华北克拉通岩石圈地幔特征与演化过程

克拉通能否长期稳定存在,主要取决于岩石圈地幔的特征和属性.中生代以来,华北岩石圈地幔的组成和性质发生了根本性转变,导致了克拉通破坏.尽管目前取得了上述共识,但是对岩石圈地幔转变形式与机制的认识仍然存在分歧.本文以华北克拉通破坏前后岩石圈地幔的特征为视角,对华北不同时代幔源岩石及地幔捕虏体的研究结果进行综述,旨在为上述问题的讨论提供新的思路.华北古生代岩石圈厚达200km,具有高度难熔、SrNd同位素富集的克拉通型岩石圈地幔特征;中生代岩石圈地幔具有易熔、同位素高度富集的特征,在空间上具有明显的不均一性和分布规律;在新生代,华北东部岩石圈厚约60～80km,具有易熔、同位素亏损的大洋型岩石圈地幔特征;中部带岩石圈厚度大于100km,岩石圈地幔具有上老下新的双层结构;西部岩石圈厚达200km,仍然保存有克拉通型古老地幔.岩石圈地幔组成的转变主要是通过橄榄岩-熔体反应的方式实现的.古生代周边板块的多次俯冲作用使华北克拉通边缘地区岩石圈地幔的组成发生了明显改变.中生代古太平洋板块俯冲作用的叠加,促成华北东部岩石圈地幔组成和性质的根本转变,导致克拉通破坏区域的面积占华北总面积的1/2以上.从克拉通破坏的峰期时间和破坏区域空间展布来看,古太平洋板块俯冲及其驱动的深部动力学过程是华北克拉通破坏的一级控制因素.造成东部岩石圈巨厚减薄的主导因素是俯冲板块回转、海沟后撤引起的大陆岩石圈伸展.俯冲板块机械侵蚀、熔流体交代作用造成的岩石圈弱化、非稳态地幔流动伴随的热-化学侵蚀和岩石圈局部拆沉共同加剧了岩石圈减薄和克拉通破坏的进程.     

华北地区岩石圈类型: 地质与地球物理证据

根据华北地区的地质和地球物理特征, 区分出华北地区的克拉通型、造山带型和裂谷型3 种岩石圈类型, 依据岩石学方法以及地震波速与成分的关系, 建立了华北地区克拉通型、造山带型和裂谷型岩石圈的壳幔岩石学结构和化学结构. 研究表明, 华北地台具有与全球典型克拉通一致的特征, 鄂尔多斯为经历了中新生代地台“活化”和“改造”后残存的克拉通岩石圈, 陆壳主体成分由TTG构成, 岩石圈地幔主要由强亏损的方辉橄榄岩构成, 它于晚太古宙-早元古宙最终形成以后, 一直保持至今, 其壳幔岩石学结构可以作为华北乃至中朝地台克拉通型岩石圈的一个参照. 中生代时期, 华北地台中东部地区在燕山造山过程中被“活化”, 大量对流地幔物质与热输入使该区原来的TTG陆壳组分被改造成为花岗质陆壳, 岩石圈地幔被燕山期形成的方辉橄榄岩-二辉橄榄岩所代替. 燕山-太行山是华北东部地区新生代发育裂谷作用后残留的造山型岩石圈, 因为经历了新生代的伸展减薄, 现今的厚度不能代表燕山期造山时的地壳和岩石圈地幔厚度, 但岩石圈地幔和陆壳的物质及其结构仍然是燕山运动期间造山时形成的. 新生代时期, 华北东部的大陆裂谷作用形成以华北东部平原为代表的裂谷型岩石圈; 随着裂谷发育, 大量玄武岩喷发, 使燕山期的“酸性化”陆壳又被“基性化”, 燕山期形成的岩石圈地幔被破坏形成以二辉橄榄岩为主体的喜山期岩石圈地幔; 裂谷型地壳和岩石圈地幔经历了岩石圈尺度上伸展减薄和热侵蚀, 现今地球物理探测的岩石圈地幔和陆壳的物质和结构是新生代形成的. 华北地区岩石圈形成和演化表明, 大量对流地幔物质与热输入是不同类型岩石圈形成的关键, 壳幔岩石学结构是岩石圈演化的综合记录, 它们是中新生代中国大陆动力学系统与华北地台东侧的太平洋板块共同作用的结果.     

中国东部大陆岩石圈地幔及幔源岩浆岩水含量和氢同位素组成

中国东部华北陆块和华南陆块的地幔包体单矿物和全岩水含量变化很大,总体低于全球其他克拉通和非克拉通岩石圈地幔包体单矿物和全岩水含量.然而,具有新生岩石圈地幔来源的莒南橄榄岩包体单矿物和全岩水含量总体高于其他中国东部岩石圈地幔包体,指示中国东部新生岩石圈地幔的初始水含量并不低.地幔包体中单矿物水含量与Mg~#之间无明显相关关系,其中的辉石缺乏水扩散环带,因此地幔包体的低水含量与包体随玄武岩岩浆上升过程的水扩散丢失无关.大陆岩石圈地幔底部受到热软流圈地幔烘烤有可能会造成水的扩散丢失,但是熔体提取也可能是引起低水含量的原因之一.通过斑晶水含量计算得到的中国东部中生代和新生代玄武岩初始熔体水含量均高于正常洋中脊玄武岩.中生代玄武岩初始熔体水含量与岛弧玄武岩类似,而新生代玄武岩初始熔体水含量则与洋岛玄武岩和弧后盆地玄武岩类似(部分地区与岛弧玄武岩类似).这些结果表明,大陆玄武岩地幔源区相对富水,指示其地幔源区曾经受到深俯冲地壳脱水所形成的富水流体/含水熔体的交代,使其水含量升高.中国东部新生代幔源巨晶、包体矿物和玄武岩斑晶的氢同位素组成变化也很大,反映中国东部新生代岩石圈地幔氢同位素组成高度不均一.新生代岩石圈地幔具有高于亏损地幔的水含量和偏离亏损地幔值的氢同位素组成,反映其受到过俯冲太平洋板片部分熔融所产生熔体的交代.俯冲大洋板片脱水熔融产生的富水流体和含水熔体对大陆岩石圈地幔底部的交代导致其水含量增加,引起底部岩石黏滞度降低,进而导致岩石强度的降低,使其容易被构造侵蚀乃至拆沉.因此,大洋俯冲隧道中的壳幔相互作用是克拉通岩石圈减薄的重要诱因.     

吉林红旗岭地区造山后镁铁-超镁铁岩体的年代测定及其意义

吉林省中部红旗岭地区镁铁-超镁铁杂岩广泛发育,年代学资料表明,红旗岭-漂河川岩体形成于晚三叠纪(距今约216Ma),与该区A型花岗岩的年龄相当,但略微年轻一些。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,镁铁-超镁铁岩普遍可见包橄结构,橄榄石晶体平衡岩浆属于高MgO玄武质岩浆,微量元素和同位素模拟结果均显示岩浆源区主要为亏损地幔或新生岩石圈地幔。根据这些结果,同时结合相关研究,提出这些镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体的形成与该区大量造山后A型花岗岩带的形成相吻合,其形成主要是由于造山后期岩石圈板块的拆沉减薄效应,软流圈地幔上隆及大量幔源岩浆上侵,底垫于地壳底部,并经历了强烈的结晶分异作用     

榴辉岩下地壳拆沉的数值模拟

镁铁质的下地壳在一定的条件下可相变为榴辉岩并拆沉进入地幔,榴辉岩下地壳的拆沉可造成大陆地壳向长英质演化.地球化学研究显示,秦岭大别山地区在碰撞后期大约145-130Ma时还存在着加厚的榴辉岩下地壳;而到了130Ma时,加厚下地壳消失并产生了铁镁质和花岗质岩浆侵入.碰撞造山阶段,加厚的冷的地幔岩石圈的重力不稳定可造成岩石圈的拆沉,并携带下地壳一起进入地幔.但对碰撞造山构造运动后期的造山带或克拉通区域,地幔岩石圈基本处于稳定状态,下地壳榴辉岩化将对下地壳的拆沉起重要作用.本文采用二维有限元数值模拟的方法研究了岩石圈地幔重力稳定状态下,下地壳榴辉岩的拆沉过程以及拆沉时间.模型的主要参数包括下地壳榴辉岩的黏性(η_2)、密度(B_2)、总体规模(s)和岩石圈地幔的黏性(η_1).数值计算结果显示,由于下地壳榴辉岩的重力不稳定性,它能与其下的稳定岩石圈一起发生拆沉,拆沉过程的持续时间(t)与模型参数密切相关,大量计算分析显示t=7.3005×10~(-7)exp(0.6593η_2/η_1)η_1~(1.066)B_2~(-0.688)s~(0.1451η_2/η_1-0.9831).结果表明,岩石圈地幔的黏性对拆沉时间具有更重要影响,岩石圈地幔黏性的减小可促进下地壳榴辉岩的拆沉.若假定下地壳榴辉岩的密度为3.48×10~3kg/m~3(即B_2=1),黏性为5×10~(21)pa s,当岩石圈地幔的黏性减小到2×10~(21)pa s时,60km×30km范围的下地壳榴辉岩的拆沉时间可小于18Myr.     

造山带下岩石圈地幔小尺度减薄的动力学成因

地质与地球物理观测数据表明青藏高原、安第斯山、以及帕米尔等典型造山高原之下均有明显的岩石圈地幔小尺度/分段式减薄现象.这些小尺度岩石圈减薄难以用经典的拆沉或对流减薄理论来解释,一方面,拆沉预示大尺度岩石圈地幔的剥离过程,而对流减薄则在黏度相对低的地幔岩石圈中发生,其主要以小尺度的局部增厚触发并仅减薄地幔岩石圈的底部区域.另一方面,拆沉或对流减薄模型都预测造山带尺度的地幔岩石圈拆离,都假设造山带岩石圈横向均一,然而实际的造山带岩石圈往往由多个不同的地块构成,块体之间岩性、物性、流变结构可能大有差别,即横向不均一性.这些造山带岩石圈地幔的横向不均一性,能否有效解释观测到的局部小尺度减薄现象？为此,我们构建了一系列高精度动力学数值模型,系统模拟了碰撞造山过程中岩石圈地幔的形变和不稳定性.结果表明,在塑性屈服强度很低的情况下,横向不均一的造山带岩石圈有发生分段式/小尺度减薄的可能性;其主要机理是由位错蠕变与强塑性作用所导致的应变集中使得地块间及壳幔间耦合弱化,从而使得较弱地块的岩石圈地幔在增厚时由于重力不稳定性而产生局部剥离,进而诱发小尺度软流圈上涌.模拟结果可以良好地解释发生在青藏高原东北缘、安第斯中部高原、以及帕米尔高原之下岩石圈的局部小尺度/分段式减薄现象.     

长江中下游地区的底侵作用及动力学演化模式: 来自地球物理资料的约束

总结分析了长江中下游地区已完成的深地震资料, 发现下地壳普遍存在似层状强反射, 认为下地壳的强反射为基性或超基性岩浆底侵引起的, 后者可能与岩石圈地幔拆沉有关. 在综合分析该地区区域地球物理、地质资料的基础上, 提出了长江中下游地区的地球动力学演化模式. 该模式认为长江中下游地区自二叠纪末经历了碰撞挤压、拆沉伸展、底侵熔融等重要地球动力学过程, 并最终形成了长江中下游巨型成矿带.     

华北克拉通岩石圈破坏的榴辉岩熔体-橄榄岩反应机制:实验约束

以碧溪岭榴辉岩和大麻坪尖晶石二辉橄榄岩为起始原料,在压力2.0GPa,温度1250～1400℃条件下进行榴辉岩熔体-橄榄岩反应的高温高压实验.实验结果显示,在榴辉岩熔体-二辉橄榄岩反应过程中,熔体消耗橄榄岩中的橄榄石和斜方辉石生成单斜辉石.实验产物的岩石序列为橄榄岩-辉石岩-石榴辉石岩,与Liu等在华北克拉通内部的汉诺坝地区发现的大量中生代地幔复合包体结构非常吻合.在温度1300和1350℃时,榴辉岩熔体-二辉橄榄岩反应产生的熔体具有高镁安山岩的成分特征(Mg#>45),表明榴辉岩熔体-橄榄岩反应可能是高镁安山岩形成的主要原因之一.实验结果表明华北克拉通下地壳榴辉岩在中生代可能发生过拆沉作用;榴辉岩拆沉进入软流圈地幔后,部分熔融产生的熔体可以消耗岩石圈地幔橄榄岩,导致华北克拉通的减薄,从而为华北克拉通岩石圈地幔被软流圈地幔改造的熔体-橄榄岩反应机制提供实验约束.     

大陆造山带岩石圈拆沉过程的数值模拟

岩石圈拆沉作用是指部分岩石圈由于重力不稳定性而沉入软流圈中的过程,与造山带的演化密切相关.本文基于非牛顿流体近似的有效黏度模型对岩石圈拆沉的过程进行了数值模拟,着重分析了岩石圈的黏度结构对拆沉作用的影响.数值模拟显示,下地壳控制着地壳与岩石圈地幔的耦合程度,对拆沉作用的过程和形态有很大的影响;在一定的初始重力不稳定性条...     

华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用与克拉通减薄和破坏

华北克拉通在中生代发生了岩石圈减薄,古老的大陆岩石圈地幔在减薄后被年轻的新生岩石圈地幔所取代.与此同时,华北克拉通发生了破坏,以大规模早白垩世岩浆作用为标志.尽管对这个现象有了共识,但是对华北克拉通岩石圈破坏的机制仍然存在争议.文章以华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用为视角,试图对上述争议提出解决办法.华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用以早白垩世的~121Ma为分界点,在此之前的镁铁质岩浆岩兼具岛弧玄武岩微量元素组成和明显富集Sr-Nd同位素组成的特点,而在此之后才开始出现兼具洋岛玄武岩微量元素组成和亏损至弱富集Sr-Nd同位素组成的镁铁质岩浆岩.这个差异表明,华北克拉通岩石圈地幔的地球化学性质在~121Ma发生了根本性转变.尽管华北克拉通在晚三叠世也出现过镁铁质岩浆作用,但是其成因是深俯冲华南陆块折返的结果,而古太平洋板块俯冲在那时尚未启动.古太平洋板块自侏罗纪开始向欧亚大陆东部之下俯冲,俯冲板片与上覆岩石圈地幔楔之间处于耦合状态,是俯冲板片脱水导致华北克拉通地幔的弱化阶段.古老岛弧型镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区可能既有侏罗纪时期俯冲古太平洋板片衍生流体与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间反应的产物,也有三叠纪时期俯冲华南陆壳衍生熔体与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间反应的产物.对于新生洋岛型镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区来说,则可能是俯冲古太平洋板片衍生熔体与华北岩石圈之下软流圈地幔之间反应的产物.从~144Ma开始,俯冲的古太平洋板片发生回卷,克拉通岩石圈底部受到侧向充填的软流圈地幔加热,导致弱化的克拉通岩石圈地幔发生减薄.在130~120Ma期间,减薄后的大陆岩石圈发生大规模破坏,不仅地幔楔下部超镁铁质交代岩发生部分熔融形成具有古老岛弧型地球化学信息的镁铁质岩浆岩,而且这些地区的下地壳岩石也受到加热发生大规模长英质岩浆作用.与此同时,回卷板片地壳岩石受到侧向充填的软流圈地幔加热,产生长英质熔体交代上覆软流圈地幔橄榄岩,这样在~121Ma开始部分熔融形成具有新生洋岛型地球化学信息的镁铁质岩浆岩,标志着华北克拉通岩石圈地幔已经被新生岩石圈地幔所取代.古太平洋板片在中生代时期向中国东部大陆之下的俯冲并不像现今地震层析成像所观察到的那样直接俯冲至地幔过渡带,而是像纳斯卡板块向美洲大陆之下俯冲那样为低角度俯冲.这种低角度俯冲不仅物理上可以直接侵蚀岩石圈地幔,而且化学上可以交代岩石圈地幔.因此,古太平洋板片与大陆岩石圈地幔之间的相互作用才是导致华北克拉通岩石圈地幔减薄和破坏的一级地球动力学机制.     

The water content and hydrogen isotope composition of continental lithospheric mantle and mantle-derived mafic igneous rocks in eastern China

The water contents of minerals and whole-rock in mantle-derived xenoliths from eastern China exhibit large variations and are generally lower than those from other on- and off-craton lithotectonic units. Nevertheless, the water contents of mineral and whole-rock in Junan peridotite xenoliths, which sourced from the juvenile lithospheric mantle, are generally higher than those elsewhere in eastern China. This suggests that the initial water content of juvenile lithospheric mantle is not low. There is no obvious correlation between the water contents and Mg^# values of minerals in the mantle xenoliths and no occurrence of diffusion profile in pyroxene, suggesting no relationship between the low water content of mantle xenolith and the diffusion loss of water during xenolith ascent with host basaltic magmas. If the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) base is heated by the asthenospheric mantle, the diffusion loss of water is expected to occur. On the other hand, extraction of basaltic melts from the SCLM is a more efficient mechanism to reduce the water content of xenoliths. The primary melts of Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalts in eastern China have water contents, as calculated from the water contents of phenocrysts, higher than those of normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The Mesozoic basalts exhibit similar water contents to those of island arc basalts, whereas the Cenozoic basalts exhibit comparable water contents to oceanic island basalts and backarc basin basalts with some of them resembling island arc basalts. These observations suggest the water enrichment in the mantle source of continental basalts due to metasomatism by aqueous fluids and hydrous melts derived from dehydration and melting of deeply subducted crust. Mantle-derived megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and phenocrysts in basalts from eastern China also exhibit largely variable hydrogen isotope compositions, indicating a large isotopic heterogeneity for the Cenozoic SCLM in eastern China. The water content that is higher than that of depleted MORB mantle and the hydrogen isotope composition that is deviated from that of depleted MORB mantle suggest that the Cenozoic continental lithospheric mantle suffered the metasomatism by hydrous melts derived from partial melting of the subducted Pacific slab below eastern China continent. The metasomatism would lead to the increase of water content in the SCLM base and then to the decrease of its viscosity. As a consequence, the SCLM base would be weakened and thus susceptible to tectonic erosion and delamination. As such, the crust-mantle interaction in oceanic subduction channel is the major cause for thinning of the craton lithosphere in North China.     

利用S波接收函数研究华南块体的岩石圈结构

本文基于跨越华夏块体至四川盆地西部的130个线性流动地震台站及其附近90个固定台网台站的观测资料,采用S波接收函数波动方程叠后偏移方法,开展了华南大陆岩石圈结构研究.成像结果显示,研究区岩石圈结构复杂,不同构造单元之间差异显著,构造边界带附近小尺度变化强烈.150 km以上的厚岩石圈主要位于四川盆地,不足100 km的薄岩石圈主要分布于川东褶皱带和华夏块体.雪峰山下方岩石圈厚度显著增加,且以雪峰山为界岩石圈结构和性质存在着显著的东西差异.结合其它地球物理观测得到的地壳-上地幔结构信息,我们提出：（1）四川盆地还保留着厚而冷的克拉通岩石圈根,且岩石圈地幔具有结构分层特征;（2）雪峰山可能是扬子克拉通与华夏块体在西南部的边界;（3）雪峰山以东区域可能经历了岩石圈的减薄和改造,且华南岩石圈的减薄与华北相似,都主体发生在东部地区,造成现今南北重力梯度带两侧强烈的结构差异.研究结果为认识华南大陆的构造演化及其深部动力学提供了地震学约束.     

Crust and upper mantle structure of East Asia from ambient noise and earthquake surface wave tomography

The complex tectonic background of East Asia makes it an ideal region for investigating the evolution of the continental lithosphere, for which high-resolution lithospheric structural models are essential. In this study, we measured Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion curves at periods of 10–120 s and group velocity dispersion curves at periods of 10–140 s using event records from more than 1,000 seismic stations in and around China. By jointly inverting new and previously published dispersion data from ambient noise and earthquakes, we developed a high-resolution shear-wave velocity model down to a depth of ～300 km beneath East Asia. Our model revealed heterogeneous lithospheric structures beneath East Asia, and allowed us to investigate the velocity structure of the entire lithosphere. We also derived crustal and lithospheric thickness models from the three-dimensional (3D) shear-wave model, revealing strong spatial heterogeneity and a general thinning trend of lithospheric thickness from west to east across the study region. Overall, our models reveal important lithospheric features beneath East Asia and provide a valuable baseline dataset for understanding continental-scale dynamics and evolution.     

Lateral variation in seismic velocities and rheology beneath the Qinling-Dabie orogen

The Qinling-Dabie orogen is an important tectonic belt that trends east-west and divides continental China into northern and southern parts.Due to its strong deformation,complicated structure,multiphase structural superposition and the massive exposed high and ultrahigh metamorphic rocks,its tectonic formation and geodynamical evolution are hot research topics worldwide.Previous studies mainly focused on the regional geological or geochemical aspects,whereas the geophysical constraints are few and isolated,in particular on the orogenic scale.Here,we integrate the available P- and S-wave seismic and seismicity data,and construct the rheological structures along the Qinling-Dabie orogen.The results demonstrate that:(1)there are strong lateral variations in the crustal velocity between the western and eastern sections of the Qinling-Dabie orogen,indicating the different origin and tectonic evolution between these two parts;(2) the lateral variations are also manifested in the rheological structure.The rigid blocks,such as South China and Ordos basin(North China Craton),resist deformation and show low seismicity.The weak regions,such as the margin of Tibet and western Qinling-Dabie experience strong deformation and accumulated stress,thus show active seismicity;(3) in the lower crust of most of the HP/UHP terranes the values of P-wave velocity are higher than the global average ones;finally(4) low P- and S-wave velocities and low strength in the lower crust and lithospheric mantle beneath Dabie indicate lithospheric delamination,and/or high temperature,and partial melting condition.     

Subduction and retreating of the western Pacific plate resulted in lithospheric mantle replacement and coupled basin-mountain respond in the North China Craton

The North China Craton (NCC) witnessed Mesozoic vigorous tectono-thermal activities and transition in the nature of deep lithosphere. These processes took place in three periods: (1) Late Paleozoic to Early Jurassic (～170 Ma); (2) Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (160–140 Ma); (3) Early Cretaceous to Cenozoic (140 Ma to present). The last two stages saw the lithospheric mantle replacement and coupled basin-mountain response within the North China Craton due to subduction and retreating of the Paleo-Pacific plate, and is the emphasis in this paper. In the first period, the subduction and closure of the Paleo- Asian Ocean triggered the back-arc extension, syn-collisional compression and then post-collisional extension accompanied by ubiquitous magmatism along the northern margin of the NCC. Similar processes happened in the southern margin of the craton as the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys ocean and collision with the South China Block. These processes had caused the chemical modification and mechanical destruction of the cratonic margins. The margins could serve as conduits for the asthenosphere upwelling and had the priority for magmatism and deformation. The second period saw the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk ocean and the shear deformation and magmatism induced by the drifting of the Paleo-Pacific slab. The former led to two pulse of N-S trending compression (Episodes A and B of the Yanshan Movement) and thus the pre-existing continental marginal basins were disintegrated into sporadically basin and range province by the Mesozoic magmatic plutons and NE-SW trending faults. With the anticlockwise rotation of the Paleo-Pacific moving direction, the subduction-related magmatism migrated into the inner part of the craton and the Tanlu fault became normal fault from a sinistral one. The NCC thus turned into a back-arc extension setting at the end of this period. In the third period, the refractory subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) was firstly remarkably eroded and thinned by the subduction-induced asthenospheric upwelling, especially those beneath the weak zones (i.e., cratonic margins and the lithospheric Tanlu fault zone). Then a slightly lithospheric thickening occurred when the upwelled asthenosphere got cool and transformed to be lithospheric mantle accreted (～125 Ma) beneath the thinned SCLM. Besides, the magmatism continuously moved southeastward and the extensional deformations preferentially developed in weak zones, which include the Early Cenozoic normal fault transformed from the Jurassic thrust in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt, the crustal detachment and the subsidence of Bohai basin caused by the continuous normal strike slip of the Tanlu fault, the Cenozoic graben basins originated from the fault depression in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt, the Bohai Basin and the Sulu Orogenic belt. With small block size, inner lithospheric weak zones and the surrounding subductions/collisions, the Mesozoic NCC was characterized by (1) lithospheric thinning and crustal detachment triggered by the subduction-induced asthenospheric upwelling. Local crustal contraction and orogenesis appeared in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt coupled with the crustal detachment; (2) then upwelled asthenosphere got cool to be newly-accreted lithospheric mantle and crustal grabens and basin subsidence happened, as a result of the subduction zone retreating. Therefore, the subduction and retreating of the western Pacific plate is the outside dynamics which resulted in mantle replacement and coupled basin-mountain respond within the North China Craton. We consider that the Mesozoic decratonization of the North China Craton, or the Yanshan Movement, is a comprehensive consequence of complex geological processes proceeding surrounding and within craton, involving both the deep lithospheric mantle and shallow continental crust.     

秦岭造山带岩石圈电性结构及其地球动力学意义

秦岭造山带三维电性结构特征的详细研究结果，结合其他多种地球物理和地质资料分析发现，自中新生代以来，尤其是晚近时期华北和扬子两地块向秦岭造山带持续陆内俯冲过程中，由于南秦岭岩石圈向北挤入作用，秦岭造山带的后陆冲断褶带和北秦岭厚皮叠瓦逆冲带，现今处于岩石圈叠置加厚与拆沉作用的初始期；与之相反，南秦岭正在经历拆沉－底侵的物质再循环作用，佛坪一带可能发育新的地幔柱；此外，在造山带北、南深部边界与内部不同岩石圈块体之间还伴随强烈的不同性质的走滑作用和物质侧向传输．最后探讨了秦岭造山带构造拆沉与巨厚岩石圈并存以及走滑构造作用等的地球动力学意义．     

Lithospheric thermal and compositional structure of South China jointly inverted from multiple geophysical observations

The detailed lithospheric structure of South China is the basis for the understanding of tectonic processes of eastern China.Specifically,two essential issues in the study of lithospheric structure are the thermal and compositional structures,which are usually derived from either geophysical or geochemical observations.However,inversions from single geophysical or geochemical datasets have certain limitations,making it necessary to develop joint inversions of geophysical,geochemical and petrological datasets.In this paper,through thermodynamic simulation and probabilistic inversion,we inverted multiple datasets including topography,geoid height,surface heat flow and surface wave dispersion curves for the 3D lithospheric thermal and compositional structure of South China.The results reveal a thin(<100 km)and flat LAB beneath the South China Fold System Block and the lower Yangtze Craton.Also,we found that the lithospheric mantle is primarily composed of saturated peridotite,indicating that the ancient refractory lithospheric mantle has been replaced by new materials.The dominant dynamic mechanism for lithospheric thinning in eastern South China may be the flat subduction of ancient Pacific slab,while thermal erosion may have also played a significant role.In contrast,the LAB depth beneath the Sichuan Basin is much thicker(>200 km),suggesting that the thick and cold craton lithospheric roots are retained.There may exist a discontinuous interface beneath the Sichuan Basin,with the saturated lower layer thicker than the refractory upper layer.As a result,the lithospheric mantle of the Sichuan Basin and surrounding regions is mainly composed of saturated and transitional peridotite.     

基于P波三重震相的华南地区上地幔速度结构研究

华南块体是研究太平洋板块俯冲和岩石圈减薄机制等问题的最佳场所之一.本文基于中国地震观测台网和大型流动台阵记录到的震中距10°~30°之间的两个中深源地震P波记录,利用三重震相波形拟合技术,获得了中扬子克拉通和华夏地块上地幔高精度P波速度结构.研究结果表明:(1)中扬子克拉通过渡带底部存在高速异常,系太平洋俯冲板块的滞留体.俯冲的板块并没有进入下地幔,660-km间断面下沉约11 km,与后尖晶石相变的克拉伯龙斜率为负有关.而华夏地块过渡带底部并无明显高速异常,接近全球平均模型;(2)整个华南块体,410-km间断面上方普遍存在低速层,主要与上地幔部分熔融有关,与IASP91相比P波速度减小了1.38%~2.29%;(3)在研究区域内,中扬子克拉通和华夏地块都存在岩石圈减薄(80 km),推测可能与太平洋板块俯冲和快速回撤导致的岩石圈拆沉有关.且华夏地块减薄程度较明显,下伏软流圈速度较低,说明其上地幔强度较弱、温度较高.另外,中扬子克拉通过渡带中存在一个较宽的速度梯度带,可能与520-km间断面有关,其具体成因有待进一步研究.     

Mesozoic mafic magmatism in North China: Implications for thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere

The North China Craton (NCC) has been thinned from >200 km to <100 km in its eastern part. The ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) has been replaced by the juvenile SCLM in the Meoszoic. During this period, the NCC was destructed as indicated by extensive magmatism in the Early Cretaceous. While there is a consensus on the thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere in North China, it has been hotly debated about the mechanism of cartonic destruction. This study attempts to provide a resolution to current debates in the view of Mesozoic mafic magmatism in North China. We made a compilation of geochemical data available for Mesozoic mafic igneous rocks in the NCC. The results indicate that these mafic igneous rocks can be categorized into two series, manifesting a dramatic change in the nature of mantle sources at ~121 Ma. Mafic igneous rocks emplaced at this age start to show both oceanic island basalts (OIB)-like trace element distribution patterns and depleted to weakly enriched Sr-Nd isotope compositions. In contrast, mafic igneous rocks emplaced before and after this age exhibit both island arc basalts (IAB)-like trace element distribution patterns and enriched Sr-Nd isotope compositions. This difference indicates a geochemical mutation in the SCLM of North China at ~121 Ma. Although mafic magmatism also took place in the Late Triassic, it was related to exhumation of the deeply subducted South China continental crust because the subduction of Paleo-Pacific slab was not operated at that time. Paleo-Pacific slab started to subduct beneath the eastern margin of Eruasian continent since the Jurrasic. The subducting slab and its overlying SCLM wedge were coupled in the Jurassic, and slab dehydration resulted in hydration and weakening of the cratonic mantle. The mantle sources of ancient IAB-like mafic igneous rocks are a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that were generated by reaction of the cratonic mantle wedge peridotite not only with aqueous solutions derived from dehydration of the subducting Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust in the Jurassic but also with hydrous melts derived from partial melting of the subducting South China continental crust in the Triassic. On the other hand, the mantle sources of juvenile OIB-like mafic igneous rocks are also a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that were generated by reaction of the asthenospheric mantle underneath the North China lithosphere with hydrous felsic melts derived from partial melting of the subducting Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust. The subducting Paleo-Pacific slab became rollback at ~144 Ma. Afterwards the SCLM base was heated by laterally filled asthenospheric mantle, leading to thinning of the hydrated and weakened cratonic mantle. There was extensive bimodal magmatism at 130 to 120 Ma, marking intensive destruction of the cratonic lithosphere. Not only the ultramafic metasomatites in the lower part of the cratonic mantle wedge underwent partial melting to produce mafic igneous rocks showing negative ε_Nd(t) values, depletion in Nb and Ta but enrichment in Pb, but also the lower continent crust overlying the cratonic mantle wedge was heated for extensive felsic magmatism. At the same time, the rollback slab surface was heated by the laterally filled asthenospheric mantle, resulting in partial melting of the previously dehydrated rocks beyond rutile stability on the slab surface. This produce still hydrous felsic melts, which metasomatized the overlying asthenospheric mantle peridotite to generate the ultramafic metasomatites that show positive ε_Nd(t) values, no depletion or even enrichment in Nb and Ta but depletion in Pb. Partial melting of such metasomatites started at ~121 Ma, giving rise to the mafic igneous rocks with juvenile OIB-like geochemical signatures. In this context, the age of ~121 Ma may terminate replacement of the ancient SCLM by the juvenile SCLM in North China. Paleo-Pacific slab was not subducted to the mantle transition zone in the Mesozoic as revealed by modern seismic tomography, and it was subducted at a low angle since the Jurassic, like the subduction of Nazca Plate beneath American continent. This flat subduction would not only chemically metasomatize the cratonic mantle but also physically erode the cratonic mantle. Therefore, the interaction between Paleo-Pacific slab and the cratonic mantle is the first-order geodynamic mechanism for the thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere in North China.     

利用地震光照成像法研究青藏高原东南缘岩石圈间断面结构及其动力学意义

为了进一步认识青藏高原东南缘的构造演化等动力学问题以及该区域的深部孕震机理,本文使用位于该区域内的中国地震科学台阵探测项目的台站所记录到的远震P波波形数据,采用地震光照成像法获取了岩石圈间断面的结构,并讨论了该方法的准确性和稳定性。研究结果显示,青藏高原东南缘的岩石圈西薄东厚,其中:滇缅泰地块腾冲火山附近最薄,约为60 km,其较薄的岩石圈可能是软流圈地幔物质上涌造成的;扬子地块岩石圈厚度从四川盆地向南逐渐减薄,特别是四川盆地下方最厚,可达190 km左右;滇缅泰地块腾冲火山下方150 km深度左右探测到明显的间断面,该间断面可能是腾冲火山原始岩浆源的位置即岩浆源。本研究所得结果 “印支地块与滇缅泰地块结构的连续性” 进一步为印度板块的推挤作用造成腾冲火山低速物质向东溢出的结论提供了地震学证据。此外,研究区域最北端的剖面显示,峨眉山大火成岩省的内带在50—250 km深度范围及其上方地壳内存在明显的局部高速异常,其不均匀分布特征可能与二叠纪火山喷发过程中岩浆底侵及中新生代以来多期次构造活动有关。