丹江口水库区岩石软化性能试验研究

通过采用岩样干燥、自然和饱和状态下的物理力学性能试验,对丹江口水库库区代表性岩样的软化性能进行了研究,以此探讨岩石软化作用,为丹江口水库续建工程诱发地震机理研究提供基础数据。结果表明,随着试件含水率的增加,岩石单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比均下降,岩石的软化系数与孔隙比有直接关系。     

Mass and magnetic properties for 3D geological and geophysical modelling of the southern Agnew–Wiluna Greenstone Belt and Leinster nickel deposits,Western Australia

Physical property measurements provide a critical link between geological observations and geophysical measurements and modelling. To enhance the reliability of gravity and magnetic modelling in the Yilgarn Craton's Agnew–Wiluna Greenstone Belt, mass and magnetic properties were analysed on 157 new rock samples and combined with an existing corporate database of field measurements. The new samples include sulfide ore, serpentinised and olivine-bearing ultramafic host-rocks, granitoid, and felsic and mafic volcanic and volcaniclastic country rock. Synthesis of the data provides a useful resource for future geophysical modelling in the region. Several rock types in the region have sufficiently distinct physical properties that a discriminant diagram is proposed to facilitate a basic classification of rock types based on physical properties. However, the accumulation of emplacement, metamorphic, hydrothermal and structural processes has complicated the physical properties of the rocks by imposing duplicate and sometimes opposing physical property trends. The data confirm that massive sulfide and ultramafic rocks have the most distinctive mass and magnetic properties but with variability imposed by their complex history. Sulfide content imposes the strongest control on densities, but can only be identified when comprising >10 vol% of the rock. The pyrrhotite-rich Ni-sulfide assemblages generally have similar magnetic properties to the host ultramafic rocks, but can have much lower susceptibilities where the thermal history of the rocks has favoured development of hexagonal pyrrhotite over monoclinic pyrrhotite. In ultramafic rocks that contain <10 vol% sulfides, density and susceptibility are primarily controlled by serpentinisation, with olivine breaking down to serpentine and magnetite in the presence of water. Serpentinisation dramatically lowered densities and increased susceptibilities, but had limited influence on the intensity of remanent magnetisation. All ultramafic rocks contain multidomain magnetite, and most contain low coercivity grains prone to overprinting by in situ viscous remanent magnetisation or drilling-induced isothermal remanent magnetisation during extraction. Despite the low coercivities, Koenigsberger ratios of 1–20 are observed indicating that viscous remanent magnetisation aligned parallel to the present Earth field must be considered in any magnetic modelling. It is also noted that coarser-grained intrusive varieties of all rock types (e.g. granite, gabbro) show remanent magnetisation intensities 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than their extrusive equivalents (felsic and basaltic volcanics).     

四川理塘地区花岗闪长岩特征及其增生楔弧岩浆活动

【研究目的】通过查明理塘地区拉扎嘎山花岗闪长岩的年龄、地球化学特征,探讨花岗闪长岩形成的时代、成因及构造背景,为研究甘孜—理塘洋盆俯冲增生构造演化过程提供依据。【研究方法】选取甘孜—理塘蛇绿混杂岩带俯冲增生楔内花岗闪长岩,系统开展岩相学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究。【研究结果】花岗闪长岩含有大量的角闪石、黑云母等铁镁矿物,局部见大量的闪长质包体和围岩捕掳体。岩体形成于晚三叠世（（207.2±1.5） Ma）,岩石属I型钙碱性准铝质花岗岩类,具富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、Th、U,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Ti,显示轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾式配分模式,具有Eu的负异常,是典型的火山弧型花岗岩。【结论】结合区域地质资料及本文研究成果,认为四川理塘地区拉扎嘎山花岗闪长岩与甘孜—理塘洋向西俯冲致使中咱地块东缘增生楔不断扩大密切相关,是增生楔杂岩熔融成不同类型岩浆混合的产物。创新点：四川理塘地区拉扎嘎山花岗岩形成于晚三叠世,具典型的火山弧型花岗岩地球化学特征,形成于甘孜—理塘洋西向俯冲致使增生楔杂岩熔融,为甘孜—理塘洋俯冲增生构造演化提供了新的证据。     

A Review of the Tensile Strength of Rock: Concepts and Testing

A review of the tensile strength of rock was conducted to determine the relationship between direct tensile strength (DTS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and to examine the validity of estimating tensile strength from other measured properties, such as the crack initiation (CI) threshold. A data set was gathered from the existing literature where tensile values could be reliably correlated with unconfined compressive strength or CI values. It was determined that the BTS obtained in standard testing is generally greater than the equivalent DTS and that this relationship is rock type dependent. CI yields a reasonable estimate of tensile strength and this correlation is improved when the BTS values are reduced to DTS values by rock type specific correlations. The factor f, in DTS = f BTS, can be considered to be approximately 0.9 for metamorphic, 0.8 for igneous and 0.7 for sedimentary rocks. The relationships presented demonstrate that there is wide scatter in the available data for estimating tensile strength likely due to both specimen variability and testing configuration, including platen geometry and relative stiffness. Estimates of tensile strength should only be used for preliminary design purposes and measurements should be made to confirm preliminary assumptions for each design.     

A modi?ed failure criterion for transversely isotropic rocks

A modified failure criterion is proposed to determine the strength of transversely isotropic rocks. Me-chanical properties of some metamorphic and sedimentary rocks including gneiss, slate, marble, schist, shale, sandstone and limestone, which show transversely isotropic behavior, were taken into consider-ation. Afterward, introduced triaxial rock strength criterion was modified for transversely isotropic rocks. Through modification process an index was obtained that can be considered as a strength reduction parameter due to rock strength anisotropy. Comparison of the parameter with previous anisotropy in-dexes in literature showed reasonable results for the studied rock samples. The modified criterion was compared to modified Hoek-Brown and Ramamurthy criteria for different transversely isotropic rocks. It can be concluded that the modified failure criterion proposed in this study can be used for predicting the strength of transversely isotropic rocks.     

A three-dimensional Hoek–Brown failure criterion based on an elliptical Lode dependence

A new three-dimensional (3D) Hoek–Brown (HB) failure criterion based on an elliptical Lode dependence is proposed to describe failure of rocks and concrete under multiaxial stress states. This criterion not only inherits all benefits of the classical HB criterion that is developed for the triaxial compression (TXC) of rocks but also accounts for the effect of the intermediate principal stress. It is capable of representing the strength difference between the triaxial extension (TXE) and TXC with the introduction of an additional coefficient k (0.5 ≤ k ≤ 1.0), which can be derived from TXE tests or taken as 0.53 for rocks in cases where the TXE test data is unavailable. Other two material constants (m_i and σ_ci) involved in this criterion can be obtained from TXC tests. Additionally, the failure surface of this criterion is smooth and convex on the deviatoric stress plane when 0.5 < k ≤ 1.0. The new criterion achieves very good fit to the test data of TXC/TXE, biaxial compression, and polyaxial compression (PXC) on a wide variety of rock materials and concrete, reported in the literature. Comparison of the new criterion with an existing 3D HB criterion based on the same Lode dependence has demonstrated that the new criterion performs better than the latter for test data of rock and concrete under multiaxial stress states except for PXC test data of one rock type. Finally, the influence of values of k on the accuracy of the new criterion is discussed.     

泥质岩有机质的赋存状态及其对泥质岩封盖能力的影响

应用荧光显微镜法,首次对济阳坳陷下第三系泥质岩中有机质的赋存状态进行了研究。下第三系泥质岩有机质的赋存状态可划分为顺层富集型、分散型和局部富集型等三种类型。有机质呈顺层富集型分布的泥质岩,其有机质丰度大多较高,主要沉积于半深湖-深湖相中。有机质呈分散型分布的泥质岩,其有机质丰度变化范围较大,大多形成在河流-三角洲相、滨-浅湖相或浊流沉积中。结合部分揭示泥质岩封盖能力的定量分析数据,下第三系泥质岩可概括出以下三种不同的组合特点:①泥质岩中有机质丰度高且有机质呈顺层富集型状态赋存时,泥质岩封盖能力差;② 泥质岩有机质丰度高且有机质呈分散型状态赋存时,泥质岩具有一定的封盖能力;③ 泥质岩有机质丰度低且有机质呈分散型状态赋存时,泥质岩封盖能力较好,因此,泥质岩中有机质的赋存状态对泥质岩的封盖能力有着不可忽视的影响。在研究评价泥质岩对油气藏的封盖能力时可作为重要的依据之一。     

Developing new equations for TBM performance prediction in carbonate-argillaceous rocks: a case history of Nowsood water conveyance tunnel

Nowsood water conveyance tunnel is 49 km long and has been designed for transferring 70 m³/s water from Sirvan river southward to Dashte Zahab plain in the west of Iran. This long tunnel has been divided into three sections, namely 1A, 1B and 2. By April 2008, about 5.3 km of the lot 2 of this project, with a total length of 26 km, were excavated by a double-shield TBM. The bored section of tunnel passed through different geological units of three main formations of the Zagross mountain ranges which mainly consist of weak to moderately strong argillaceous-carbonate rocks. This paper will offer an overview of the project, concentrating on the TBM operation, and review the results of the field performance of the machine. Also results of statistical analyses to evaluate correlation of TBM performance parameters with rock mass characteristics will be discussed. The results of machine performance analysis indicated that there are strong relationships between geomechanical parameters and TBM performance parameters in this particular project. In this research some empirical equations and a chart have been developed to estimate TBM performance parameters in similar cases based on common rock mass properties.     

A Simplified Failure Criterion for Intact Rocks Based on Rock Type and Uniaxial Compressive Strength

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of intact rock, which can be estimated using relatively straightforward and cost-effective techniques, is one of the most practical rock properties used in rock engineering. Thus, constitutive laws to represent the strength and behavior of (intact) rock frequently use it, along with additional intrinsic rock properties. Although triaxial tests can be employed to obtain best-fit failure criterion parameters that provide best strength predictions, they are more expensive and require time-consuming procedures; as a consequence, they are often not readily available at early stages of a project. Based on the analysis of an extensive triaxial test database for intact rocks, we propose a simplified empirical failure criterion in which rock strength at failure is expressed in terms of confining stress and UCS, with a new parameter which can be directly estimated from the UCS for a specified rock type in the absence of triaxial test data. Performance of the proposed failure criterion is then tested for validation against experimental data for eight rock types. The results show that strengths of intact rock estimated by the proposed failure criterion are in good agreement with experimental test data, with small discrepancies between estimated and measurements strengths. Therefore, the proposed criterion can be useful for preliminary (triaxial) strength estimation of intact rocks when triaxial tests data are not available.     

利用偏光显微镜反射光系统观察黑色生油岩电子探针薄片中的生烃母质特征

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7油层组的黑色泥岩、油页岩等黑色生油岩薄片中的生烃母质,因黑色石油、沥青等黑色有机质的覆盖或不透明,导致其在偏光显微镜透射光系统下观察常局部或整体呈现为黑色。因此,建立一种黑色生油岩薄片中生烃母质有效观察的方法,对致密油、页岩油的生烃研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文提出了一种利用电子探针薄片和偏光显微镜的反射光系统观察黑色生油岩中生烃母质特征的方法。该方法能够克服黑色生油岩薄片中生烃母质因被黑色有机质覆盖或不透明,而在偏光显微镜的透射光系统下局部或整体呈黑色的弊端,能够对生烃母质的大小、形态、结构、分布和物质成分等特征进行整体且清晰的观察。实践表明,本文提出的利用偏光显微镜反射光系统观察黑色生油岩电子探针薄片中生烃母质特征的方法,简单有效,易在致密油、页岩油的生烃研究领域推广使用。     

基于航空重磁资料对大杨树盆地南部及周边岩浆岩分布规律的认识

基于区域地质-地球物理综合研究, 利用最新实测的航空重磁综合测量数据, 结合野外踏勘与物性测量结果, 采用化极、向上延拓、垂向导数等场源分离或异常提取技术, 研究了大杨树盆地南部及周边不同类型岩浆岩的重磁异常响应, 圈定了其空间分布范围, 揭示了区域岩浆岩发育特征、分布规律及其控制因素。研究表明, 研究区不同类型的岩浆岩具有迥然不同的航磁异常特征; 本次采用的突出局部重磁异常的地球物理方法可以有效识别酸性、中酸性、中基性等岩浆岩; 本次系统圈定了具有地质意义的岩浆岩百余处, 多数岩浆岩沿北东向与北西向断裂及其两侧分布, 尤以断裂交汇部位最为发育, 说明断裂对岩浆活动具有明显的控制作用; 航空重磁揭示研究区发育较大规模的隐伏中基性火山岩, 为区域基础地质研究和火山岩盆地油气藏资源评价提供了重要的地质-地球物理依据。     

新疆可可托海稀有金属矿床矿物和岩石热红外光谱特征

当前新型材料、新能源在各个领域应用不断深化,稀有金属矿床迎来了世界范围内的研究与勘探热潮。新疆可可托海稀有金属矿床是我国最早开发利用稀有金属矿产资源的重要基地,但对其典型矿物和围岩的热红外反射光谱的认识还很缺乏,制约了对同类型矿床开展遥感地质调查和遥感地质学研究工作的推进。本文采用便携式热红外光谱仪,对可可托海3号脉的典型矿物岩石开展热红外光谱特征研究。结果表明:热红外光谱可以有效识别锂辉石、锂云母、绿柱石、电气石等典型的稀有金属矿物。其中,与锂云母相比,含锂云母伟晶岩产生了新的特征峰;含锂辉石伟晶岩、含电气石伟晶岩相比于各自单晶矿物,其反射特征峰均明显向短波方向偏移;含绿柱石伟晶岩光谱曲线反射特征峰比绿柱石单晶反射特征峰明显向长波方向偏移。本文初步建立了可可托海典型矿物和岩石热红外光谱特征数据库,总结了以锂辉石、锂云母等稀有金属矿床矿物、含矿伟晶岩及围岩的热红外光谱特征,可为热红外光谱进行稀有金属矿物的识别及花岗伟晶岩型矿床的勘探提供必要的基础数据支撑。     

Study on Smooth Blasting Results in Jointed and Fractured Rock

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Computing Petrophysical Properties in Porous Rocks Using a Boundary-Element Technique

An efficient numerical technique has been used to compute the deformation of pores of arbitrary shape embedded in a homogeneous elastic solid under the influence of applied stresses. The scheme is based on the boundary-element method, where single linear elements are used to generate solutions that satisfy prescribed boundary conditions. These solutions can be employed to describe the behavior of elastic moduli and other petrophysical properties in porous rocks. The numerical algorithm allows computation of the stress field induced by the pores in the solid. In this way, the effect of the interactions between pores caused by stress concentrations can be studied from a quantitative point of view. To test the algorithm, some interesting results are compared with existing models, for special cases available in the literature. Also, a model for the compressibility and porosity of sedimentary rocks, as a function of applied hydrostatic stress, was generated by mixing some realistic pore geometries generated with the numerical algorithm. Results were in good agreement with data obtained from selected samples of sandstones.     

武汉至十堰高速公路西段隧道围岩稳定性研究

依据工程地质勘察资料, 利用地质分析方法、试验参数的数理统计、极射赤平投影图和对典型工程实例的分析等手段, 研究了影响隧道围岩稳定的主要因素和围岩类别的主要特征, 认为坍塌是隧道工程的主要工程地质问题, 脉体边缘片理发育带、裂隙及降雨是影响隧道围岩稳定的主要因素.      

X射线粉晶衍射法在变粒岩鉴定与分类中的应用

变粒岩的鉴定通常以显微镜鉴定技术为主,但在显微镜下区分颗粒细小的长石、石英及绿泥石、蒙脱石、云母等层状硅酸盐矿物十分困难,仅通过显微鉴定技术对变粒岩进行定名可能产生较大误差,这对地质填图和原岩恢复工作会造成一些偏差,导致得出错误的地质结论。随着X射线衍射分析技术的发展,该技术已广泛应用于矿物学和岩石学的研究,本研究将结合X射线粉晶衍射技术,对显微镜下难以区分的细小矿物进行鉴定。共选用23件变粒岩样品,利用X射线粉晶衍射分析和显微镜岩石薄片鉴定技术,对变粒岩矿物组分进行检测,用X射线粉晶衍射矿物半定量分析结果验证岩石薄片鉴定结果准确性。显微镜岩石薄片鉴定结果与X射线粉晶衍射物相分析结果对比显示,10件样品定名一致,其余13件样品详细定名有差异。通过分析产生差异的原因,可以认为显微镜岩石薄片鉴定优势在于能确定岩石结构和构造,以及常见矿物组分;X射线粉晶衍射法的优势在于能检测出显微镜下较难区分的细小石英和长石颗粒的相对含量,并能检测出颗粒较小的绿泥石、蒙脱石及云母等层状硅酸盐矿物,该方法对含量较少、颗粒较细的矿物检测效果较好。实验证明将显微岩石薄片鉴定技术和X射线粉晶衍射技术相结合,才能更准确对变粒岩进行定名,为地学研究提供更符合客观实际的技术数据和分析结论。     

Predicting mechanical properties and ultimate shear strength of gypsum,limestone and sandstone rocks using Vipulanandan models

ABSTRACT

In this study, over 1000 data from the literature was used to characterize and compare the density, strengths, modulus, fracture toughness, porosity and the ultimate shear strengths of the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The compressive modulus and Mode-1 fracture toughness of the gypsum rock, limestone rock and sandstone rocks varied from 0.7 GPa to 70 GPa, and from 0.03 MPa.m^0.5 to 2.6 MPa.m^0.5  respectively. Vipulanandan correlation model was effective in relating the modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness with the relevant strengths of the rocks. A new nonlinear Vipulanandan failure criterion was developed to quantify the tensile strength, pure shear (cohesion) strength and to predict the maximum shear strength limit with applied normal stress on the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The Vipulanandan failure model predicts the maximum shear strength limit was, as the Mohr-Coulomb failure model does not have a limit on the maximum shear strength. With the Vipulanandan failure model based on the available data, the maximum shear strengths predicted for the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks were 64 MPa, 114 MPa and 410 MPa respectively.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Wuyang Siliceous Rocks in the Southern Margin of North China Craton and its Constraint on the Formation Environment of BIF of Tieshanmiao Formation

Precambrian banded iron formation(BIF) is one of the most important mineral resources in China, mostly abundant in the North China Craton(NCC) with relatively less common in South China. Since the BIF and siliceous rocks both originated from chemical deposition, the syngenetic BIF and Siliceous rocks can help evaluate their environment of formation. We examine here the mineralogy and geochemistry of siliceous rocks associated with the Tieshanmiao Formation BIF, aiming to decipher the conditions of formation of both BIF and Siliceous rocks in the Wuyang area in the NCC. Analysis of the geochemical characteristics of whole rock shows that the Si O2 content of the siliceous rock ranges from 90.11% to 94.85% and is relatively high overall. Trace element contents of Ba and U are also high, the Ba/Sr ratio ranges from 3.89 to 25.28 and the U/Th ratio ranges from 0.09 to 0.20. Finally, the ΣREE value of rare earth elements ranges from 57.03 ppm to 152.59 ppm, and these indexes all indicate that siliceous rock resulted from hydrothermal deposition. Plots of Al2 O3-Si O2, Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O)-Mn O2/Ti O2 and Mn-10×(Cu+Co+Ni)-Fe in discrimination diagrams also verify this interpretation. However, both the Mg O content, ranging from 0.16 to 0.32, and the Fe/Ti ratio, ranging from 2.50 to 9.72, suggest that terrigenous material was added during the depositional process. Major and trace element parameters of siliceous rock, such as the Al/(A1+Fe+Mn) ratio(from 0.81 to 0.93), Mn O/Ti O2(from 0.00 to 0.17), Al/(Al+Fe)(from 0.82 to 0.93), Sc/Th ratio(from 0.21 to 0.50), U/Th(from 0.09 to 0.20),(La/Yb)N(from 0.83 to 3.04), and the(La/Ce)N(from 0.01 to 0.02) all imply that the siliceous rock formed in a continental margin. In addition, the Sr/Ba ratio from 0.08 to 0.26, the δCe value from 0.31 to 0.90, and the δEu value from 0.14 to 0.58, all indicate that the siliceous rock was formed at a relatively deeper water depth and under weak hydrodynamic conditions. Siliceous rock and BIF formed in the same geological setting, with the Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O) ratio of siliceous rock ranging from 28.61 to 47.43, the Si O2/Al2 O3 ratio from 16.53 to 32.37, and the Si O2/Mg O ratio from 287.28 to 592.81, which are all in agreement with chemical deposition associated with volcanic eruptions. The Al2 O3/Ti O2 ratio from 37.82 to 50.30 indicates that the magma source of siliceous rock was of slightly intermediate composition. During the Late Archean in the Wuyang area, the high concentration and high purity Si O2 quickly precipitated from hydrothermal fluids to finally result in the accumulation of siliceous rock in a marginal sea, while the input corresponding to iron formation components was deposited to form iron formation layers, and limestone was only the product formed during the deposition intervals of siliceous rock and iron formations. In this study, the synsedimentary siliceous rocks of BIF act as a new way to provide direct evidence to understand the formation environment of BIF due to its high geochemical stability.     

Petrology and geochemistry of Mesozoic granitic rocks from the Nansha micro-block, the South China Sea: Constraints on the basement nature

There are several micro-blocks dispersed in the South China Sea (SCS), e.g., Xisha-Zhongsha block, Nansha block and Reed-Northeastern Palawan block, etc., but detailed petrological constraints on their basement nature were previously lacking. The magmatic ages for granitic rock samples from two dredge stations in the Nansha micro-block vary from 159 to 127 Ma, which are comparable to magmatic activities occurred in the northern margin (Pearl river mouth), HongKong and East China. Petrographic characteristics, major-, trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic data of nine samples from two dredged station performed in the Nansha micro-block, the SCS, are reported. Petrographically, these granitic rocks can be divided into two groups which underwent a complex history of magmatic process, i.e., tonalitic rock (Group I) and monzogranitic rock (Group II). The Rittmann index (σ) for these rocks (1.9–3.1) suggest that they belong to calc-alkaline rocks. Group I rocks which is of typical I-type, have higher contents of TiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na₂O and P₂O₅, but lower values of SiO₂ and K₂O, when compared with those of Group II with I-type characteristics. Group I rocks are produced by partial melting of older Precambrian basement with the variable influence of mantle-derived magma which results from the interaction of released fluids from the subducted slab and the overlying mantle wedge in a general convergent margin setting, and Group II rocks result from partial melting of lower crustal basic rocks (amphibolite) and/or further partial melting of the Group I rocks associated with the variable influence from the underplating mantle-derived magma resulting from lithospheric extensional regime. Both Groups I and II have undergone assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes during its petrogenesis. This study therefore demonstrates that there exists a continental basement within micro-blocks in the South China Sea, and further supports the idea that a Middle Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous subduction zone existed across the temporary Taiwan, Palawan to Southern Vietnam, which was associated with westward to northestward convergence of the Pacific Plate during Late Mesozoic. We suggest that this subduction zone may have been connected with the paleo-Pacific plate subduction zone offshore eastern China during Mesozoic era. This study provides petrologic data for the pre-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the South China Sea.     

基于HHT方法的岩石钻进振动信号分析

为了分析岩石在钻头破岩工作时产生的振动与岩石性质的关系,利用数值模拟软件提取了岩石钻进时的振动信号,并通过希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）分析方法进行了信号特征分析,获得不同岩石的振动信号的边际谱,从频域特性上分析了岩石的性质与岩石振动之间的关系。研究表明：岩石的性质和岩石振动有着密切关系,不同性质的岩石在不同频率范围内出现振动特征集中现象,并且存在一个与岩石固有频率相接近的特征峰值频率。研究冲击钻进过程岩石的振动特性,对钻进参数设置以及岩性的识别有重要意义。