利用GS-LightGBM机器学习模型识别致密砂岩地层岩性

以交会图为代表的传统岩性识别图版无法适用于致密砂岩地层,其主要原因是大部分地层岩性的测井响应特征相似度高,难以基于图版分析被有效识别.LightGBM较传统模式识别模型能更高效地解决问题,为此采用该模型识别致密砂岩地层岩性.由于LightGBM在建模时利用了较多的超参数,导致预测结果难以保证为最优,所以采用GS算法进行...     

井控主成分分析技术在储层预测中的应用

南堡凹陷中浅层火成岩类型多、非均质性强,利用单一技术方法难以有效刻画火成岩和砂岩储层的空间分布,制约了中浅层砂岩油气藏的勘探开发。在岩石物理交会分析基础上,利用对岩性响应敏感的纵波阻抗、伽马、泊松比和甜点4类地震属性和PCA主组分降维技术,对玄武岩、蚀变火成岩、砂岩、泥岩四类岩性进行了有效的区分,利用创新的井控综合解释技术获得了最终岩性体数据,达到在复杂岩性背景下准确识别砂岩储层的目的。结果表明,地震预测与实钻情况吻合程度较高,达到87.1%,预测的火成岩与砂岩分布特征与区域地质认识相匹配,为研究区滚动开发和开发调整提供了有力技术支撑。     

基于梯度提升决策树(GBDT)算法的岩性识别技术

对覆盖区下伏岩体的有效识别是实现深部找矿突破的关键,近年来机器学习理论的发展为岩性识别提供了新的思路。梯度提升决策树(GBDT)算法是以决策树为基函数的集成学习方法,算法通过将学习得到的多个树模型进行集成,可以达到同时减少模型方差和偏差的效果。本文以地球化学元素数据为基础,利用GBDT算法进行岩性识别研究,并将所得结果与KNN、SVM和决策树3种机器学习算法进行对比,结果表明,针对岩性识别问题,GBDT算法具有更高的精度,可以作为岩性识别的参考技术,具有一定的推广和应用价值。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9小层致密砂岩含油性控制因素

综合分析鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9小层典型的致密砂岩储集层物性、岩心照片及荧光照片等资料,研究长9小层致密砂岩含油性控制因素。研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9小层致密砂岩含油性主要受物性、非均质性、岩性等因素的影响,具体表现为：(1)高塑性岩屑含量影响砂岩含油性,高塑性岩屑含量越高,砂岩物性越差,其含油性也越差;(2)碳酸盐胶结物含量越高,砂岩物性越差,其含油性也越差;(3)物性与其含油性正相关;(4)非均质性,其对含油性的影响巨大,容易造成纵横线油气运移的“隔断”,油气难以进入储集层成藏;(5)岩性,水下分流河道砂体岩性以灰白色含泥砾中砂岩或中-细砂岩为主,而水下分流河道间以深灰色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩或泥质粉砂岩为主,水下分流河道砂在该层段含油性好;(6)裂隙,其对储层的运聚具有极大的改善作用。结合安定组沉积末期长9输导层顶面石油优势运移路径的模拟结果,优选出杏河地区向镰刀湾东方向、西河口-安塞-下坪、沿河口-冯庄北有利勘探区带。     

吐哈盆地台北凹陷储集层岩石学特征

根据岩石铸体薄片和扫描电镜观察资料,分析了吐哈盆地台北凹陷中侏罗统储集层的岩性特征。七克台组中上部储集层以岩屑砂岩为主,属于第一岩性段．七克台组下部一西山窑组储集层以长石岩屑砂岩为主,属于第二岩性段．砂岩的岩性特征对储集层的物理性质具有明显的影响作用。     

梨树断陷营城组致密砂岩测井流体识别方法及其适应性分析

致密砂岩储层具有低孔隙度、低渗透率的特征,储层中的流体对测井响应的贡献大大减小,流体识别及评价变得更加困难,迫切需要发展有效的测井解释方法。从梨树断陷营城组致密碎屑岩储层的地质特征研究入手,基于孔隙流体对测井数据的敏感性研究了测井曲线重叠法、声波测井与反演声波曲线重叠法、孔隙度差值与比值法、电阻率—孔隙度交会图法、正态分布法等多种流体识别方法,建立并优选了有效的测井流体评价方法,实现了对研究区油气层的定性识别。研究表明,上述方法均适用于研究区的流体识别,2种重叠法、孔隙度差值与比值法、电阻率—孔隙度交会图法更适用于天然气储层,孔隙度差值与比值法、电阻率—孔隙度交会图法、正态分布法更适用于油水储集层。利用上述方法对研究区目标井进行了测井资料精细解释,重新认识和评价储层,为油田勘探开发提供重要的决策依据与参考。     

青海木里三露天天然气水合物钻孔岩性测井识别

三露天井田具有断层发育、地层缺失和重复明显、岩性种类较多等特点,岩性识别难度较大。为此,专门利用测井资料对三露天井田地层岩性进行了岩性识别研究。通过对14个天然气水合物钻孔不同岩性的测井响应特征分析,优选了自然伽马、中子和密度测井作为岩性识别敏感参数,并采用交会图技术制作了岩性识别图版,建立岩性划分标准,对三露天井田地层岩性进行识别与划分。利用测井资料能够识别7种主要岩性,包括砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥岩、油页岩和煤等。根据岩性测井识别结果,三露天井田岩性分布特征在横向上表现为东部砂岩物性好,西部地区泥岩较为发育;纵向上表现为木里组地层砂泥比为4.48,含有煤层204.5 m;江仓组地层砂泥比为0.84,泥岩和油页岩较为发育,更有利于水合物赋存。测井岩性识别结果为寻找三露天井田天然气水合物有利储层奠定了基础。     

济源凹陷中新生界储集层的岩性特征

笔者利用砂岩铸体薄片和扫描电镜观察资料，分析了济源凹陷中新生界储集层的岩性特征，下第三系储集层主要为长石砂岩。中生界储集层主要为岩屑质长石砂岩。砂岩的岩性特征对储集层的储集性能具有影响作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长7致密油岩性岩相类型识别及其应用

利用岩心、薄片、常规测井、成像测井等资料结合物性分析等,对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长7致密油岩性岩相等特征进行了研究。长7致密油储层以砂质碎屑流、浊流和滑塌成因的砂岩为主,烃源岩以泥岩、油页岩为主,根据粒度参数进一步将长7致密油岩性岩相划分为砂质碎屑流细砂岩相、浊流细砂岩相、浊流粉砂岩相、滑塌岩相、半深湖—深湖泥岩相以及油页岩相6类。通过岩心刻度常规和成像测井,建立了不同岩性岩相的测井识别评价标准,并实现了各单井纵向上的岩性岩相的识别和划分。在此基础上,进一步探讨了不同岩性岩相与TOC含量和脆性指数的关系。最后结合试油气资料和油气解释结论,阐明岩性岩相对致密油储层物性和含油气性的定量控制。致密油岩性岩相的研究可为后期成岩相、孔隙结构以及优质储集体预测等奠定基础,为研究区长7致密油的综合评价和有利发育区带预测提供理论指导和技术支持。     

金山气田致密砂岩储层含气性叠前地震预测方法研究

松辽盆地金山气田致密砂岩储层物性较差、流体地震响应特征弱,储层含气性有效识别和预测是精细勘探开发的关键。基于叠前地震道集提高品质处理及入射角道集叠加处理,开展致密砂岩含气储层AVO响应特征分析,优选流体因子属性定性预测含气储层展布范围;基于致密砂岩含气储层岩石物理交会分析,寻找含气性敏感弹性参数,优选纵横波速度比参数开展叠前反演刻画含气储层展布规律,实现致密砂岩储层含气性的定量预测。实际应用研究表明,预测结果与实钻井符合率较高,对其他地区致密砂岩储层含气性预测研究具有借鉴意义。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。