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1.
利用2008—2014年全国高垂直分辨率的L波段探空资料,统计分析了东亚夏季风爆发前后我国不同区域对流层顶高度变化特征。研究表明:夏季风爆发后,对流层顶高值区向北推进,最大值位于青藏高原南部及其东南部地区;对流层顶高度的向南梯度和向东梯度大值区均由爆发前的30°~40°N北移至40°~50°N;受地面加热和垂直运动的影响,中国东北部和中东部在夏季风爆发后对流层升温,平流层-对流层过渡层降温,大气温度梯度增加,对流层顶上升,其中中国东北部在夏季风爆发前,大气温度廓线为双峰结构,易出现双对流层顶,第一对流层顶较低;中国南部整层大气温度廓线在夏季风爆发后略有增加,对流层顶有所下降。 相似文献
2.
Observation of a summer tropopause fold by ozonesonde at Changchun,China: Comparison with reanalysis and model simulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tropopause folds are one of the key mechanisms of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) in extratropical regions, transporting ozone-rich stratospheric air into the middle and lower troposphere. Although there have been many studies of tropopause folds that have occurred over Europe and North America, a very limited amount of work has been carried out over northeastern Asia. Ozonesondes produced by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics were launched in Changchun (43.9°N, 125.2°E), Northeast China, in June 2013, and observed an ozone-enriched layer with thickness of 3 km and an ozone peak of 180 ppbv at 6 km in the troposphere. The circulation field from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim) dataset shows that this ozone peak was caused by a tropopause fold associated with a jet stream at the eastern flank of the East Asian trough. By analyzing the ozone data from the ozone monitoring instrument and Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) simulations, it was found that a high ozone concentration tongue originating from the lower stratosphere at high latitude (near central Siberia) intruded into the middle troposphere over Changchun between 5 and 8 km on 12 June 2013. The high-resolution WRF-Chem simulation was capable of describing events such as the tropopause fold that occurred on the cyclonic shear side of the jet stream. In addition, the TRAJ3D trajectory model was used to trace the origin of measured secondary ozone peaks in the middle troposphere back, for example, to stratospheric intrusion through the tropopause fold. 相似文献
3.
Summary We study the three-dimensional transport of Mt. Pinatubo volcanic cloud with the climate model ECHAM4. In order to obtain
model results comparable with observations a Newtonian relaxation technique was applied, which forces prognostic model variables
towards the observations. A comparison of the simulated aerosol distribution with satellite data reveals good agreement for
the first months after the eruption. The model, however, is unable to simulate the tropical aerosol maximum in 1992 and also
overestimates the vertical downward and northward transport of aerosols. Substantial improvement was achieved with the introduction
of reduced advective vertical transport through the 380 K isentropic layer. Heating rates and top of the atmosphere fluxes,
which were calculated online for the first half year after the eruption, are in the observed range. A comparison of Pinatubo
simulations between three different vertical ECHAM4 versions (ECHAM4 L19, ECHAM4 L39, MA/ECHAM4) indicates that a vertical
resolution of ≈ 700 m in the tropopause region is sufficient to realistically reduce the vertical transport through the tropopause.
Consideration of the upper branch of the Brewer Dobson circulation in the MA/ECHAM4 model improves the geographical distribution
of the volcanic cloud. The application of a relaxation technique can further reduce major shortcomings of stratospheric simulations
with the standard climate model. There remain, however some critical points in the global transport characteristics in all
three models which are not fully understood.
Received December 19, 1997 Revised July 22, 1998 相似文献
4.
Extratropical cyclone variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The winter climatology of Northern Hemisphere cyclone activity was derived from 6-hourly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the
period from 1958 to 1999, using software which provides improved accuracy in cyclone identification in comparison to numerical
tracking schemes. Cyclone characteristics over the Kuroshio and Gulfstream are very different to those over continental North
America and the Arctic. Analysis of Northern Hemisphere cyclones shows secular and decadal-scale changes in cyclone frequency,
intensity, lifetime and deepening rates. The western Pacific and Atlantic are characterized by an increase in cyclone intensity
and deepening during the 42-year period, although the eastern Pacific and continental North America demonstrate opposite tendencies
in most cyclone characteristics. There is an increase of the number of cyclones in the Arctic and in the western Pacific and
a downward tendency over the Gulf Stream and subpolar Pacific. Decadal scale variability in cyclone activity over the Atlantic
and Pacific exhibits south-north dipole-like patterns. Atlantic and Pacific cyclone activity associated with the NAO and PNA
is analyzed. Atlantic cyclone frequency demonstrates a high correlation with NAO and reflects the NAO shift in the mid 1970s,
associated with considerable changes in European storm tracks. The PNA is largely linked to the eastern Pacific cyclone frequencies,
and controls cyclone activity over the Gulf region and the North American coast during the last two decades. Assessment of
the accuracy of the results and comparison with those derived using numerical algorithms, shows that biases inherent in numerical
procedures are not negligible.
Received: 7 July 2000 / Accepted: 30 November 2000 相似文献
5.
Analysis of solar radiation over Egypt 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. A. Omran 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2000,67(3-4):225-240
Summary The database utilized in this analysis consisted of daily sunshine duration and hourly global and diffuse radiation on a
horizontal surface (for Matruh Cairo, and Aswan), and normal incidence beam radiation (for Cairo and Aswan only). Monthly-average
hourly and daily values are reported for each of these three types of measured radiation, together with the calculated monthly-average
daily values for the components of global radiation, horizontal beam and diffuse radiation. The monthly-average hourly and
daily clearsky index values have also been calculated and analyzed. Monthly-average daily frequency distributions of the clearsky
index values are reported for each month.
The annual-average daily global irradiation values are 19.4, 18.67, and 21.78 MJ/m2 and for diffuse irradiation they are 6.34, 6.65 and 6.23 MJ/m2 for Matruh, Cairo and Aswan, respectively. For the normal incidence beam irradiation the annual-average daily values are
16.94 and 24.46 MJ/m2 for Cairo and Aswan, respectively. The annual-average daily fractions of the direct component of horizontal global radiation
are 0.70, 0.61 and 0.72 for the three stations, respectively. The annual-average daily values for the clearsky index are 0.585,
0.566, and 0.648, and the average frequency of clear days annually are 67.3, 42.3 and 77.6% respectively.
The annual variations and trend analysis were analyzed for daily global, direct, and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface,
daily sunshine duration, and for the daily ratios G/G0, and D/G for the stations Matruh, Cairo and Aswan. The distribution of these components of radiation and their ratios over
the study stations in Egypt is also discussed.
The results show that Egypt is characterized by relatively high average-daily radiation rates, both global and direct, and
a relatively high frequency of clear days. Cairo, due to its urbanization and high pollution, has relatively low average-daily
radiation rates, particularly in direct radiation, and the frequency of clear days.
Received February 26, 1998 Revised February 4, 1999 相似文献
6.
R. Nieto L. Gimeno L. De la Torre P. Ribera D. Barriopedro R. García-Herrera A. Serrano A. Gordillo A. Redaño J. Lorente 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2007,96(1-2):85-101
Summary An earlier developed multidecadal database of Northern Hemisphere cut-off low systems (COLs), covering a 41 years period (from
1958 to 1998) is used to study COLs interannual variability in the European sector (25°–47.5° N, 50° W–40° E) and the major
factors controlling it. The study focus on the influence on COLs interannual variability, of larger scale phenomena such as
blocking events and other main circulation modes defined over the Euro-Atlantic region. It is shown that there is a very large
interannual variability in the COLs occurrence at the annual and seasonal scales, although without significant trends. The
influence of larger scale phenomena is seasonal dependent, with the positive phase of the NAO favoring autumn COL development,
while winter COL occurrence is mostly related to blocking events. During summer, the season when more COLs occur, no significant
influences were found. 相似文献
7.
A coarse-grid global ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is used to determine the role of sub-grid scale eddy parametrization
schemes in the response to idealized changes in the surface heat flux, of the same order as expected under increased atmospheric
CO2 concentrations. Two schemes are employed. The first (H) incorporates standard horizontal mixing, whereas the second (G) combines
both enhanced isopycnal mixing and eddy-induced transport. Uniform surface heating anomalies of +2 W m-2 and −2 W m-2 are applied for 50 years, and the results are compared with a control experiment in which no anomalous heating is imposed.
A passive “heat” tracer is applied uniformly (at a rate of 2 W m-2 for 50 years) in a separate experiment. The sea-surface temperature response to global surface heating is generally larger
in G, especially in the northern subtropical gyres, along the southern coast of Australia and off the Antarctic coast. A pronounced
interhemispheric asymmetry (primarily arising from an anomalous response south of 35 °S) is evident in both H and G. The surface
trapping of passive tracers in the Southern Hemisphere is generally greater in G than it is in H, and is particularly pronounced
along the prime meridian (0 °E). Dynamical changes (i.e., changes in horizontal and vertical currents, convection, and preferred
mixing and eddy transport pathways) enhance surface warming in the tropics and subtropics in both G and H. They are dominated
by an anomalous meridional overturning centred on the equator, which may also operate in greenhouse warming experiments using
coupled atmosphere-ocean GCMs. Over the Southern Ocean the passive tracer experiments and associated ventilation rates suggest
that surface warming will be greater in G than in H. In fact, the contrast between the dynamical responses evident in G and
H in the actual heating experiments leads to a situation in which the reverse is often true. Overall, dynamical changes enhance
the interhemispheric assymetry, more so in G than in H.
Received: August 1996/Accepted: 20 March 1997 相似文献
8.
Recent trends in observed temperature and precipitation extremes in the Yangtze River basin,China 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
Summary The present study is an analysis of the observed extreme temperature and precipitation trends over Yangtze from 1960 to 2002
on the basis of the daily data from 108 meteorological stations. The intention is to identify whether or not the frequency
or intensity of extreme events has increased with climate warming over Yangtze River basin in the last 40 years. Both the
Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and simple linear regression were utilized to detect monotonic trends in annual and seasonal
extremes.
Trend tests reveal that the annual and seasonal mean maximum and minimum temperature trend is characterized by a positive
trend and that the strongest trend is found in the winter mean minimum in the Yangtze. However, the observed significant trend
on the upper Yangtze reaches is less than that found on the middle and lower Yangtze reaches and for the mean maximum is much
less than that of the mean minimum. From the basin-wide point of view, significant increasing trends are observed in 1-day
extreme temperature in summer and winter minimum, but there is no significant trend for 1-day maximum temperature. Moreover,
the number of cold days ≤0 °C and ≤10 °C shows significant decrease, while the number of hot days (daily value ≥35 °C) shows
only a minor decrease. The upward trends found in the winter minimum temperature in both the mean and the extreme value provide
evidence of the warming-up of winter and of the weakening of temperature extremes in the Yangtze in last few decades.
The monsoon climate implies that precipitation amount peaks in summer as does the occurrence of heavy rainfall events. While
the trend test has revealed a significant trend in summer rainfall, no statistically significant change was observed in heavy
rain intensity. The 1-day, 3-day and 7-day extremes show only a minor increase from a basin-wide point of view. However, a
significant positive trend was found for the number of rainstorm days (daily rainfall ≥50 mm). The increase of rainstorm frequency,
rather than intensity, on the middle and lower reaches contributes most to the positive trend in summer precipitation in the
Yangtze. 相似文献
9.
M. Beekmann G. Ancellet S. Blonsky D. De Muer A. Ebel H. Elbern J. Hendricks J. Kowol C. Mancier R. Sladkovic H. G. J. Smit P. Speth T. Trickl Ph. Van Haver 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,28(1-3):29-44
This paper gives a synthesis of three algorithms to detect the presenceof tropopause folds from vertical ozone/radio-sounding profiles and frommeteorological analysis. Also an algorithm to identify injection ofstratospheric air into the lower troposphere fromozone/7beryllium time series is presented. Differences in theresults obtained from the algorithms are observed and discussed with respectto the criteria for fold detection and input data used. Spatial gradients inthe obtained folding frequencies are made evident on a global scale from thealgorithm based on meteorological analysis (Q-vector/potential vorticity)and probably also on a regional European scale from algorithms both basedmeteorological analyses and on ozone/PTU soundings. The observed seasonalvariation of folding occurrence is rather flat except during summer whenalso some differences appear between the algorithms. By combining thefolding frequencies with literature estimates of the cross-tropopause ozonetransfer in single folding events, an average stratospheric ozone influxinto the troposphere of 5.7 ± 1.3× 1010 mol.cm-2 s-1 is obtained for the Northern hemisphereand 12± 2.7× 1010 mol. cm-2s-1 for Western Europe. Potential additional contributions dueto other stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes than folds are not yetincluded in these estimates. Finally, the link between statistics fromozone/7beryllium data and folding statistics is brieflydiscussed. 相似文献
10.
D. Narayana Rao H. R. Singh J. R. Kulkarni A. Y. Chandrika S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2000,73(1-2):55-59
Summary Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) Radar wind data for the period June through September 1996 have been examined to
study vertical variation of Madden-Jullian Oscillations in wind and eddy kinetic energy (eke) in the normal monsoon season.
The domain of analysis in the vertical is from 6 to 20 km with a height resolution of 150 m. Fast-Fourier-Transformation (FFT)
has been applied to zonal (u), meridional(v) components of wind to extract the Madden-Jullian oscillations and eke. There
are three dominant modes viz., 50–70, 30–40 and 10–20 day periodicity, which contain considerable fraction of energy and show
high degree of vertical variability. The peak amplitude of 50–70 day mode in u, 30–40 mode in v and eke were observed at 16–17 km
just below the tropopause level. The peak amplitudes of 30–40 day mode in u and 50–70 day mode in v were found in the height
region of 13–16 km. To understand the origin and propagation of these waves, wave energy is calculated. The wave energy is
higher at tropospheric heights than at lower stratospheric heights indicating that the origin of these waves is in the troposphere,
and a part of the energy leaks into the stratosphere.
Received September 17, 1998/Revised September 26, 1999 相似文献
11.
On the role of resolution and topography in the simulation of East Asia precipitation 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Xuejie Gao Ying Xu Zongci Zhao J. S. Pal F. Giorgi 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,86(1-4):173-185
Summary In this paper, we investigate the role that horizontal resolution plays in the simulation of East Asia precipitation. Two
sets of numerical experiments are performed using the Regional Climate Model (RegCM2) nested in one-way mode within the CSIRO
global coupled atmosphere-ocean model. In the first set we use the actual RegCM2 topography at the selected model resolutions,
which are 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 km. In the second set of the experiments, the same coarse CSIRO model topography
is used in all simulations using the different resolutions of the first set. The results demonstrate that the simulation of
East Asian precipitation improves as the horizontal resolution is increased. Moreover, it is shown that the simulations using
a higher resolution along with the coarse CSIRO topography perform better than the simulations using a coarser model resolution
with corresponding model topography. This suggests that over East Asia adequate spatial resolution to resolve the physical
and dynamical processes is more important than topography. Lastly, the results indicate that model resolutions of 60 km or
higher are needed to accurately simulate the distribution of precipitation over China and East Asia. 相似文献
12.
基于1979~2014年ERA-Interim逐日再分析温度资料,依据温度递减率插值法,计算出北半球两类对流层顶(热带对流层顶和极地对流层顶)频率数据。对比分析了青藏高原与同纬度地区两类对流层顶频率在季节变化上的差异,并讨论了青藏高原两类对流层顶频率分布与高空温度的关系。结果表明:1)依据温度递减率插值法计算出的再分析两类对流层顶频率可以反映青藏高原两类对流层顶频率季节变化特征:热带对流层顶全年频率高,冷、暖季节差异不明显;极地对流层顶盛夏频率极低,冷、暖季节差异明显。与极地对流层顶频率相比,青藏高原热带对流层顶频率的可信度更高。2)青藏高原和同纬度地区热带(极地)对流层顶频率在暖季增加(减少),在冷季减少(增加)。相比同纬度地区,青藏高原热带(极地)对流层顶频率在冬季偏少(多),其他季节偏多(少)。青藏高原两类对流层顶频率等值线的梯度更大,表明青藏高原对流层顶更易断裂。3)青藏高原两类对流层顶频率与高空温度关系密切。青藏高原对流层中上层(平流层下部)温度升高(降低),有利于青藏高原热带对流层顶频率增加,极地对流层顶频率减少,反之亦然。 相似文献
13.
Meso-gamma scale forecasts using the nonhydrostatic model LM 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
J. Steppeler G. Doms U. Schättler H. W. Bitzer A. Gassmann U. Damrath G. Gregoric 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,82(1-4):75-96
Summary ?The nonhydrostatic model LM was developed for small scale operational predictions. Advances in computer development will
give the possibility of operational models of a rather fine scale, which will cover the meso-gamma scale. The LM is currently
applied at a scale of 7 km and an increase of the operational resolution to 2.5 km is planned for the next few years. Predictions
of such high resolution require to abandon the hydrostatic assumption, which is used with most current operational weather
prediction models. The LM was designed to cover all resolutions from 50 m to 50 km with an efficiency making it suitable for
operational use. It is a fully elastic model, using second order centred finite differences. The time integration is done
using the Klemp–Wilhelmson method, treating the slow modes by a larger time step than the fast modes. The vertical propagation
of the fast waves is done implicitly.
After describing the design of the LM, this paper gives examples of model predictions at the meso-γ scale. Some results of
the current operational application at the resolution 7 km are presented. Deficiencies in the localisation of model generated
precipitation are investigated using an idealised bell shaped mountain and applying different resolutions. In this way the
convergence to the correct solution can be investigated. From these results it is concluded, that orographic filtering is
necessary and the effect of such filtering on precipitation forecasts is investigated. Finally, the prediction of a squall
line over northern Germany is shown in order to demonstrate the potential of the model in forecasting the meso-γ scale.
Received May 15, 2001; revised September 21, 2001 相似文献
14.
T. Halenka J. Kalvová Z. Chládová A. Demeterová K. Zemánková M. Belda 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,86(1-4):125-145
Summary We analyze daily precipitation and temperature extremes over the Czech Republic in a regional climate simulation for the 40-year
period of 1961–2000 carried out with the RegCM3 regional climate model. The model is run at 45 km grid interval and is driven
by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis lateral boundary conditions. Comparison with station data shows that the model performs reasonably
well in simulating the frequency of daily precipitation events of medium to high intensity as well as the precipitation intensities
(return levels) of long return periods, with the exception of mountain stations. While this is attributed mainly to the relatively
coarse representation of topography across the area of the Czech Republic, the parameterization of convection can be another
reason. The model underestimates daily maximum temperature (especially in the warm seasons) and as a result the occurrence
of heat waves (high temperature episodes). The performance of the model improves in the simulation of daily minimum temperature
and cold wave events. In order to apply this regional model to the simulation of extreme events over the complex terrain as
for Czech Republic we recommend that a higher resolution is used in order to better describe the topography of the Czech Republic
and that the daily maximum temperature bias is reduced. 相似文献
15.
研究大陆或次大陆尺度日降水长期趋势变化规律,对于检测、理解区域气候和陆地水循环对全球气候变暖的响应特征十分重要。利用美国国家气候资料中心(NCDC)和中国基准气候站、基本气象站网降水观测资料,在对该站点资料进行基本质量控制基础上,选取东亚地区619个站1951~2009年日降水数据,按照百分位阈值对降水进行分级,共分为弱、中、强、极强4个级别,用经纬度网格面积加权平均方法构建区域平均的时间序列,分析了各类降水事件长期变化趋势的时空特征。结果表明:东亚地区近59年平均总降水量表现出不显著下降趋势,降水日数没有出现趋势性变化,平均日降水强度略有减小;区域平均的年降水量、降水日数和日降水强度在中国北方大部、蒙古东部、俄罗斯远东地区南部和日本列岛多呈减少趋势,而在俄罗斯中西伯利亚南部、朝鲜半岛南部和中国长江中下游流域一般表现为增加。从季节上看,近59年东亚区域平均的冬、春季降水量、降水日数和日降水强度均呈增加趋势,而夏、秋季一般呈减少趋势,仅夏季日降水强度略有增加。降水的年内分配出现均匀化趋势。从不同级别降水事件看,近59年来东亚区域平均的各级别降水量均为下降趋势,中降水、强降水和极强降水日数也呈现下降趋势,弱降水日数表现出较明显增加;仅有全区秋季强降水量、日数减少趋势和冬季中降水量、日数增加趋势通过了显著性水平检验。分析还发现,近30年(1980~2009年)东亚地区日降水趋势变化出现了新的特征,主要表现为大部分地区降水日数呈现增加,日降水强度减少,45°N以南多数台站降水量也增加,全区降水有向非极端化方向发展趋势。 相似文献
16.
Summary The fourth generation of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is currently under development at the Deutscher Wetterdienst
(DWD) consisting of a global grid point model (GME) and limited-area Lokal-Modell (LM). The nonhydrostatic fully compressible
LM has been designed to meet high-resol ution regional fore-cast requirements at meso-β and meso-γ scales. The initial LM
implementation is based on the NCAR/Penn State MM5 with the addition of a novel generalized terrain-following coordinate and
rotated lat-lon grid. A fully 3D semi-implicit time-stepping scheme has been implemented by retaining the full buoyancy term
instead of the approximate form found in MM5. In contrast with earlier schemes, mass-lumping is not applied to simplify the
elliptic operator on an Arakawa-C/Lorenz grid. The resulting variable-coefficient elliptic problem is solved using a minimal
residual Krylov iterative method with line relaxation preconditione rs. The new semi-implicit scheme is compared with a variant
of the Klemp–Wilhelmson split-explicit scheme (horizontal explicit, vertical implicit) on the basis of computational efficiency
and accuracy at resolutions ranging from 7 km to 400 m. Both idealized 3D mountain wave flows and naturally occuring flows
are analyzed. Below the tropopause, the 3D semi-implicit scheme can be more efficient for low Mach number M ≪ 1 flows when the number of small time steps Δt
s
of the split-explicit approach increases with the sound-speed Courant number.
Revised October 7, 1999 相似文献
17.
Summary Net ecosystem CO2 exchange was measured over a mountain birch forest in northern Finland throughout the growing season. The maximal net CO2 uptake rate of about − 0.5 mg(CO2) m−2 s−1 was observed at the end of July. The highest nocturnal respiration rates in early August were 0.2 mg(CO2) m−2 s−1. The daily CO2 balances during the time of maximal photosynthesis were about −15 g(CO2) m−2 d−1. The mountain birch forest acted as a net sink of CO2 from 30 June to 28 August. During that period the net CO2 balance was −448 g(CO2)m−2. The interannual representativeness of the observed balances was studied using a simplified daily balance model, with daily
mean global radiation and air temperature as the input parameters. The year-to-year variation in the phenological development
was parameterised as a function of the cumulative effective temperature sum. The daily balance model was used for estimating
the variability in the seasonal CO2 balances due to the timing of spring and meteorological factors. The sink term of CO2 in 1996 was lower than the 15-year mean, mainly due to the relatively late emergence of the leaves.
Received October 11, 1999 Revised April 25, 2000 相似文献
18.
T. Klein G. Heinemann D. H. Bromwich J. J. Cassano K. M. Hines 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2001,78(1-2):115-132
Summary
Simulations of the katabatic wind system over the Greenland ice sheet for the two months April and May 1997 were performed
using the Norwegian Limited Area Model (NORLAM) with a horizontal resolution of 25 km. The model results are intercompared
and validated against observational data from automatic weather stations (AWS), global atmospheric analyses and instrumented
aircraft observations of individual cases during that period. The NORLAM is able to simulate the synoptic developments and
daily cycle of the katabatic wind system realistically. For most of the cases covered by aircraft observations, the model
results agree very well with the measured developments and structures of the katabatic wind system in the lowest 400 m. Despite
NORLAM’s general ability of reproducing the four-dimensional structure of the katabatic wind, problems occur in cases, when
the synoptic background is not well captured by the analyses used as initial and boundary conditions for the model runs or
where NORLAM fails to correctly predict the synoptic development. The katabatic wind intensity in the stable boundary layer
is underestimated by the model in cases when the simulated synoptic forcing is too weak. An additional problem becomes obvious
in cases when the model simulates clouds in contrast to the observations or when the simulated clouds are too thick compared
to the observed cloud cover. In these cases, the excessive cloud amount prevents development of the katabatic wind in the
model.
Received September 22, 2000/Revised March 16, 2001 相似文献
19.
Summary Three different climates have been identified by our evaluation of AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data
using APOLLO (AVHRR Processing scheme Over Land, Clouds and Ocean) for a five-years cloud climatology of the Alpine region.
The cloud cover data from four layers were spatially averaged in boxes of 15 km by 14 km. The study area only covers 540 km
by 560 km, but contains regions with moderate, Alpine and Mediterranean climate. Data from the period July 1989 until December
1996 have been considered. The temporal resolution is one scene per day, the early afternoon pass, yielding monthly means
of satellite derived cloud coverages 5% to 10% above the daily mean compared to conventional surface observation. At non-vegetated
sites the cloudiness is sometimes significantly overestimated. Averaging high resolution cloud data seems to be superior to
low resolution measurements of cloud properties and averaging is favourable in topographical homogeneous regions only. The
annual course of cloud cover reveals typical regional features as foehn or temporal singularities as the so-called Christmas
thaw. The cloud cover maps in spatially high resolution show local luff/lee features which outline the orography. Less cloud
cover is found over the Alps than over the forelands in winter, an accumulation of thick cirrus is found over the High Alps
and an accumulation of thin cirrus north of the Alps.
Received December 17, 1999 Revised July 18, 2000 相似文献
20.
Samuel J. Oltmans Wolfgang E. Raatz Walter D. Komhyr 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):245-253
A series of nearly daily ozone vertical profiles obtained at station T-3 on Fletcher's Ice Island (85°N, 90°W) during the period January-March 1971 shows several significant ozone intrusions into the troposphere. These intrusions are not only associated with enhanced ozone amounts in the stratosphere but also require tropopause folding events to transport ozone into the troposphere. These folds in the Arctic tropopause appear to be capable of contributing significantly to the ozone budget of the Arctic troposphere during the late winter and spring seasons. The importance of tropopause folding for bringing ozone into the troposphere seen in the daily ozone profiles confirms the results found in the Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program aircraft flights. 相似文献