黏土矿物与碱激发地聚物的相互作用机理

土体固化的核心问题之一就是使用适宜的固化剂固化黏土矿物。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等试验方法,研究不同碱含量下碱激发地聚物固化的蒙脱石、伊利石和高岭土的微观结构、物质组成及物理化学反应过程,探究碱激发地聚物与黏土矿物之间的相互作用机理。研究结果表明:黏土矿物经碱激发地聚物固化后,由松散颗粒转变为块状致密结构;随着地聚物中碱含量的增加,Si、Al及Ca元素电子结合能下降;蒙脱石在衍射角为5°左右(001)峰形右移,层间距减小;蒙脱石吸附水含量减小,亲水能力下降,矿物活性被限制。     

The geochemistry of iron in Recent tidal-flat sediments of the Wash area,England: a mineralogical,Mössbauer,and magnetic study

Undisturbed core samples of Recent sediments from the Wash tidal flats, East Anglia, England, obtained using a Delft corer, were studied with special reference to the diagenesis and geochemical behaviour of iron. The Mössbauer effect in ⁵⁷Fe was used to monitor the distribution of Fe between different phases as a function of depth, together with the magnetic mineralogy and palaeomagnetic properties.The cores consist of, successively downwards: 0.36 m brown clay; 1.5 m finely laminated silts and fine sands, and 7.14 m homogeneous fine sands. The dominant minerals are quartz, feldspar, calcite and clay minerals, and chemical analysis for Al, Si, Mg, Mn, Ca, Fe, Na, K showed variations closely linked to lithological changes. Illite is the most abundant clay mineral (mean 48%), followed by mixed layer illite-montmorillonite and montmorillonite, kaolinite and chlorite. Chlorite is the major iron-bearing clay mineral and represents 4 to 10% of the <2 μm fraction throughout the core. Sulphide minerals are present throughout the core, including framboidal pyrite.Computer fit analysis of the Mössbauer spectra of best quality showed contributions from Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in clay minerals (essentially chlorite), low-spin Fe²⁺ in pyrite, and magnetically ordered iron in greigite (Fe₃S₄). Systematic variations, as a function of sample depth, indicate a relative increase in the amount of Fe in pyrite at the expense of the clay minerals.Magnetite and titanium-bearing magnetite are the carriers of natural magnetic remanence in these sediments.The direction and intensity of natural remanence in the samples compare well with the known secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field derived from the historic-archaeomagnetic record and this enables the samples to be dated and sedimentation rates to be determined (1.5 mm yr^?1 for the upper 2 m and ~7.7 mm yr^?1 for the lower 7 m).     

Mechanisms and geochemical significance of Si–Al substitution in zeolite solid solutions

Rock-forming zeolites often exhibit complex solid solutions reflecting isomorphous substitutions between Si and Al in tetrahedral framework sites, between charge-balancing extraframework cations, and between water molecules and vacancies. Although the number of moles of charge on extraframework cations in a zeolite must equal the moles of Al in order to maintain charge balance, the relationships between Si–Al and extraframework substitutions vary considerably across this mineral group. Review of available compositional data suggests that there are three main modes of Si–Al substitution in zeolites: 1) coupled CaAl–NaSi substitution; 2) coupled substitution of a single extraframework cation plus Al for Si; and 3) completely uncoupled substitution among extraframework cations and Si and Al on tetrahedral sites. Among zeolites that exhibit the latter two modes of solid solution, Si–Al substitution can be described by an SiO₂ (± H₂O) compositional exchange vector from a hypothetical, pure-silica endmember composition. Recent calorimetric, structural, and theoretical investigations suggest that Si–Al substitution follows a non-ideal, athermal solution model characterized by no excess enthalpies of mixing and negative excess entropies of mixing. Because Si–Al exchange in these minerals can be explicitly or implicitly described by exchange of an SiO₂ component, the Si/Al ratio in their framework can be predicted solely as a function of temperature, pressure, and the chemical potential of SiO₂. Application of this model leads to calculated Si/Al ratios in stilbite (coexisting with albite), analcime, and chabazite consistent with observed mineral compositions and parageneses in very low-grade metamorphic environments. Coexistence of silica polymorphs with zeolites containing SiO₂·nH₂O exchange vectors potentially provides a means of performing thermobarometric calculations in very low-grade metamorphic and diagenetic environments.     

Geochemistry of high-temperature coal ashes and the sedimentary environment of the New South Wales coals, Australia

Chemical analyses of high-temperature coal ashes were used to establish the distribution, association and relationship between major inorganic elements such as Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P, S and CO₂ in a number of New South Wales economic coal seams and to study the composition and character of mineral matter in these coals. The methods used for the evaluation of the data were statistical analysis (univariate and bivariate), ratios, normative mineral composition and variation diagrams.The distribution of major and minor inorganic elements in coal appears to be related to the amount of mineral matter occurring in coal (determined as ash yield) and its mineralogical composition. The quantitative variations in levels of these elements can be classified as in-seam and inter-seam variations. In-seam variations are largely ash yield dependent, i.e. the levels of an element (wt.%) in coal increase along with the increase of its ash content (wt.%). The inter-seam variations are more complex and are related to both ash yield and to the mineralogical composition of mineral matter.The principal components of New South Wales coal ashes are silicon and aluminium. Silicon may be present as silica or combined with aluminium in different proportions to form clay minerals, such as kaolinite, illite, mixed-layer clay minerals, and smectite. Thus, the concentration levels of aluminium in relation to silicon in coal may give an indication about the character of clay minerals present in coal.Ratios and correlation coefficients of element pairs such as Al and Ti, Na and K, and Na and Al were used to determine differences in the chemical composition of high-temperature coal ashes of seams from various stratigraphic positions and provinces. In some seams the nature of associations of these elements is more significant than in others. This is interpreted as being a product of specific environmental conditions controlling the deposition of these seams.The nature of clay mineral content in coal is believed to be a major reason for chemical dissimilarities found between seams of various stratigraphic levels and geographic areas. For example, in some seams kaolinite, in others expandable clay minerals are dominant. The vertical distribution of these minerals has a stratigraphic significance. Within the Upper Permian Newcastle Coal Measures a trend from kaolinite-rich through to expandable minerals-rich and to kaolinite-rich assemblages can be observed from the bottom to the top. These changes are noticeably gradual.All significant variations in the clay mineral assemblages could relate to the long-term changes in the provenance of sedimentary material, weathering conditions in the source area and the rate of subsidence in the place of deposition. These changes are associated with major tectonic events controlling the history of sedimentation within the paralic Sydney and Gunnedah Basins during the Permian.     

高岭石表面的酸碱性质

采用双位模式（即假定高岭石表面存在＞AIOH和＞SiOH基团）拟合高岭石表面的酸碱滴定数据并描述表面上发生的质子化反应，Al位和Si位的表观常数拟合值分别为pKal,Al=1.78、pKa2,Al=8.47和pKa2,Si=5.12，它们的酸性比对应的（氢）氧化物表面位的更强。高岭石的总表面位密度远大于氧化铝和二氧化硅，其原因很可能是溶液中的质子或羟离子能够渗入高岭石的层间，与层间的羟基发生反应。此外，Al位密度也比Si位大近一个数量级，这种与理论化学式偏离的现象可受多种因素的影响。高岭石表面总体在pH低于4.0时带正电荷，在pH高于4.0时带负电荷。正电荷仅由＞AlOH基团通过质子化作用形成＞AlOH2^ 表面化合态来提供，而负电荷则由＞AlOH和＞SiOH基团的去质子化作用产生，分别形成＞AlO^-和＞SiO^-表面化合态。     

The composition and crystallinity of the near-surface regions of weathered alkali feldspars

Our ability to identify thin non-stoichiometric and amorphous layers beneath mineral surfaces has been tested by undertaking X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) work on alkali feldspars from pH 1 dissolution experiments. The outcomes of this work were used to help interpret XPS and TEM results from alkali feldspars weathered for <10,000 years in soils overlying the Shap Granite (north-west England). The chemistry of effluent solutions indicates that silica-rich layers a few nanometers in thickness formed during the pH 1 experiments. These layers can be successfully identified by XPS and have lower Al/Si, Na/Si, K/Si and Ca/Si values than the outermost ∼9 nm of unweathered controls. Development of Al-Si non-stoichiometry is coupled with loss of crystal structure to produce amorphous layers that are identifiable by TEM where >∼2.5 nm thick, whereas the crystallinity of albite is retained despite leaching of Na to depths of tens to hundreds on nanometers. Integration of XPS data over the outermost 6-9 nm of naturally weathered Shap feldspars shows that they have stoichiometric Al/Si and K/Si ratios, which is consistent with findings of previous TEM work on the same material that they lack amorphous layers. There is some XPS evidence for loss of K from the outermost couple of nanometers of Shap orthoclase, and the possibility of leaching of Na from albite to greater depths cannot be excluded using the XPS or TEM results. This study demonstrates that the leached layer model, as formulated from laboratory experiments, is inapplicable to the weathering of alkali feldspars within acidic soils, which is an essentially stoichiometric reaction.     

Illite mineral synthesis at surface temperatures

The synthesis of illite mixed-layer minerals at surface conditions is possible through precipitation of Al hydroxides from Si-, Mg- and K-containing solutions. It has been shown that amorphous hydroxides of Al, Fe, etc. are capable of coprecipitating silica even from very dilute solutions. By aging of these X-ray amorphous hydroxide—silica precipitates under certain conditions, clay minerals can be synthesized at low temperatures. The presence of Mg particularly favors the formation of three-layer clay minerals. Mg-rich Al hydroxide—silica precipitates permit formation of tri- and di-octahedral smectite, illite and chlorite. The formation of three-layer clay minerals is only possible when the precipitates contain at least 6% MgO. The precipitates stay amorphous if the Mg content is lower. The adsorption of Mg and K on the hydroxide—silica precipitate controls the illite or montmorillonite portion in the mixture of the three-layer silicates. There is a competition for K and Mg adsorption on the hydroxide—silica precipitates. Higher K concentration inhibits the three-layer mineral formation through the lowering of the Mg content in the precipitates. Illite mineral formation is favored under certain K/Mg ratios. Higher NaCl contents do not favor the three-layer mineral formation.The enrichment of Mg and K in the precipitates is not as large as the enrichment of Si in the hydroxides. This means that the illite mineral formation is only possible from solutions with a high-salt content like seawater.     

新疆北山地区红石山镁铁-超镁铁岩体的岩石矿物学特征:对同化混染和结晶分异过程的启示

结晶分异和同化混染是侵入岩体形成过程中控制岩相成分和分异程度的主导因素。探讨这两个因素在岩浆演化过程中的作用阶段及对矿物成分变化的影响对揭示岩体成因和成矿具有重要意义。新疆北山地区的红石山镁铁-超镁铁岩体钻孔剖面上岩相和各种矿物含量的渐变特征反映了岩浆演化的结晶分异过程。长石中Si、Na、Al、Ca和单斜辉石中Si、Al、Ti、Ca、Mg的系统变化揭示不同程度的同化混染作用。橄榄石和尖晶石对同化混染作用的反应较为迟缓,但其Fo、Ni和Cr^#、Ti对新鲜岩浆注入较为敏感。这些矿物化学对岩浆演化过程的推断与全岩成分变化的指示相一致。因此,矿物化学在研究岩浆演化方面将会发挥重要作用。     

Crystal chemistry of ferric iron in (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O<Subscript>3</Subscript> majorite with implications for the transition zone

Fifteen samples of (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ majorite with varying Fe/Mg composition and one sample of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ majorite were synthesized at high pressure and temperature under different conditions of oxygen fugacity using a multianvil press, and examined ex situ using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer and optical absorption spectroscopy. The relative concentration of Fe³⁺ increases both with total iron content and increasing oxygen fugacity, but not with Al concentration. Optical absorption spectra indicate the presence of Fe²⁺–Fe³⁺ charge transfer, where band intensity increases with increasing Fe³⁺ concentration. Mössbauer data were used in conjunction with electron microprobe analyses to determine the site distribution of all cations. Both Al and Fe³⁺ substitute on the octahedral site, and charge balance occurs through the removal of Si. The degree of Mg/Si ordering on the octahedral sites in (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ majorite, which affects both the c/a ratio and the unit cell volume, is influenced by the thermal history of the sample. The Fe³⁺ concentration of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ majorite in the mantle will reflect prevailing redox conditions, which are believed to be relatively reducing in the transition zone. Exchange of material across the transition boundary to (Mg,Fe) (Si,Al)O₃ perovskite would then require a mechanism to oxidize sufficient iron to satisfy crystal-chemical requirements of the lower-mantle perovskite phase.     

Ionizing radiation-induced defects in smectite clays

 The interaction of γ-rays with smectites induces paramagnetic defects in the structure of these clay minerals. The EPR spectra of three different smectites detect the creation of structural defects and trapping of organic free radicals in the clay structure upon irradiation. The defects are assigned to positive holes or trapped electrons stabilised by existing local charge imbalances in the mineral lattice. The organic radicals are derived from organic compounds present as impurities in the crystal lattice of the clay minerals. In addition, γ-rays cause migration of small interlayer cations (such as Li⁺) into the layers, as clearly evidenced by EPR and FT-IR reflectance spectroscopies. Received: 20 April 2000 / Accepted: 2 December 2000     

Silicon K-edge XANES spectra of silicate minerals

Silicon K-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of a selection of silicate and aluminosilicate minerals have been measured using synchrotron radiation (SR). The spectra are qualitatively interpreted based on MO calculation of the tetrahedral SiO ₄ ^4? cluster. The Si K-edge generally shifts to higher energy with increased polymerization of silicates by about 1.3 eV, but with considerable overlap for silicates of different polymerization types. The substitution of Al for Si shifts the Si K-edge to lower energy. The chemical shift of Si K-edge is also sensitive to cations in more distant atom shells; for example, the Si K-edge shifts to lower energy with the substitution of Al for Mg in octahedral sites. The shifts of the Si K-edge show weak correlation with average Si-O bond distance (d_Si-O), Si-O bond valence (s_Si-O) and distortion of SiO₄ tetrahedra, due to the crystal structure complexity of silicate minerals and multiple factors effecting the x-ray absorption processes.     

四川重庆中梁山P/T界线粘土层中非粘土组分的研究

本文报道了四川重庆中梁山P/T界线粘土层中的非粘土组分及其研究成果,包括具似文象结构的铁质微球粒,硅质、石质微球粒以及各种碎屑矿物。认为除了具似文象结构的铁质微球粒可能属地外成因外,其他微球粒和碎属矿物均为火山作用产物。     

Characterization of leached layers on olivine and pyroxenes using high-resolution XPS and density functional calculations

High-resolution core level and valence band (VB) X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of olivine [(Mg_0.87Fe_0.13)₂SiO₄], bronzite [(Mg_0.8Fe_0.2)₂Si₂O₆] and diopside [Ca(Mg_0.8Fe_0.2)Si₂O₆] were collected before and after leaching in pH ∼2 solutions with the Kratos magnetic confinement charge compensation system which minimizes differential charge broadening. The leached samples yield Si 2p, Mg 2p, Ca 2p and O 1s XPS spectral linewidths and lineshapes similar to those collected from the respective pristine samples prior to leaching. As with previous XPS studies on crushed samples, our broadscan XPS spectra show evidence for initial, preferential leaching of cations (i.e., Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) from the near-surface of these minerals. The O 1s spectra of leached olivine and pyroxenes show an additional peak due to OH⁻, which arises from H⁺ exchange with near-surface cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) via electrophilic attack of H⁺ on the M-O-Si moiety to produce the H₂Mg(M1)SiO_4(surf) complex at olivine surfaces, and two complexes, H₂Mg(M1)Si₂O_6(surf) and H₄Si₂O_6(surf) at diopside and enstatite surfaces. The olivine and pyroxene surface complexes H₂Mg(M1)SiO_4(surf) and H₂Mg(M1)Si₂O_6(surf) have been proposed previously, but the second pyroxene surface complex H₄Si₂O_6(surf) has not. Two electrophilic reactions occur in both olivine and pyroxene. For olivine, the more rapid attacks the M2-O-Si moiety producing H₂Mg(M1)SiO_4(surf); while the second attacks the M1-O-Si moiety ultimately producing H₄SiO₄ which is released to solution. For pyroxenes, the first electrophilic reaction produces H₂Mg(M1)Si₂O_6(surf), while the second produces.H₄Si₂O_6(surf). These two reactions are followed by a nucleophilic attack of H₂O (or H₃O⁺) on Si of H₄Si₂O_6(surf). This reaction is responsible for rupture of the brigding oxygen bond of the Si-O-Si moiety and release of H₄SiO₄ to solution. The intensity of the OH⁻ peak for the leached pyroxenes is about double the OH⁻ intensity for the leached olivine, consistent with the equivalent of about a monolayer of the above surface complexes being formed in all three minerals.Valence band XPS spectra and density functional calculations demonstrate the remarkable insensitivity of the valence band to leaching of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from the surface layers. This insensitivity is due to a dearth of Ca and Mg valence electron density in the valence band: the Ca-O and Mg-O bonds are highly ionic, with metal-derived s orbital electrons taking on strong O 2p character. The valence band spectrum of leached olivine shows an additional very weak peak at about 13.5 eV, which is assigned to Si 3s valence orbitals in the surface complex H₂Mg(M1)SiO₄, as indicated by high quality density functional calculations on an olivine where Mg²⁺ in M2 is replaced by 2H⁺. The intensity of this new peak is consistent with formation of the equivalent of a monolayer of the surface complex.     

古盐度对塔北隆起泥岩中粘土矿物组合和绿泥石成分的影响

粘土矿物组合和绿泥石成分常被用来讨论盆地沉积物的成岩作用和埋藏古温度。许多沉积盆地的研究结果显示,泥 岩和页岩中的粘土矿物组合和绿泥石的成分与埋藏深度/温度有关。但也见有例外的现象存在。文中主要探讨了新疆塔北隆 起泥岩中的粘土矿物组合和绿泥石成分的特征,以及与盆地古盐度的关系。研究结果表明：（1）在塔北隆起泥岩中,埋藏 深度2777.37~4604.41m,地层单位为J1-N2的粘土矿物组合为I+Chl和I+Chl+Ka; 埋藏深度5071.52~5299.37m,地层单位为 T1的粘土矿物组合为R0I/S+I+Chl和R0I/S+Chl。（2）研究区的成岩绿泥石为Ⅱb型铁镁绿泥石,其成分特征主要表现为： ①配位八面体中阳离子的占位数为11.532(总平均值);②ⅥAl含量明显大于ⅣAl含量;③（Fe+Mg）为4.016（总平均值）;④ Si/Al比值>1。（3）根据研究区盐类矿物的分布范围以及古盐度的数据,讨论了古盐度对该区粘土矿物组合和绿泥石成分的 影响,指出古盐度是影响本区粘土矿物组合和绿泥石成分变化的主要因素。用古盐度解释了<5000m深度的粘土矿物组合 中不含无序伊/蒙混层（R0I/S）矿物,而>5000m深度粘土矿物组合中含有无序伊/蒙混层（R0I/S）矿物的异常现象。揭示了 在一定的深度范围（2777.37~4405.27m）,一定的古盐度条件下（Sr/Ba比值≥0.4,并有盐类矿物出现）,绿泥石成分受到 古盐度的制约,并且随着古盐度的增高,绿泥石成分中的Al、ⅣAl、Na、Na2O、Al/Si随之增高,而Si/Al则随之降低。由 绿泥石成分温度计获得的温度值也伴随着古盐度的增高而增高。因此,由绿泥石成分温度计所计算的温度不能代表本区实 际埋藏的古温度。（4）研究区内绿泥石成分中的SiO2和FeO与母岩的对应成分之间有一定的相关性,其SiO2绿泥石与SiO2岩石、 FeO绿泥石与FeO岩石呈负相关的线性关系,并且这种关系在古盐度的干扰下也未受到影响。     

α铀系测年对洞穴碳酸盐沉积物中碎屑岩物质影响的祛除研究

洞穴碳酸盐沉积物常因为含有碎屑岩物质, 而导致测年精度下降, 甚至导致测年失败。通过对干扰物的X射线荧光分析, 发现Mg、Ca、P、Si、Al等元素含量尤其高, 其矿物组成可能为方解石、磷酸盐、硅酸盐、铝盐、粘土矿物、石英、云母类。通过改进化学流程, 在化学处理过程中将含量高的P、Al、Si元素祛除, 提高了测量精度, 说明此改进有利于含碎屑物质的洞穴碳酸盐沉积物的α铀系年龄研究。     

红色粘土型金矿成因矿物学特征

红色粘土型金矿是表生湿热气候条件下含金基岩经不彻底的红土化作用而形成的一种新类型金矿床。以云南上芒岗、贵州老万场和湖北蛇屋山金矿为例 ,对红色粘土型金矿的成因矿物学特征进行了研究。结果表明 ,表生成因的高岭石 +伊利石 +针铁矿 +自然金组合可作为该类型金矿的标型矿物组合 ;高岭石的 ( 0 0 1 ) X射线衍射峰半高宽可作为标型特征反映介质的酸性程度和硅、铝的饱和程度 ,进而指示金的富集部位 ;针铁矿中的铝置换率可反映红土化程度和粘土中的含水量 ,进而指示古潜水面的位置 ;金的粒度、形态和赋存状态可反映金的迁移富集程度和富集机制。     

The geochemistry of major and selected trace elements in a forested peat bog, Kalimantan, SE Asia, and its implications for past atmospheric dust deposition

Biogeochemical processes in a forested tropical peat deposit and its record of past atmospheric dust deposition were assessed using the vertical distribution of lithophilic and plant essential elements in a dated core profile from Borneo, SE Asia. Peat formation started ∼22,120 ¹⁴C yr before present (BP), and Ca/Mg mass ratios of the solid peat and very low ash contents indicate a strongly ombrotrophic character throughout the deposit, implying that most of the inorganic fraction has been supplied exclusively by atmospheric inputs. Concentration profiles of Mn, Sr, and Ca suggest a very minor influence of chemical diagenesis in the underlying sediments. Silicon, Ca, Mg, P, S, and K show a strong and extended zone of enrichment in the top 200 cm of the profile, indicating that biological accumulation mechanisms are much more extensive than in temperate peat bogs.In the lower core sections, where the element distribution is dominated solely by past atmospheric deposition, average Al/Ti ratios are similar to the upper continental crust (UCC), whereas Fe is slightly enriched and Si is strongly depleted: this condition favors highly weathered tropical soil dust as the main inorganic mineral source. Significant correlation of Al, Fe, Si, S, Ca, and Ti with the lithophilic elements Y and Zr suggests that the distribution of these elements is controlled by sources of atmospheric mineral dust. The Ca/Mg, Ca/K, and Mg/K ratios of the collected rainwater samples are similar to the global average of continental rainwater and suggest a continental character for the site. This is supported by the similarity of the average concentration of Br, Mg, Ca, and S to that in temperate continental and maritime bogs in Switzerland and Scotland.The concentration profiles of Si, Fe, Al, and Ti show distinct peaks within the profile, implying enhanced dust deposition, reduced rates of peat accumulation, or possibly both owing to climatic changes during the Holocene. Enhanced dust deposition between ∼10,830 and 9060 ¹⁴C yr BP is tentatively interpreted as a Younger Dryas-like event with dust fluxes of ∼10.8 mg/m²/yr. The variations in Al/Ti and Fe/Ti profiles suggest that mineral dust sources have been changing constantly during the Holocene, with local sources being dominant between ∼7820 and 9500 ¹⁴C yr BP and long-range transport (derived most likely from China) being important during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene and from ∼7820 ¹⁴C yr BP to the present.     

苏皖坡缕石粘土中蛋白石特征及其成因意义

TEM和XRD研究表明，在苏皖坡缕石粘土矿床的蛋白石坡缕石层中存在0pal-A和0pal-CT两种结构的蛋白石。蛋白石坡缕石层主要含坡缕石、opal-A、opal-CT，以及少量白云石和其它矿物，由富opal-A层和富opal-CT层互层组成，交互层的厚度在几个厘米左右。蛋白石坡缕石层中的矿物基本是自生矿物，从蒸发湖水中化学沉淀形成。矿物组成特征研究表明，蛋白石坡缕石层的矿物组分(Si、Mg、Al)来源于盆地周围玄武岩淋滤的浅层地下水。根据Opal-A和Opal-CT溶解度图解和城缕石、白云石形成物理化学条件图解，当湖水具有高浓度溶解SiO2和Mg^2 时，有利于opal-A和坡缕石形成，当湖水具有低浓度溶解SiO2时，有利于opal-CT结晶。因此，沉淀SiO2的结构状态取决于地下水补给的湖水溶解SiO2浓度。富opal-A和富opal-CT交互层的形成是古气候、古水文周期性变化的指示。富opal-CT层指示高地下水补给流入量，低蒸发量，湖水低盐度和溶解组分，代表湿润气候时期；而富opal-A层代表低地下水补给流入量，高蒸发量，高溶解组分浓度，代表干旱气候时期。     

Determining Biogenic Silica in Marine Samples by Tracking Silicate and Aluminium Concentrations in Alkaline Leaching Solutions

This study introduces an alkaline leaching technique for the simultaneous analysis of biogenic silica and aluminium in sediments. Measuring aluminium facilitates the discrimination between silica from the biogenic (BSiO₂) and the non-biogenic fraction, because it originates almost solely from the lithogenic phase. The method was tested using fine-grained silicagel, standard clay minerals, artificial sediments, and natural samples ranging from fresh diatoms to aged sediment from different depositional settings. To determine the BSiO₂ content, four different models each describing the dissolution curves, but of increasing complexity, were applied and for each different type of sample the optimum model was selected on the basis of F-test statistics. For mixtures of silicagel and clay minerals, the contribution of Si from the dissolution of clay was negligible compared to Si originating from silicagel. For natural samples with high clay content, complex dissolution curves were observed and single-phase first order dissolution was the exception. This deviation from `ideal' behavior could only be recognized because of high-resolution sampling, especially in the first 20 minutes of the experiment. For most of the samples, the distinction between the biogenic silica fraction and the silica originating from dissolution of clays could be made on the basis of the Si/Al ratios and reactivity constants of the dissolving phases calculated with the models. Clay minerals typically dissolve slowly at a Si/Al ratio close to 1–2, depending on the type of clay mineral. In contrast, biogenic silica displays a wide range of reactivities and Si/Al ratios. Fresh biogenic silica from the water column usually has a high reactivity and a low Al content. Aged biogenic silica from the sediments has a lower reactivity, but Si/Al ratios as low as 5 were found. The method as described here therefore presents an accurate method to analyze biogenic silica in marine sediments with a relatively high clay mineral content.     

淮南煤田潘三煤矿4-2煤中矿物对岩浆侵入的响应

以淮南煤田潘三煤矿4-2煤层中的岩浆岩、天然焦和煤样品为研究对象,利用X射线衍射仪和X射线荧光光谱仪测试其矿物组成和主量元素含量,研究地下岩浆侵入对煤中矿物成分的影响。结果表明:煤变质成天然焦后,其总的矿物含量增多,并伴随着后生矿物如微斜长石和镁绿泥石的出现。天然焦中后生矿物的组成元素可能来源于岩浆或热液中的主量元素如Si、Al、Na、K、Fe和Mg。