体替代以及通道中碱金属阳离子间的置换。铌铁矿族矿物包括原生、蚀变边和不规则分带结构,部分被钇铀钽烧绿石和细晶石交代。与原生铌铁矿相比,蚀变边和不规则分带铌铁矿族矿物总体上富钽贫锰,显示了结晶分异、过冷却引起的过饱和以及流体作用。根据稀有金属矿物揭示的成因信息,独立伟晶岩脉（似文象伟晶岩）、白云母花岗岩的伟晶岩相和电气石花岗岩在岩浆分异程度、经历的演化过程、以及流体活动方面存在差异,很可能是不同期次岩浆活动的产物。库曲岩体绿柱石的Rb和Zn含量、以及铌铁矿族矿物的Sc₂O₃、SiO₂和PbO含量,与已有指示标志存在相关性,作为潜在指示标志仍需开展更多的研究工作。综合含锂辉石伟晶岩的产出、岩浆分异演化程度、多期花岗质岩浆活动、复杂的流体作用以及所属锂丰度高值区等因素,库曲岩体是喜马拉雅东段找锂的有利地段。     

川西甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中熔体、流体包裹体固相物质研究

川西甲基卡二云母花岗岩和伟晶岩内发育大量原生熔体包裹体和富晶体流体包裹体。为了查明甲基卡成矿熔体、流体性质与演化特征,运用激光拉曼光谱和扫描电镜鉴定了甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中二云母花岗岩及伟晶岩脉不同结构带内的原生熔体、流体包裹体的固相物质。分析结果表明,甲基卡二云母花岗岩石英内熔体包裹体的矿物组合为磷灰石+白云母、白云母+钠长石、白云母+石墨;伟晶岩绿柱石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为刚玉、富铝铁硅酸盐+刚玉+锂辉石、锂辉石+石英+锂绿泥石;伟晶岩锂辉石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为磷灰石、锡石、磁铁矿、石英+钠长石+锂绿泥石、萤石、富钙镁硅酸盐+富铁铝硅酸盐+富铁硅酸盐+石英;花岗岩浆熔体与伟晶岩浆熔体(流体)具有一定的差异,成矿熔体、流体成分总体呈现出碱质元素(Na、Si、Al)、挥发分(F、P、CO_2)含量增高及基性元素(Fe、Mg、Ca)降低的特征;包裹体中子矿物与主矿物的化学成分具有一定的差别,揭示出伟晶岩熔体(流体)存在局部岩浆分异作用,具不混溶性及非均匀性。因此认为,伟晶岩熔浆(流体)为岩浆分异与岩浆不混溶共同作用的产物,挥发分含量的增高(F、P、CO_2)使伟晶岩能够与稀有金属组成各类络合物或化合物,这对于稀有金属成矿起到了至关重要的作用。     

Trace element chemistry of lithium-rich micas from rare-element granitic pegmatites

Summary Granitic pegmatites characterized by advanced accumulation and fractionation of incompatible rare lithophile elements (Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Ta Nb, B, P and F), often contain mineral assemblages which host lithium-rich micas. Lepidolite and lithian muscovite occur in high-pressure spodumene, low-pressure petalite, phosphorus-enriched amblygonite and fluorine-rich lepidolite subtypes of orogenic affiliated complex type granitic pegmatites and rarely in anorogenic affiliated amazonite-bearingTrace element data determined by X-ray fluorescence for lepidolite of various pegmatite subtypes, morphology (book, scaly, fine-grained), position within the pegmatite (primary zones, replacement units, pockets), mineral assemblages and tectonic affinity (orogenic vs anorogenic) show extreme fractionation of Rb and Cs; modest levels of T1, Ga, Nb, Ta, Sn and Zn; and typically low abundances of Ba, Sr, Ni, Pb, Y, V, W and Zr. Extreme fractionation is indicated by low values of K/Rb, K/Cs and Nb/Ta which are lowest in lepidolite from petalite subtype pegmatites.No systematic differences in trace element content is evident among the different lepidolite morphologies or paragenetic position. Lepidolite from spodumene subtype pegmatites are generally slightly less fractionated than those from petalite or lepidolite subtype pegmatites.

---

Spurenelement-Chemie von Lithium-reichen Glimmern aus granitischen Pegmatiten

Zusammenfassung Granitische Pegmatite, die durch fortgeschrittene Anreicherung und Fraktionierung von inkompatiblen, seltenen, lithophilen Elementen (Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Ta Nb, B, P und F) charakterisiert sind, enthalten häufig Mineralparagenesen mit Lithium-reichen Glimmern. Lepidolith und Li-Muskowit treten in Hochdruck-Spodumen, in Niedrigdruck-Petalit, in mit Phosphor angereichertem Amblygonit und in Fluor-reichen Lepidolith-Unterarten aus komplexen orogenen granitischen Pegmatiten und selten auch aus anorogenen, Amazonit-führenden Pegmatiten, auf.Spurenelement-Daten aus der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse von Lepidolith aus verschiedenen Pegmatit-Untertypen, die Morphologie (tafelig, schuppig, feinkörnig), die Position innerhalb des Pegmatits (primäre Zonen, verdrängte Einheiten, Taschen), Mineralbestände und tektonische Affinität (orogen gegen anorogen) zeigen eine extreme Fraktionierung von Rb und Cs, bescheidene Gehalte an TI, Ga, Nb, Ta, Sn und Zn; und typischerweise geringe Häufigkeiten von Ba, Sr, Ni, Pb, Y, V, W und Zr. Die extreme Fraktionierung wird durch niedrige Werte von K/Rb, K/Cs und Nb/Ta angezeigt, die in Lepidolith von Pegmatiten des Petalit-Subtyps am niedrigsten sind.Aus den verschiedenen Morphologien oder paragenetischen Positionen von Lepidolith sind keine systematischen Unterschiede im Spurenelementgehalt ersichtlich. Lepidolith aus Pegmatiten des Spodumen-Subtyps sind generell etwas weniger fraktioniert als jene von Pegmatiten des Petalit- oder Lepidolith-Subtyps.

---

---

With 4 Figures     

Geochemical characteristics and spectrometric prospecting in the muscovite-bearing pegmatites and granites,southeastern Aswan,Egypt

Rare metal mineralization of Sn, Nb-Ta and W is encountered in the Gebel Dihmit area （GDA）, southeastern Aswan, Egypt. The mineralization is related to muscovite granites and their pegmatite derivatives. The pegmatites are divided into three types according to their main mineral assemblages： K-feldspar-muscovite-tourmaline, K-feldspar-albite-muscovite and albite-K-feldspar-lepidolite veins. Petrogenetic studies indicate that Sn and Nb-Ta mineralization extends from the late-magmatic stage to the pegmatite and hydrothermal stages of the （GDA） suite. The albite-K-feldspar-lepidolite granite is composed dominantly of albite, lepidolote, and quartz, with topaz, K-feldspar and amblygonite. The accessory minerals are zircon, monazite, pollucite, columbite-tantalite, microlite and Ta-rich cassiterite. Phenocrysts of quartz, topaz and K-feldspar contain abundant inclusions of albite laths and occasional lepidolite crystals along growth zones （snowball texture）, indicating simultaneous crystallization from a subsolvus, residual magma. The origin of the pegmatites is attributed to extreme differentiation by fractional crystallization of a granitic magma. The economic potential for rare metals was evaluated in the geochemical discrimination diagrams. Accordingly, some of the pegmatites are not only highly differentiated in terms of alkalis, but also the promising targets for small-scale Ta and, to a less extent, Sn. The pegmatites also provide the first example of Fe-Mn and Nb-Ta fractionation in successive generations of granites to cassiterite-bearing pegmatites, which perfectly ex- hibit similar fractionation trends established for primary columbite-tantalite in the corresponding categories of pegmatites. Uranium and Th of magmatic origin are indicated by the presence of thorite and allanite, whereas evidence of hydrothermal mineralization is the alteration of rock- foring minerals such as feldspar and the formation of secondary minerals such as uranophane..     

铜绿山Fe-Cu(Au)矽卡岩矿床花岗伟晶岩及其文象结构的成因:来自钾长石40Ar/39Ar年龄、微量元素和石英中流体包裹体的证据

铜绿山Fe-Cu(Au)矿床是长江中下游铁铜成矿带最重要的矽卡岩型矿床之一,矿床的形成与铜绿山石英闪长岩岩株有关.矿区东南部发育有花岗伟晶岩,其形成时间介于石英闪长岩和矽卡岩之间.花岗伟晶岩主要由钾长石、斜长石和石英组成;由石英和钾长石组成的文象结构非常发育.激光阶段加热40Ar/39Ar定年表明,花岗伟晶岩的侵位时间为136.5±0.7 Ma(2σ),与石英闪长岩的侵位时代和铜绿山矿床的成矿时代完全一致. 铜绿山石英闪长岩与花岗伟晶岩的钾长石具有非常相似的主量元素,平均组成分别为Or₈₁Ab₁₈和Or₇₈Ab₂₁.根据岩相学观察和地球化学分析认为,花岗伟晶岩中的文象结构是在快速冷却体系条件下、钾长石晶体生长边界层的SiO₂和Al₂O₃浓度因生长不平衡发生周期性变化而导致石英和钾长石交替生长形成的.铜绿山石英闪长岩和花岗伟晶岩中钾长石的大离子亲石元素(LILE)含量均较高,但与前者相比,花岗伟晶岩中钾长石的Rb、Pb含量明显增加,Ba、Sr含量显著降低,Li、Cs含量略微降低.大离子亲石元素图解(Rb-Ba、La-Ba、K/Ba-Ba、Rb/Sr-Ba)指示花岗伟晶岩是铜绿山石英闪长岩岩浆晚期高度结晶分异演化的结果.但花岗伟晶岩钾长石中Pb、Li、Ga等元素的变化却与岩浆结晶分异演化趋势相悖,表明流体作用在花岗伟晶岩的形成过程中扮演了重要角色.花岗伟晶岩中的石英发育大量熔融包裹体和高盐度流体包裹体,后者的均一温度为260~435 ℃,进一步证实花岗伟晶岩是从流体-熔体共存体系中结晶的.      

湖南仁里矿田锂辉石白云母伟晶岩地质特征及其找矿意义

仁里矿田位于扬子陆块与华夏陆块交汇的江南隆起造山带中段、幕阜山岩体西南缘的舌状体区域。稀有金属伟晶岩矿化类型在空间上具分带性,矿田北东部为白云母伟晶岩,西南部为锂辉石白云母伟晶岩。本文对矿田内3条代表性的锂辉石白云母伟晶岩开展了地质和地球化学特征研究。测试结果为:SiO2含量为62.0%~78.0%(平均71.8%);Al2O3为14.8%~18.0%(平均16.1%),Al2O3/(K2O+Na2O+CaO)摩尔比(A/CNK=1.52~13.0)大于1.1,分异指数(DI)89.7~97.5,∑REE=2.07~14.8μg/g,LREE/HREE=6.90~15.9。研究表明:①仁里矿田伟晶岩为过铝质岩浆系统下高分异、富碱、富稀有金属、富铪锆型花岗质伟晶岩,锂铌钽等稀有金属矿化与磷灰石化关系密切。②锂辉石白云母伟晶岩具有良好的分带性,其结晶分异时间晚于白云母伟晶岩,我们推测伟晶岩岩浆的结晶、分异时间越长越有利于Li元素的富集;矿田稀有金属矿化组合呈现Be+Nb+Ta→Be+Nb+Ta+Li→Be+Li的演化规律。③仁里矿田锂矿资源丰富,主要集中在矿田西南部,有望在进一步增加矿田钽铌资源量的基础上,提交一处高品位的大型锂矿床;在锂矿找矿工作中,尤其注意伟晶岩中的贫Nb、Ta锂辉石白云母伟晶岩地段。     

Chemistry of potassium feldspars from three zoned pegmatites,Black Hills,South Dakota: Implications concerning pegmatite evolution

An initial phase of an extensive geochemical study of pegmatites from the Black Hills, South Dakota, indicates potassium feldspar composition is useful in interpreting petrogenetic relationships among pegmatites and among pegmatite zones within a single pegmatite. The $\text{K}\text{Rb}$ and $\text{Rb}\text{Sr}$ ratios and Li and Cs contents of the feldspars within each zoned pegmatite, to a first approximation, are consistent with the simple fractional crystallization of the potassium feldspar from a silicate melt from the wall zone to the core of the pegmatites. Some trace element characteristics (i.e. Cs) have been modified by subsolidus reequilibration of the feldspars with late-stage residual fluid.$\text{K}\text{Rb}$ ratios of the potassium feldspar appear to be diagnostic of the pegmatite mineral assemblage. The relationship between $\text{K}\text{Rb}$ and mineralogy is as follows: Harney Peak Granite (barren pegmatites) > 180; Li-Fe-Mn phosphate-bearing pegmatites = 90?50; spodumene-bearing pegmatites = 60?40; pollucitebearing pegmatites < 30. Although the $\text{K}\text{Rb}$ ratios suggest that the pegmatites studied are genetically related by fractional crystallization to each other and the Harney Peak Granite, overlapping $\text{Rb}\text{Sr}$ ratios and the general increase in Sr and Ba with decreasing $\text{K}\text{Rb}$ indicate the genetic relationship is much more complex and may also be dependent upon slight variations in source (chemistry and mineralogy) material composition and degrees of partial melting.     

Multistage Growth of a Rare-Element, Volatile-Rich Microgranite at Argemela (Portugal)

The small Argemela microgranite body in central Portugal displaysmany of the mineralogical and chemical features characteristicof peraluminous, Li, P-rich, rare-element pegmatites. Its mineralogyconsists predominantly of quartz, albite, white mica (partlyreplaced by lepidolite) and a phosphate of the amblygonite series.K-feldspar is noticeably absent or scarce. Cassiterite, beryland columbite are the main accessories. The microgranite showsextreme enrichment in incompatible elements such as F, P, Rb,Cs, Li, Sn and Be, and extreme depletion in Sr, Ba, Zr and REE.It is highly sodic and strongly peraluminous. The micrograniteoverall is interpreted as a mixture of two components: a crystalmush injected from below (seen in narrow dykes intersected duringdrilling, composed of quartz, albite and phengite) and interpretedas ‘feeders’, overprinted by a second highly evolvedcomponent dominated by Li, F, P (Rb, Cs, Be, Sn, Nb, Ta, etc.)considered as a ‘lubricant’ medium for the ascendingmush and occasionally quenched (quartz, albite, skeletal lepidoliteand amblygonite). This second component has the mineralogicaland chemical characteristics of rare-element pegmatites. Allthese petrological characteristics are magmatic. Only a fewnarrow cross-cutting veinlets with quartz, K-feld-spar and F-pooramblygonite are considered as fluid derived. A model of crystallizationin successive steps is proposed where concentration in fluxingagents (F, Li, P, etc.) is progressively enhanced up to saturationwith the crystallization of magmatic lepidolite and amblygonite. KEY WORDS: petrogenesis; microgranite; pegmatite; volatiles; Portugal ^*Corresponding author.     

Ephesite,Na(LiAl2) [Al2Si2O10] (OH)2: II. Thermodynamic analysis of its stability and compatibility relations,and its geological occurrences

The trioctahedral mica ephesite, Na(LiAl₂) [Al₂Si₂O₁₀] (OH)₂, has a large -T stability field in the quaternary system NaAlSiO₄-LiAlSiO₄-Al₂O₃-H₂O. At temperatures below 400–500° C it coexists with diaspore, while at higher temperatures it occurs with corundum, until it decomposes to nepheline +eucryptite+corundum+H₂O at 600–800° C (Fig. 1). Nature faithfully reflects these phase relations; ephesite is found to coexist with diaspore or corundum in silicadeficient metamorphosed rocks or in hydrothermally altered nepheline-syenite pegmatite.Thermodynamic analysis of phase relations of ephesite in the silica saturated portion of the quinary system NaAlSiO₄-LiAlSiO₄-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O shows that the assemblage quartz+ephesite is always metastable with respect to paragonite+spodumene or paragonite+petalite at temperatures down to approximately 300° C (Fig. 3). At lower temperatures, a number of other phases like bikitaite, cookeite, Na-montmorillonite, and analcime are stabilized. Stability and compatibility relations involving these phases are presently not amenable to thermodynamic treatment due to lack of suitable data. Nevertheless, the absence of the assemblage quartz+ephesite in nature seems to vindicate our conclusion that it is metastable down to at least 300° C.The frequently encountered assemblage quartzspodumene (or petalite)-microcline-albite of some lithium pegmatites contains muscovite (±lepidolite), rather than paragonite. The absence of paragonite in such rocks is best explained by the inherent metastability of the phase-pair paragonite+microcline with respect to muscovite+albite. The pegmatite bulk compositions plot in the four-phase field spodumene (petalite)-microcline-muscovite-albite, cutting out paragonite from the observed assemblage Thus, absence of paragonite-spodumene or paragonitepetalite in nature reflects lack of suitable bulk compositions in rocks.     

Large fields of spodumene pegmatites in the settings of rifting and postcollisional shear–pull-apart dislocations of continental lithosphere

The authors analyze the geodynamic settings of large fields of spodumene pegmatites hosting Li and complex (Li, Cs, Ta, Be, and Sn) deposits of rare metals within the Central Asian Fold Belt. Most of the studied fields show a considerable time gap (from few tens of Myr to hundreds of Myr) between the spodumene pegmatites and the associated granites, which are usually considered parental. This evidence necessitates recognition of an independent pegmatite stage in the magmatic history of some pegmatite-bearing structures in Central Asia. The Precambrian–Late Mesozoic interval is marked by a close relationship between the large fields of spodumene pegmatites and extension settings of continental lithosphere. They occur either as (1) zones of long-lived deep faults bordering on trough (rift) structures experiencing the tectonic-magmatic activity or as (2) postcollisional zones of shearing and pull-apart dislocations. Thus, large fields of spodumene pegmatites might serve as indicators of continental-lithosphere extension. Important factors favoring the formation of rare-metal pegmatites both in collision zones and continental-rift settings are the presence of thick mature crust dissected by long-lived, deeply penetrating (down to the upper mantle) fault zones. They ease the effect of deep sources of energy and substance on crustal chambers of granite and pegmatite formation.     

The Na/K ratio of fluid inclusions in pegmatitic quartz and its genetic implications. A study by neutron activation analysis

Samples of quartz and its fluid inclusions (f.i.) from Black Hills pegmatites and from graphic granites were analyzed for Na, K, Rb and Cs by neutron activation analysis. The Na/K ratios of the whole quartz and its f.i. seem unrelated. The spatial locations for six samples from the Helen Beryl pegmatite were known. The Na/K ratios of their f.i. are mainly a function of their vertical positions in the pegmatite. The ratios of the central-core quartz f.i. seemingly indicate a much higher temperature than those closer to the upper wall. This is consistent with the theory of pegmatite genesis by Jahns & Burnham. The f.i. of quartz from two graphic granites give very different Na/K ratios, seemingly related to differences in their formation history.     

喜马拉雅琼嘉岗超大型伟晶岩锂矿的形成时代、源区特征及分异特征

喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩带是近年来提出的与高度结晶分异、异地深成淡色花岗岩有关的稀有金属战略远景区,目前其金属组合以铍-铌-钽（-锡-钨）为主。秦克章等（2021a）报道了在高喜马拉雅带珠峰地区发现的琼嘉岗锂矿,是喜马拉雅首例具有工业价值的伟晶岩型锂矿。本次研究重点揭示喜马拉雅琼嘉岗伟晶岩型锂矿的成矿特征、形成时代和源区特征。琼嘉岗矿区矿石矿物主要为锂辉石、铌铁矿-铌锰矿、少量锡石和绿柱石,特征性长柱状锂辉石主要产于块体微斜长石+锂辉石带和分层细晶岩带内。琼嘉岗锂辉石伟晶岩各结构分带的K/Rb含量较为相似,锂含量从边部细粒钠长石带（~100×10^-6）到分层细晶岩带（~1000×10^-6）,再到块体微斜长石+锂辉石带（>3000×10^-6）逐渐升高,而Cs含量逐渐降低。独居石和铌钽铁矿族矿物LA-ICPMS定年结果显示,琼嘉岗锂辉石伟晶岩形成于新喜马拉雅阶段早期（25~24Ma）,与高喜马拉雅地区淡色花岗岩时代相近。矿物化学和独居石Nd同位素结果显示该稀有金属伟晶岩结晶于高度演化的花岗伟晶岩熔体,源区特征与高喜马拉雅结晶岩系一致。本研究所揭示的琼嘉岗成矿特征、形成时代和源区特征将为高喜马拉雅其它地区找寻大型花岗伟晶岩型锂矿提供重要借鉴意义。