南海东北部沉积物粒度特征

粒度分析结果揭示了研究区内沉积物类型：细砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、砂－粉砂－粘土、粘土质粉砂、粉砂质粘土。沉积物从西北部的陆架中西南部的陆坡区，颗粒由粗变细，水动力较强，从西北产的陆架区向东南部的陆坡区，粒级含量发生变化，砂与粉砂含量从70％递减为51.5%，粘土含量从30％递增为48.5%。水动力由强变弱。粒度分析资料的研究对沉积物来源及沉积环境的分析提供依据。     

东太平洋水合物海岭BSR以上沉积物粒度变化与气体水合物分布

文中对国际大洋钻探204航次在太平洋水合物海岭8 个站位BSR深度以上气体水合物稳定带的沉积物进行了粒度分析和对比研究。结果表明,该稳定带内沉积物总体粒径变化特征为:粉砂质量分数在60%~75%之间,为气体水合物稳定带内沉积组分的主体组分。粘土质量分数一般小于35%,砂质量分数小于5%。该结果获得的粒径变化范围,与204 航次中沉积学研究所确定的粘土质粉砂、粉砂质粘土夹含砂质粉砂、含砂质粘土岩性特征一致。各站位沉积粒径变化和代表气体水合物存在的岩心红外照相IR异常低温记录之间的初步对比说明,气体水合物主要富集在沉积组分较粗,相当于粉砂或者砂级质量分数较高的粒度层。统计学的相关性研究结果定量地揭示了各个站位沉积物粒径变粗与气体水合物的存在有不同的相关关系。归纳起来发现,不同构造部位沉积物中气体水合物赋存层段的粒径范围不同。坡后盆地由于当地总体沉积物颗粒细,气体水合物赋存在极细粉砂粒级(8~26μm)的沉积物中。水合物海岭南峰顶部附近站位气体水合物主要赋存在粗粉砂和细砂(50~148μm)之间。     

云南异龙湖沉积物粒度空间变化特征及其环境指示意义

文章以滇东南浅水湖泊异龙湖作为研究对象,通过对湖泊不同位置的40个表层沉积物样品进行粒度测试,结合流域自然地理要素和人类活动特征,分析了异龙湖表层沉积物粒度空间分布特征,并探讨了其影响因素。结果表明,异龙湖表层沉积物沉积类型主要有粘土质粉砂、粉砂质粘土以及砂-粉砂-粘土3种,其中以粘土质粉砂类型为主,其次为粉砂质粘土。粉砂(4~63μm)为异龙湖表层沉积物优势粒径成分,其含量介于57.08%~82.41%,其次为粘土(小于4μm),介于11.22%~35.58%,砂组分(大于63μm)含量最低,含量介于0.16%~25.80%。异龙湖表层沉积物具有明显的空间分布特征,其中粉砂类似同心圆的空间分布特征,其含量由湖区的中间地带分别向西北、西南、东南3个方向递增;而粘土含量则呈现出相反的趋势。由于受断层影响,异龙湖表层沉积物各粒度组分形成了西北、东南两个相对对称的区域;西北湖区沉积物粒度分布特征同时受自然环境与人类活动的影响,沉积物类型主要有粘土质粉砂和粉砂质粘土,其中以粘土质粉砂为主;而东南深水湖区由于受人为干扰因素较弱,可以视为认识自然状态下物质搬运过程、探讨水动力特征以及研究自然湖泊沉积和气候变化的理想场所。     

新疆罗布泊湖盆沉积物剖面粒度与磁学特征及沉积环境

通过对新疆罗布泊东南部阿奇克谷地西部LB剖面沉积物中的粒度组分及磁化率特征进行研究,综合沉积序列及岩性变化特征,分析了罗布泊阿奇克谷地第四系以来的沉积环境。结果表明,LB剖面湖相沉积物粒度组分主要集中于粉砂粒级,沉积物含有少量亚铁磁性矿物,超顺磁颗粒物含量较高。沉积物磁化率值的大小与粒度存在相关性,沉积物的中值粒径、粘土组分(小于2μm)及砂组分(大于63μm)含量与磁化率呈正相关,粉砂组分(2~63μm)含量与磁化率呈负相关。根据沉积物的粒度与磁化率组合的变化特征,结合岩性特征,将LB剖面划分为4个阶段:新近系末期(4.14~3.32m)气候以暖干为主;中更新世晚期(3.32~2.93m)粗颗粒呈现先降低后增加的趋势,水动力增强,磁化率的波动升高并保持较高水平,气候转向暖湿;晚更新世(2.93~1.44m)气候湿润,入湖的河道与水流量不断的发生改变,河流带入湖中的的外源物质的量不稳定,粒度和磁化率值波动变化较大,气候呈现暖干—暖湿的波动变化;全新世时期(1.44~0m)沉积物颗粒偏粗,磁化率值呈波动增加趋势,气候向冷湿转变,最终向干旱化发展。第四系以来沉积环境与古气候均有明显变化,本区气候环境经历了暖干—暖湿—暖干—冷湿的变迁过程,并最终向干旱趋势发展,体现为冷期湿润、暖期干旱的特征。     

天津市潮间带表层沉积物的类型及其分布

根据在天津市潮间带地区采集的108个底质样品的粒度分析结果,划分了潮间带表层沉积物的类型,并探讨了潮间带的粒度分布特征和沉积作用。结果表明,天津潮间带可分为3个岩性区,分别以海河口、独流减河口为界,海河口以北至涧河口为片状粘土质粉砂分布区,海河口以南至独流减河口为多岩性、条带状的砂-粉砂分布区,独流减河口至歧口为片状粘土质粉砂分布区。海河口以北的潮间带是以低能潮汐作用为主的泥质粉砂潮滩沉积环境,海河口以南的潮间带是以河口沉积为主体,后经潮汐改造的潮滩环境,驴驹河-独流减河河口岸段潮间带早期水动力较强,后受到潮滩环境的改造,歧口岸段潮间带以潮滩沉积环境为主。     

南海西部深海平原SA14—34岩心浊流沉积特征

本文对位于南海西部深海平原的SAM-34岩心进行详细的沉积物组分研究，结果表明：该岩心岩性复杂多变，沉积了粘土、粉砂质粘土、砂质粘土、粘土质粉砂、砂质粉砂、砂和粉砂质砂等7种沉积物类型。浊流沉积发育，至少已识别出4个特征明显的浊流层。浊流层厚度为18～120cm，具有粒度较粗呈下粗上细、异地钙质微体生物化石丰富、陆源碎屑矿物含量高、SiO2／Al2O3比值和CaCO3含量高四大特点。并对浊流沉积的物质来源、成因进行了初步分析，认为浊积物主要来自西部陆架一陆坡区，有利的地形、丰富的物源和频繁的海底火山活动诱发的地震是浊流发生的主要原因。     

雷州半岛红树林湿地表层沉积物粒度分布特征

对采自雷州半岛8个红树林湿地典型分布区的37个表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,结果显示:(1)研究区表层沉积物粒度组成粉砂含量最高,占52. 9%;其次为砂,占27. 8%;黏土含量最低,占19. 3%。(2)研究区表层沉积物有砂质粉砂、黏土质粉砂、砂和粉砂质砂4种类型,其中砂质粉砂和黏土质粉砂主要分布在南山、高桥和观海长廊等地,砂和粉砂质砂主要分布在特呈岛、企水等地。(3)研究区沉积物平均粒径为5. 7,沉积物颗粒整体偏细;分选系数平均值为1. 90,分选较差;偏态平均值为-0. 14,为负偏;峰态平均为1. 07,峰态等级为中等。(4)通过系统聚类分析方法将研究区沉积环境分为三种类型,不同沉积环境水动力条件和环境特征差异明显。(5)沉积物砂粒含量与有机质含量、盐度呈极显著的负相关关系,与p H值呈正相关;粉砂含量与有机质含量、盐度呈极显著正相关,与p H值呈负相关;黏土含量与有机质含量、盐度正呈相关,与p H值则呈负相关。     

曹妃甸近岸海域表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境

为探讨河北曹妃甸人工填海对近岸海域沉积环境及水动力条件的影响,对该区沉积物粒度特征进行了研究。利用LS13320系列激光粒度分析仪对13个站位沉积物粒度进行测试,分析了其粒级组成与特征参数。结果表明,研究区分为3个岩性区:北部海域潮间带沉积物以砂质粉砂为主;中部工业区周围海域沉积物偏粗,以粉砂质砂为主;南部沿岸海域沉积物较细,以黏土质粉砂为主。沉积物平均粒径介于2.94~6.87Φ,粒级组分为黏土、粉砂和砂,质量分数平均值分别为18.16%、52.30%和29.53%。粒度频率曲线偏态Ski为0.07~0.81,峰态Kg为0.63~2.21,自北向南,由单峰逐渐过渡为主峰或弱峰,与2007年人工填海初期沉积环境相比,沉积物类型变单一、组分粗化,表明人工填海工程对曹妃甸近岸海域沉积环境是有影响的。     

黄河三角洲ZK1孔岩心环境敏感粒度组分及沉积环境分析

本文选取黄河三角洲5个钻孔岩心的ZK1钻孔,对其剖面沉积物进行了详细的岩性描述、粒度测试和有孔虫鉴定,分析了ZK1孔粒度参数的垂向分布序列。通过计算粒级—标准偏差的变化获得了ZK1孔沉积物中对沉积环境变化较为敏感的粒度组分的范围为3.75～4Ф和10Ф。敏感粒度组分含量随深度变化的初步分析、各种粒度参数垂向分布特征及有孔虫资料表明,黄河三角洲ZK1孔的沉积环境大致可分为4段:Ⅰ(0～5.14 m)为1904—1976年上三角洲平原沉积;Ⅱ(5.14～17.41m)为1855年以来的下三角洲平原沉积;Ⅲ(17.41～22.6 m)为1855年以前的陆架沉积;Ⅳ(22.6～24.6 m)为潮坪沉积。     

南海东部海域沉积物粒度分布特征

对南海东部海域 179个站表层沉积物作了粒度分析、粒度参数计算和多元统计分析 ,结合有关资料探讨了南海东部沉积物粒度分布特征、沉积物运移方式和沉积环境。南海东部表层沉积物主要粒级是 4 .0～ 10 .0(粗粉砂—粗粘土 ) ,核心粒级是 6 .0～ 8.0(细粉砂 ) ,火山灰沉积物平均粒径 4 .4 6～ 6 .4 0 ,平均 5 .6 9。粒度R型聚类分析得出三群 :第一群由 1.5～ 3.0、9.5～ 14 .0粒级组成 ,也就是粗、细两端粒级。第二群由 3.5～ 5 .0粒级组成。第三群由5 .5～ 9.0粒级组成。各粒级归类良好 ,图形清晰。R型因子分析结果表明前 4种因子累计特征值比例达 94 .5 0 % ,因子 1和因子 2是主导因子。因子 1主要由负载荷粗粉砂级和正载荷粘土级物质构成。因子 2主要由负载荷极细砂级和正载荷细粉砂级物质组成。因子 3和因子 4分别由悬浮质 (0 .0 6～ 0 .12 μm)和中砂 (2 5 0～ 35 4 μm)组成。沉积物因子作用分区与物质来源、海流、地形和沉积作用密切相关。南海东部沉积物中粉砂和粘土含量总体上由北向南呈线性逐渐增加 ,平均粒径和峰态也有同样的变化趋势 ,分选系数和偏态则明显地反映出在约 17°N呈急剧下跌和上升 ,这些现象表明 17°N是南部、北部沉积物类型分界线位置。沉积物粒度、物质组成和     

Analysis of the Chiufengershan landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan

A disastrous earthquake rocked Taiwan on September 21, 1999, with magnitude M_L=7.3 and an epicenter near the small town of Chi-Chi in central Taiwan. The Chi-Chi earthquake triggered landslide on the dip slope at the Chiufengershan. In this study, a review of the topography and geology of this area was followed by field investigations. Laboratory testing was applied to understand the geomaterial composing the slope. Then, based on a series of limit equilibrium analyses, the failure mechanism of this landslide and the risk of the residual slope were studied.

According to the stability analyses, the pre-quake slope is quite stable, with factor of safety of 1.77 (dry) to 1.35 (full groundwater level); explaining why there is no written record of a landslide here for the past 100 years. In contrast, a back analysis shows that the Chi-Chi earthquake-induced dynamic loading is far more than the dip slope can sustain, due in part to the short distance to the epicenter. A Monte Carlo type probability analysis suggests that the residual slope is more dangerous than the pre-quake slope and needs more attention.     

Long-term growth of the oil industry in the United States

A number of growth models have been developed and used in an attempt to project the historical pattern of oil activities to some estimate of their upper limit. Techniques are outlined for the estimation of parameters of the logistic and Gompertz curves. Factor analysis indicated a close relationship between production and demand, whereas annual discoveries and discoveries classified by year of discovery tended to comprise unique factors which were indifferent to changes in time. The growth models projected relatively high values for ultimate demand and production in comparison to the figures for ultimate reserves. Inasmuch as these trends seemed to be occurring independently, some reconciliation of the results was necessary. Using the highest projections of estimates for reserves suggests that over 420 billion barrels of oil in place will eventually be discovered in the United States, with perhaps 200 billion barrels of this eventually to be proved in the form of reserves. Projections for production were higher, corresponding to a trend indicating high levels in demand for crude oil. The only credible long-term estimate of demand was given by a bounded exponential growth model, in which ultimate cumulative demand for crude oil would reach about 416 billion barrels. These figures imply that over 150 billion barrels of oil would be imported into the United States from 1970 to 2070. Provided the time pattern for one of the variables has been determined, then estimates of the other variables probably would be facilitated because of the high interrelationship between variables. Models are suggested in which accurate pivotal forecasting in the short term might be possible—assuming the particular future trend in some of the independent variables has been predetermined.Research Council of Alberta Contribution No. 596.     

Quantifying the failure probability of a canal levee

Polders in the Netherlands are protected from flooding by flood defence systems along main water bodies such as rivers, lakes or the sea. Inside polders, canal levees provide protection from smaller water bodies. Canal levees are mainly earthen levees along drainage canals that drain excess water from polders to the main water bodies. The water levels in these canals are regulated. During the last decades, probabilistic approaches have been developed to quantify the probability of failure of flood defences along the main water bodies. This paper proposes several extensions to this method to quantify the probability of failure of canal levees. These extensions include a method to account for (i) water-level regulation in canals, (ii) the effect of maintenance dredging on the geohydrological response of the canal levee and (iii) survival of loads in the past. The results of a case study demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of quantifying the probability of failure of canal levees and is useful for exploring the relative benefit of risk mitigating measures for canal levees.     

Seismic hazard analysis for the Philippines

Two sample probabilistic hazard maps for the Philippine Region are compiled. In these are shown various levels of expected horizontal ground acceleration for some given annual probability of exceedence, namely, for 0.1% a.p.e. and for 0.01% a.p.e. Such hazard maps are needed by structural engineers for compiling seismic zoning maps. The hazard maps are derived from source-zone or seismogenic maps, which, in turn, are compiled from seismographic, geologic, and geotectonic data. Much weight is put on geotectonic data rather than on seismographic data. The former lends support to extrapolating to much longer periods of exposure time or longer periods of recurrence.     

盘山山前地下水与矿泉水污染成因分析

文章利用主成分分析方法,结合揭示变量和样品之间在成因或空间上联系的对应分析,通过SPSS统计分析软件,对盘山山前地区地下水和矿泉水污染成因进行分析。研究表明,盘山山前存在地下水和矿泉水污染;局部范围的污染主要是由于食品厂等企业的排污引起的,污染成分主要是Cl-和NO3—N,主要污染地区是塔院地区,其次是西大佛塔至南营,污染程度与至污染源的距离有关;大部分地区存在三氮面状污染,农业氮肥的施用是其主要原因。     

Characterization and evaluation of the factors affecting the geochemistry of groundwater in Neyveli,Tamil Nadu,India

In order to achieve a better understanding of the nature of the factors influencing ground water composition as well as to specify them quantitatively, multivariate statistical analysis (factor analysis) were performed on the hydrochemical data of this area. R-mode factor analysis was carried out on the geochemical results of the 79-groundwater samples and the factor scores were transferred to areal maps. Fundamental chemical parameters of the groundwater have been compounded together for characterizing and interpreting a few empirical hydrogeochemical factors controlling the chemical nature of water. R-mode factor analysis reveals that the groundwater chemistry of the study area reflects the influence of anthropogenic activities, silicate weathering reactions, precipitation, dissolution and subsequent percolation into the groundwater. The data have been put into few major factors and the seasonal variation in the chemistry of water has been clearly brought out by these factors. Factor scores were transferred to contour diagrams and the factor score analysis has been used successfully to delineate the stations under study with various factors and the seasonal effect on the sample stations.     

造山带复杂结构构造区遥感-构造综合解析--以南天山东段铜花山-榆树沟地区解剖为例

通过对铜花山—榆树沟地区的解析研究,阐述了造山带复杂结构构造区遥感解析与构造解析交叉互动的优势。遥感解析以区域线状构造及由它划分的块状、片状地质体为宏观骨架(对应于构造解析划分的构造单元、构造均匀区段),以地质体中的岩体、构造岩石组合,线状、带状构造,透人性、非透人性面状(原始层理、新生面理)和褶皱等构造作为解析的结构构造要素,以造山带表壳组成和结构构造解析研究为主要内容。采用野外实测构造要素与遥感图像处理技术相结合,分解造山带不同层次、不同构造单元的物质组成和结构构造,达到解析造山带内各级各类构造及其内部构造要素之间的相互关系。     

On the use of Bayesian networks as a meta-modelling approach to analyse uncertainties in slope stability analysis

In this paper, we report on the use of Bayesian networks, BNs, learnt from data generated by physical and numerical models, to overcome to a certain degree a number of complications in traditional slope stability analyses that jointly consider the mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils. Discrete Bayesian networks resulted to be useful and efficient to acquire knowledge from simulated data and to identify significant factors by the combined use of backward inference and global sensitivity analysis. Further, BNs enable decision thresholds to be estimated quickly. Along with this, backward inference and global sensitivity analysis are performed in BNs at low computation costs. Moreover, under conditions in which knowledge is scarce, we show how a practitioner can be better informed using the proposed approach. All these previously under-reported modelling features in the specialised literature encourage the further application of the proposed approach to enhance slope stability analysis.     

仿射坐标系下的因子分析—仿射因子分析

传统的因子分析以正交坐标系为其基础坐标系,因而存在某种固有缺陷。文中提出以仿射坐标系为因子分析的基础坐标系,并进而给出了仿射因子分析的方法。新方法不仅消除了原方法所存在的缺陷,同时还实现了样品和变量空间的统一。