一种新型高度地形追随坐标在GRAPES区域模式中的实现:理想试验与比较研究

将一种新的高度地形追随坐标(Klemp坐标)引入了GRAPES区域模式,并与传统追随坐标(Gal-Chen坐标)和平缓地形追随坐标(SLEVE,Smooth Level Vertical coordinate)进行了比较。对不同坐标下气压梯度力的计算误差通过理想静止大气试验进行了评估,结果表明:与Gal-Chen坐标和SLEVE坐标相比,Klemp坐标有效地减小了气压梯度力的计算误差。理想重力波模拟试验表明,Klemp坐标下对重力波的模拟相比其他两种坐标也更接近于解析解。模式进一步采用了Mahrer气压梯度计算方案减少了计算误差,并提高了模式的精度和稳定性。实际个例试验与理想试验的结论相似。     

两种地形追随坐标对一次强降水过程模拟影响对比分析

利用GRAPES_Meso 区域中尺度模式,选择传统追随坐标(简称Gal.C.S 坐标)和新的平缓追随坐标(简称SLEVE1坐标)两种高度地形追随坐标,对一次强降水天气过程进行数值模拟,对比分析两种不同地形追随坐标的影响。个例模拟结果表明,SLEVE1 对降水场、风场、温度场、高度场的模拟预报均有改进;与Gal.C.S 坐标相比,SLEVE1 坐标通过平滑坐标面上的地形作用,减小虚假垂直速度进而减少虚假降水;SLEVE1 坐标模拟的各要素场剖面图等值线上的小尺度噪音有不同程度衰减,预报要素均方根误差减小,相关系数增大;SLEVE1 坐标临界衰减高度越小,模拟预报结果越好,该高度受到最大地形高度的约束。     

逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标在高分辨率GRAPES模式中的应用研究

高分辨率GRAPES模式如3?km模式对地形的识别程度更高,模式中各高度坐标面可识别的地形坡度也更大,地形作用带来的气压梯度力计算误差和平流输送误差更突出.平缓地形追随坐标可以通过多种方式衰减坐标面上的地形影响进而减小这些计算误差.选择一种逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标,基于GRAPES-3km模式进行理想试验和批量模...     

一种改进的平缓-混合地形追随坐标在GRAPES中尺度模式中的应用研究

平缓-混合地形追随坐标（T-F坐标）可以减小坐标面上的地形影响带来的各种计算误差。以余弦三角函数为基函数的平缓-混合坐标（COS坐标）高层坐标面水平,计算误差较小,但是低层坐标面之间的厚度较薄,增大了计算误差,给模式稳定性及模拟效果带来较大的影响。设计一种改进的COS坐标,使低层坐标面垂直分布更加均匀,应用于GRAPES-Meso模式进行理想试验和实际模拟试验。结果表明,改进的COS坐标相对COS坐标,中高层计算误差相当,低层地形作用衰减的垂直变化更加均匀,减小了计算误差,提高了计算稳定性;地形重力波试验结果显示,改进的COS坐标重力波破碎相对COS坐标有一定缓解,更接近解析值;批量模拟试验结果显示,改进的COS坐标各个层次上的月平均模拟偏差比单尺度双曲函数平缓-混合坐标（简称SLEVE1坐标）更小,均方根误差减小,距平相关系数增大。改进的COS坐标有效地解决了COS坐标的计算问题,提高了模式预报效果。      

地形跟随坐标下的中尺度模式气压梯度力计算误差分析及其改进方案

GRAPES_Meso模式预报存在南风偏大、虚假降水偏多等问题,且在大地形下游地区异常明显。平缓-混合坐标可以有效减小气压梯度力计算误差以及平流输送误差,而这两种误差与风场和水汽场预报密切相关。基于GRAPES_Meso模式选择四种平缓-混合坐标对一次典型的高原东部准静止锋降水过程进行模拟分析。模拟结果表明,较弱的天气形势演变下,平缓-混合坐标的改进效果比较明显,可以有效缓解风场预报偏差、虚假降水、虚假天气系统等问题,个例模拟的结果与实况更接近。

     

不同平缓-混合坐标对一次高原准静止锋降水过程模拟影响对比分析

GRAPES_Meso模式预报存在南风偏大、虚假降水偏多等问题,且在大地形下游地区异常明显。平缓-混合坐标可以有效减小气压梯度力计算误差以及平流输送误差,而这两种误差与风场和水汽场预报密切相关。基于GRAPES_Meso模式选择四种平缓-混合坐标对一次典型的高原东部准静止锋降水过程进行模拟分析。模拟结果表明,较弱的天气形势演变下,平缓-混合坐标的改进效果比较明显,可以有效缓解风场预报偏差、虚假降水、虚假天气系统等问题,个例模拟的结果与实况更接近。     

Characteristics of pressure gradient force errors in a terrain-following coordinate

"地形追随坐标系中气压梯度力误差的特征分析"一文通过几何分析和理想实验,对比了地形追随坐标系两种方案(经典方案和协变方案)中气压梯度力(PGF)误差的特征。结果表明:(1)经典方案的PGF误差受"垂直气压梯度","气压梯度的方向(α)","垂直层的坡度(φ)"三者影响,垂直气压梯度越大,气压梯度与水平方向的夹角越大,垂直层坡度越大,误差越大;(2)协变方案的PGF误差不受上述三因子影响。此外,通过定义参数TT(TT=tanφ·tanα)能定量分析经典方案的PGF误差。     

Pressure gradient errors in a covariant method of implementing the σ-coordinate: idealized experiments and geometric analysis

本文针对经典σ坐标的气压梯度误差(PGF误差),采用多种地形展开理想试验,对比经典σ坐标的经典方案和协变方案的PGF误差。结果表明:计算空间中,协变方案始终能减小经典方案的误差,地形越陡,效果越明显。然而,几何分析和理想试验均表明:协变方案仅能减小计算空间的误差,不能减小物理空间的误差;相比经典方案,正交地形追随坐标能同时减小计算空间和物理空间的误差。     

非静力中尺度高分辨率模式模拟中的垂直坐标影响研究

近几年来,随着高性能计算机技术的高速发展,甚高分辨率的中尺度数值预报模式业务应用已成为可能,与之相关的一系列模式技术的新问题也随之提了出来,垂直坐标系的影响就是其中之一。文中借助于美国新一代数值预报模式WRF(WeatherReseachandForecast),比较了非静力中尺度模式高分辨率模拟应用的垂直坐标影响问题。研究表明,当选用几何高度(z)和气压(p)来构造地形追随坐标时,低层两坐标引起的误差基本一样,中高层高度地形追随坐标引起的误差小于气压地形追随坐标;而且分辨率越高差异愈大。高分辨率模拟结果也表明,这种差异趋势是存在的;此外,本文对天气过程的预报要素场进行了相关的分析。     

数值预报模式中双三次曲面地形与水平气压梯度力计算

利用C3连续双三次曲面拟合了全球数值模式地形曲面;讨论构建了有复杂地形数值模式引入地形追随高度坐标((z)坐标)后,同时引入包含定常斜率、曲率和挠率的双三次曲面地形,又进一步讨论了双三次曲面地形模式大气的水平气压梯度力计算问题.结果表明,对(z)坐标模式大气的压、温、湿场,通过做经、纬向三次样条拟合,求得地形斜率“静力平衡”气压差,从而插值(反演)任一水平面(海平面)上的气压场,同时可以求得时变的参考大气,则计算水平气压梯度(力)的精度,完全依赖于插值(反演)对应的水平面(海平面)气压场的计算精度.并指出,理论上可按三次样条的曲率判断,做变量场(地形)的局域或单点平滑.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.