受载煤体变形破裂微波辐射前兆规律的实验研究

对煤体在单轴压缩条件下的微波辐射效应和规律进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,受载煤体具有微波辐射效应,在煤体的变形破裂过程中伴随有6.6 GHz微波辐射信号产生,其前兆规律具有3种类型.基于电介质物理学对实验现象进行了解释.在单轴压缩实验中,煤体的亮温最大变化值为1.9～2.7K,这表明煤体的微波辐射特性明显优于红外辐射特...     

The remote sensing observation in experiments of rock failure and the beginning of remote sensing rock mechanics

The remote sensing observational study for infrared radiation of rocks was proceeded during the loading on rocks until failure. The major instruments used in experiments were transient spectrum apparatus, intelligent spectrum apparatus, infrared radiation thermometer, infrared spectrum radiometer, and infrared thermal imaging system. The experiments for 26 kinds of rocks were made. The studies show that infrared radiation temperature of rocks increases along with increasing of stress. The amplitude of infrared radiation spectrum of rocks also increases along with increasing of stress. The observational results of infrared thermal imaging of rocks are consistent with infrared radiation temperature. Before formation of major faults for some rocks, the belt-shape thermal imaging of temperature anomaly displaies in position of future major faults. This study has led the new technology of remote sensing into rock mechanics and tend to establish a new field in rock mechanics — remote sensing rock mechanics (or remote sensing rock physics). The application of remote sensing rock mechanics in prediction of earthquake and rock burst, and in measurement of stress field in rock mass is expected. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 645–652, 1992. Jin-Shen HAO, Ji-Han LI, Xiao-Hong LIU, Yi-Qiao ZHI, Jin-Kai ZHANG, Yong-Hong Lü, Yi LIU, Yun-Shen YU, He ZHANG, Quan-Quan JI, Xiao-Fan ZHU and Ning CHEN took part in this work. This subject is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (91006). Work of Institute of Geophysics, SSB (93A0009).     

APPLICATION OF BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS AT AN EXPERIMENTAL WASTE STORAGE SITE*

A suite of electrical, radiation, and mechanical borehole probes were run in a 76-mm-diameter borehole drilled to a slant depth of 380 m in leptite and granite. The hole is located in Precambrian bedrock in central Sweden where a site is dedicated to in-situ experiments pertaining to the disposal of radioactive wastes. The challenge to borehole logging methods for such site investigations is to resolve geological features and fluid flow parameters in geological sites which are initially chosen for their homogeneity, low porosity, and minimal fracturing. The Stripa borehole is characterized by high electrical resistivity values in the 20–100 kΩm range, by acoustic velocities around 5800 m s^-1 (which is close to laboratory values on intact specimens), and by total porosity of around one volume percent. In this context, probe resolution was adequate to produce interpretable information on almost all of the logs. Two principal rock types were encountered in the hole: granite, of quartz monzonitic composition, and leptite. The granite and leptite intercepts are subdivided into units characterized by mafic mineral content, sulfide mineral content, and electrical and radiation properties. Iron-rich zones in the leptite are highly anomalous on the gamma-gamma and neutron logs; thin mafic zones in the granite can also be distinguished. Occurrences of a few percent pyrite are detected by the electrical, gamma-gamma, and neutron logs. Although overall porosity is quite low throughout the hole, analysis of the resistivity and neutron logs indicates the porosity increases by a few volume percent at fracture zones. The differential resistance and caliper probes detect borehole diameter roughness of less than 1 mm, helping to confirm acoustic waveform anomalies which are indicative of fracture zones. Compres-sional wave transit time and shear-wave interference patterns usually occur coincident with open fractures observed in core, the correlation being especially good at major fracture zones.     

The application of microwave remote sensing technology in rock mechanics

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基于临边大气长波红外辐射信号的平流层增温效应研究

本文利用热层-电离层-中间层能量和动力学卫星TIMED中宽带发射辐射计SABER观测的临边大气长波红外背景辐射数据来研究平流层增温效应,基于2012/2013年1—3月在20~100 km高度内的临边大气长波红外背景辐射数据,采用微扰方法,得到辐射扰动的时空分布.结果显示：大气长波红外背景辐射扰动数据能够更精细的展示平流层增温事件的发生,2013年平流层爆发性增温效应下最大辐射扰动幅度出现在40 km处可达160%,而利用温度扰动数据表征此事件的发生时最大温度扰动幅度出现在40 km处只有21%.针对2012年弱平流层增温效应,温度扰动幅度最大值出现在40 km处为16.4%,而辐射扰动幅度的最大值在40 km处可达91%.大气长波红外背景辐射的纬度分布体现出此事件发生于高纬度地区;其经度分布在20~50 km范围内呈现"w"形状;而50 km和80 km处大气长波红外背景辐射的极值区域范围随着事件的发生在高纬度地区都是先扩大随后缩小的过程.这表明高层大气临边红外辐射信号可用于研究平流层增温效应,尤其是对于温度弱起伏的小扰动事件.这对于掌握临近空间环境辐射形成机理及其变化特性亦具有重要意义.     

热红外震兆成因的模拟实验研究

对完整岩石破裂前和既存断层粘滑失稳前的红外辐射温度场进行了遥感观测研究,发现岩石破裂前出未来断层处出现条带状的红外热像,粘滑失稳前断层闭锁点出现升温现象,声发射测量表明,岩石破裂前已有大量微破裂产生,地壳中的既存断层和大震前的微小破裂均可能为震前地壳中的热能转移提供通道,从而导致地面热外震兆的出现。     

THE INFLUENCE OF AN ASYMMETRY IN THE SEQUENCE ROCK/COAL/ROCK ON THE PROPAGATION OF RAYLEIGH SEAM WAVES*

Small offsets in hard coal seams can be detected with the aid of seam (channel) waves. Transmission and reflection of seam waves depend, among other parameters, upon the symmetry properties of the sequence rock/coal/rock. Two typical unsymmetrical sequences are found in European coal deposits: (i) coal seams with roof and floor of differing acoustic impedance and (ii) coal seams interlayered with rock and soil. Two-dimensional analog models with appropriate impedance contrasts are used to study the effect of the unsymmetrical layers upon the propagation of Rayleigh seam waves. Data analysis is based upon amplitude measurements both parallel and perpendicular to the layers and dispersion curves. The effect of unsymmetrical roof (rock 1) and floor (rock 2) was studied with models containing homogeneous coal seams. Leaky mode wave groups with phase velocities (c_R) in the range between the SV-wave velocities (β_{r1, 2}) of the two rock materials, i.e. β_r1≥c_R > β_r2, form a characteristic part of the Rayleigh seam wave signal. Using Knott's energy coefficient calculations it is shown that in that range energy leakage into the surrounding rock by refracted SV-waves is restricted to only one of the two interfaces, namely coal/rock 2. At the other interface, coal/rock 1, all waves are totally reflected. Thus, the high amplitudes of these leaky mode wave groups are explained by “quasi-normal mode” features. The influence of a dirt bed on wave propagation was studied in models where the roof and the floor have the same elastic properties. The maximum thickness of the dirt bed did not exceed 20% of the total seam thickness. The effect of the bed's location within the seam was also investigated. For all recorded normal-mode wave groups either the total seam or the coal layers could be regarded as wave guides. This was shown by the fact that the phases could be associated with the phase velocity dispersion curves calculated for the symmetrical sequence rock/coal/rock. These curves are relevant under the condition that the thickness of the coal layer assumed under the calculation coincides with the thickness of the effective wave guide of the respective wave groups. Wave groups guided in the total seam are not influenced by either the thickness or the position of the dirt bed. On the other hand, for wave groups guided in the coal layers, the quotient of signal amplitudes in the coal layers is influenced by the position of the dirt bed.     

冲击矿压危险预测的电磁辐射原理

由于煤岩冲击破裂过程中,裂缝的形成和颗粒的摩擦会产生电磁辐射,因此,可采用电磁辐射技术来预测煤矿的冲击矿压危险.研究表明,电磁辐射基本上随着加载及变形速率的增加而增强;在发生冲击性破坏以前,电磁辐射强度一般在某个值以下,而在冲击破坏时,电磁辐射强度突然增加;煤体应力越大,变形破裂越强烈,电磁辐射信号也越强.煤岩变形破坏的弹塑脆性模型分析表明,煤岩体的损伤速度与电磁辐射脉冲数、声发射事件数成正比,与瞬间释放的能量、变形速度成正比.对具有强冲击危险工作面进行的研究表明,电磁辐射完全可以预测煤矿冲击矿压危险,检验卸压爆破效果,而且准确率高,效果明显.     

The acoustic emission from rock under stress and hydraulic pressure

The essential conditions for effective and ecologically safe exploitation of underground waste storage are maintenance, prevention, and monitoring of tightness of rock masses covering and surrounding the reservoir rock complex. This monitoring can be realized by a especially designed acoustic measurement system.The reservoir rock complexes - without leakage - are supposed to be in physical equilibrium; without changes of rock dynamic properties the acoustic emission vanishes. In contrast, as is shown, the results of the field tests carried out in coal mines proved that there was a correlation between the stresses and the acoustic emission ratio. The laboratory experiments also showed correlation between changes of permeability of coal samples and acoustic emission.the explanation of the observed results is based on the development of inelastic deformation of a rock skeleton. The plastic strains in the porous rock appear after overcoming the yield point. The yield point value can be extended by increase of shear stresses, effective stresses and interstitial pressure.In particular, there are three kinds of dynamic phases which may appear preceding the failure of leak tightness:

1. (1) breaking of the rock masses due to stress (Griffith criterion of stability may be expressed in terms of the acoustic emission parameters),

2. (2) the dilatant corrosion of pressure plasticity resulting from chemical, physical and thermal activities, and

3. (3) the destructive increase of pressure in rock pores.

This paper presents the statistical parameters describing the acoustic emission from the rock mass and the dynamic processes mentioned above are described in terms of seismoacoustic activity.     

Correlation of T-log with E-log in coal-bearing formations

The profile of temperature gradient versus depth (T-log) has been found to be very useful for correlation with electrical resistivity log (E-log) in coal-bearing formations. A positive correlation between electrical resistivity and thermal resistivity is observed in coal sections whereas a negative correlation is found in sandstone/shale beds, thus helping in coal prospect evaluation. T logs have been used to correct the location of coal bed which had apparently been misinterpreted by the E-log. Hole to hole correlation of T-log and E-log is found to be excellent and it is observed that thermal resistivity characteristics of given formations remain fairly uniform. A rough estimation of coal grade is possible from the detailed study of the T-logs. Abrupt changes of temperature gradient as also its reversals have been observed in burnt coal sections.     

地震活动热红外异常的影响因素分析

对地表热红外辐射的基础理论和各类地物的热红外辐射特性进行了简略介绍;对地形地貌、地物类型和气象等非震因素对地表热红外辐射的影响及地表热红外亮温的时空变化特征进行了详细的分析;对各类非震因素的去除方法进行了探讨。初步认为,充分研究活动构造区带在各类非震因素影响下的热红外影像特征,掌握无震条件下的红外亮温时空演化过程,建立红外亮温变化的基准模型及各类非震因素的扣除模型,将有可能较好地排除非震因素的影响,检测出与地震活动有关的热异常。     

Acoustic emission and volumetric strain induced in coal by the displacement sorption of methane and carbone dioxide

The aim of this study was to assess whether acoustic emission (AE) could carry information on preferential sorption/desorption of CH₄ or CO₂ in coal. AE and expansion/contraction of two nearly identical cylindrical coal samples were continuously monitored during displacement sorption experiments. One sample was subjected to presorption of CH₄, followed by sorption of CH₄/CO₂ mixture. With the other one, presorption of CO₂ preceded sorption of the mixture. The results obtained are the following: first, AE and stain kinetics show that the affinity of the coal tested is higher for CO₂ than for CH₄; second, methane is preferentially desorbed after presorption of CH₄ — sorption of mixture of CH₄ and CO₂; third, during displacement sorption, kinetics of AE and sample swelling/shrinkage bring out the importance of presorption and the sorbate used. It matters whether the coal is first exposed to CH₄ or to CO₂. The present study has demonstrated that injection of CO₂ into the coal previously exposed to CH₄ causes considerable swelling of the coal. On desorption after CH₄/CO₂ exchange sorption, initial shrinkage is followed by swelling of the coal. These results could have implications for the sequestration of CO₂ in coal seams and CH₄ recovery from coalbeds (ECBM). Swelling/shrinkage of the coal matrix should be included in models used to predict coal permeability and gas flow rates. They also show that the AE technique can give more insights into coal matrix-gas interactions.     

不同单轴加压方式下岩石声发射的时间过程与频率特征

本文利用两个频率通道同时接收花岗岩标本及石灰岩标本在不同单轴加压方式下的声发射信号,研究了从加压到破坏的整个形变过程中,不同频道接收到的声发射率的变化特征.发现在各种加压方式下,花岗岩和石灰岩在破坏前,由不同频率通道接收到的声发射率均急剧增长;而在破坏的瞬间,高频通道接收的声发射率增长快于较低频率通道的声发射率.这两点可用来预测岩石的破坏.声发射率随轴向应力的变化与加压方式有关.匀速加压,加压过程中保持一段时间恒压或降压均对应一定的声发射率状态.有可能通过追踪声发射情况,推测应力变化趋势.      

Electromagnetic Radiation Generated by Acoustic Excitation of Rock Samples

The paper presents an experiment on acoustic excitation of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) signals in skarn, sandstone, and magnetite ore samples. For the skarn and sandstone samples, the EMR signal amplitude was observed to decrease with increasing ultimate strength. Supposedly, this effect can be explained by assuming that EMR is generated when an acoustic wave propagates through an electrical double layer. The presence of piezoelectric inclusions (e.g., quartz) in the magnetite ore enhances the analog EMR signal and its spectral components.     

New remote sensing techniques for the detection and quantification of earth surface CO2 degassing

Earth degassing specifically of carbon dioxide CO₂ is of increasing interest with respect to the global carbon budget, related climate effects, earthquake and volcano eruption mechanisms, as well as plant physiological reactions in gas-rich environments. Investigations in all of these disciplines require the detection of surface CO₂ degassing structures and quantification of their emissions. We introduce minimal thermal change detection based on infrared imaging as a new remote sensing tool for the detection of earth surface thermal anomalies suiting among others to discover earth degassing locations of any origin. The method allows for seamless areal search and monitoring of degassing structures in any terrain. As proof of concept infrared imaging measurements were performed at the Bossoleto vent on the eastern master fault of the Siena Graben (Tuscany, Italy). It is known for the migration of a large amount of CO₂-rich gas from deep geothermal reservoirs. Field data acquired confirmed the qualification of the method. Detection of CO₂ degassing locations from infrared image time series worked reliably and optimal detection conditions were identified (dry, calm, cloudless weather between dusk and dawn). A simple model of heat exchange processes involved and observed was developed. In a first attempt this model was applied to determine the gas exit temperature, the area of gas thermal reach and the gas flux from recorded image series. It is the first method that allows remote areal survey of mofette fields and the associated CO₂ flux quantification sole from infrared image time series.     

An improved TES algorithm based on the corrected ALPHA difference spectrum

Different from visible signals, thermal infrared radiances depend on both temperature and emissivity. It is a key problem for us to separate temperature and emissivity in thermal infrared remote sensing re- search. Another difficulty encountered in the retrieval of surface temperature is the correction of downwelling sky irradiance, because it is closely related to surface emissivity. When emissivity is un- known, the downwelling sky irradiance is difficult to be removed. In this paper, we introduce a correc- tion term of downwelling sky irradiance developed by Li and Becker into Wien’s approximation, to de- rive an improved ALPHA difference spectrum which is independent of temperature, and furthermore develop a correction term to remove the error of Wien’s approximation. Under the support of the above work, attractive features of Alpha derived emissivity method and ASTER TES algorithm are combined together to acquire a new Improved TES algorithm based on Corrected ALPHA Difference Spectrum (ICADS TES). Because a multi-band inversion technique is applied, and the operations of band ratios and differences are included in the algorithm, it can partly remove the influence of atmosphere and noises. Numerical simulation experiments show that for various combinations of atmosphere, land covers and surface temperatures, the algorithm is applicable and stable. Its accuracy for temperature is 0―1.5 K, and that for emissivity is 0―0.015. Compared with current TES algorithms, our method has clear physical meaning, is easy to be implemented, and is applicable for a wide temperature range and surface types. The results are not influenced by the directional characteristic of emissivity. Because ICADS TES does not need the support of a priori information of surface types, it is also not influenced by the accuracy of classification and the problem of mixture pixels. Compared with our former TES algorithm based on corrected Alpha difference spectra (CADS TES), the new algorithm takes the effect of downwelling atmospheric radiation into account. When the quantity of atmosphere radiation can be estimated precisely, the performance of ICADS TES is much better.     

井中声电转换波场辐射能量定量分析

井中声激发极化效应研究是实现声激发极化测井实用化的技术基础,实质上是声波在双相孔隙介质中向电磁波的转化,其结果就是形成井中声电转换波场,最终表现为井中声场辐射能向电磁场能的转化.通过对双相孔隙介质中声激发极化过程声电转换波场能量的理论分析,研究了井中声电转换波场能量的总体构成,提出了井中低频声激发极化电场电能体密度的概念,并推导出具体表达式.通过采用实际地层参数模型进行井中低频声激发极化电场的模拟计算得到了井中低频声激发极化过程中电能体密度与声波频率与地层参数的相关关系.     

Numerical simulations of full-wave fields and analysis of channel wave characteristics in 3-D coal mine roadway models

Currently, numerical simulations of seismic channel waves for the advance detection of geological structures in coal mine roadways focus mainly on modeling twodimensional wave fields and therefore cannot accurately simulate three-dimensional (3-D) full-wave fields or seismic records in a full-space observation system. In this study, we use the first-order velocity–stress staggered-grid finite difference algorithm to simulate 3-D full-wave fields with P-wave sources in front of coal mine roadways. We determine the three components of velocity V_x, V_y, and V_z for the same node in 3-D staggered-grid finite difference models by calculating the average value of V_y, and V_z of the nodes around the same node. We ascertain the wave patterns and their propagation characteristics in both symmetrical and asymmetric coal mine roadway models. Our simulation results indicate that the Rayleigh channel wave is stronger than the Love channel wave in front of the roadway face. The reflected Rayleigh waves from the roadway face are concentrated in the coal seam, release less energy to the roof and floor, and propagate for a longer distance. There are surface waves and refraction head waves around the roadway. In the seismic records, the Rayleigh wave energy is stronger than that of the Love channel wave along coal walls of the roadway, and the interference of the head waves and surface waves with the Rayleigh channel wave is weaker than with the Love channel wave. It is thus difficult to identify the Love channel wave in the seismic records. Increasing the depth of the receivers in the coal walls can effectively weaken the interference of surface waves with the Rayleigh channel wave, but cannot weaken the interference of surface waves with the Love channel wave. Our research results also suggest that the Love channel wave, which is often used to detect geological structures in coal mine stopes, is not suitable for detecting geological structures in front of coal mine roadways. Instead, the Rayleigh channel wave can be used for the advance detection of geological structures in coal mine roadways.     

CSAMT法在四台矿402盘区陷落柱构造探测中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法应用于寻找煤田落陷落柱构造，乃是个新课题。通过对大同矿务局四台矿４０２盘区的野外实际应用，发现了两个陷柱落构造，与实际资料基本吻合。     

Exploring the limits of identifying sub-pixel thermal features using ASTER TIR data

Understanding the characteristics of volcanic thermal emissions and how they change with time is important for forecasting and monitoring volcanic activity and potential hazards. Satellite instruments view volcanic thermal features across the globe at various temporal and spatial resolutions. Thermal features that may be a precursor to a major eruption, or indicative of important changes in an on-going eruption can be subtle, making them challenging to reliably identify with satellite instruments. The goal of this study was to explore the limits of the types and magnitudes of thermal anomalies that could be detected using satellite thermal infrared (TIR) data. Specifically, the characterization of sub-pixel thermal features with a wide range of temperatures is considered using ASTER multispectral TIR data. First, theoretical calculations were made to define a “thermal mixing detection threshold” for ASTER, which quantifies the limits of ASTER's ability to resolve sub-pixel thermal mixing over a range of hot target temperatures and % pixel areas. Then, ASTER TIR data were used to model sub-pixel thermal features at the Yellowstone National Park geothermal area (hot spring pools with temperatures from 40 to 90 °C) and at Mount Erebus Volcano, Antarctica (an active lava lake with temperatures from 200 to 800 °C). Finally, various sources of uncertainty in sub-pixel thermal calculations were quantified for these empirical measurements, including pixel resampling, atmospheric correction, and background temperature and emissivity assumptions.