Tectonic geomorphology of the Mississippi Valley between Osceola, Arkansas and Friars Point, Mississippi

A geomorphic study of the Mississippi River and its alluvial valley between Osceola, Arkansas and Friars Point, Mississippi has identified anomalous surface features that can be linked to known geological structures. For example, relatively recent deformation along Big Creek fault zone, White River fault zone, Bolivar-Mansfield tectonic zone, Blytheville Arch, Crittenden County fault zone, and Reelfoot Rift margins is suggested by river and topographic anomalies. Faults and plutons appear to affect drainage networks, and the morphology of Crowleys Ridge suggests significant fault control. The many anomalies probably reflect a fractured suballuvial surface. Although movement along these fractures will most likely occur in seismically active areas, the probability of movement elsewhere     

密西西比河流域监测、修复管理经验对我国流域生态保护修复的启示

美国流域保护修复的研究与实践开始较早,并在密西西比河的修复与治理上取得了良好成效,对我国流域生态保护修复工作具有一定借鉴意义。介绍了密西西比河的管理模式,并对美国在密西西比河开展的具有代表性的长期生态监测及修复管理工作进行了总结,总结了对我国流域生态保护修复工作的7点启示: ①建立和完善流域生态系统监测与评价指标体系; ②建立流域综合监测网络,进行全流域持续监测; ③建设流域生态信息平台,加强数据共享; ④以流域为单元开展生态状况调查和评估; ⑤建立和完善监测、评估、规划、实施循环体系; ⑥提升对流域生态系统的科学认知; ⑦加强流域协调治理,创新我国流域生态保护修复管理体系。旨在为我国广泛开展流域保护修复工作提供一个覆盖河源头至河口的流域监测与修复管理案例。     

复合点坝侧积周期的成因分析:以密西西比河下游段为例*

复合点坝侧积体定量成因分析是河流沉积学研究的难点之一。通过选取密西西比河下游段激光雷达数据,剖析复合点坝侧积体的内部特征,统计侧积体高程数据,发现其符合周期变化的特点。对高程数据进行傅里叶变换计算,得到复合点坝侧积周期,将侧积周期与河道规模进行拟合,两者符合线性关系,拟合度高。深入分析后,认为侧积周期受河流的季节性洪泛周期控制。研究结论为侧积体定量成因分析提供了理论依据。     

Stratigraphic evidence for millennial-scale temporal clustering of earthquakes on a continental-interior fault: Holocene Mississippi River floodplain deposits, New Madrid seismic zone, USA

The earthquake cycles that characterize continental-interior areas that are far from active plate boundaries have proven highly cryptic and difficult to resolve. We used a novel paleoseismic proxy to address this issue. Namely, we reconstructed Holocene Mississippi River channels from maps of floodplain strata in order to identify channel perturbations reflective of major displacement events on the high-hazard and mid-plate Reelfoot thrust fault, New Madrid seismic zone, U.S.A. Only three discrete slip events are currently documented for the Reelfoot fault ( AD 900,  AD 1450, and AD 1812). This study extends this record and, thus, illustrates the utility of stratigraphic proxies as paleoseismic tools. We concurrently offer here some of the first quantified response times for tectonically induced channel pattern changes in large alluvial rivers.

We identified at least two cycles of pervasive meandering that were interrupted by channel-straightening responses occurring upstream of the Reelfoot fault scarp. These straightening responses initiated at 2244 BC +/− 269 to 1620 BC +/− 220 and  AD 900, respectively, and each records initiation of a period of Reelfoot fault slip after millennia of relative tectonic quiescence. The second (or New Madrid) straightening response was triggered by the previously known  AD 900 fault slip event, and this initial low sinuosity has been protracted until the modern day by the latter  AD 1450 and AD 1812 events. The first (or Bondurant) straightening response began a period of several hundred to  1400 years of low river sinuosity which evidences a similar period of multiple recurrent displacement events on the Reelfoot fault. These Bondurant events predate the existing paleoseismic record for the Reelfoot fault.

These data offer initial evidence that slip events on the Reelfoot fault were temporally clustered on millennial scales and, thus, offers the first direct evidence for millennial-scale clustering of earthquakes on a continental-interior fault. This carries additional ramifications. Namely, faults that have been quiescent and non-hazardous for millennia could re-enter an enduring period of recurrent hazardous earthquakes with little warning. Likewise, the Reelfoot fault also reveals evidence of temporal clustering of earthquakes on short-term cycles (months), as well as evidence for longer-term reactivation cycles (10⁴–10⁶ years). This introduces the possibility that temporal clustering could be hierarchical on some continental-interior faults.     

塔里木河下游应急输水的水生态环境响应

塔里木河下游357km河道断流近30年,向塔里木河下游实施应急输水抢救生态环境,是世界范围内流域退化生态系统恢复与重建的稀有案例。以此为背景,在生态环境本底状况调查的基础上,通过大量的监测资料,应用河道水力学、地下水动力学以及植被生态学,以河道水量沿程消耗-地下水位动态变化-植物恢复为主线,摸清了水流在河道纵向、河道横向两侧和垂向剖面中的运移、转化和消耗规律,研究分析了应急输水的水生态环境三维响应特征和植被恢复效应。为创建和完善干旱区受损生态系统输水、修复与重建的评价体系打下基础,也为塔里木河流域综合治理提供技术支撑。     

基于逻辑回归模型的泥石流易发性评价与检验：以金沙江上游奔子栏—昌波河段为例

基于地理信息系统(ArcGIS100)平台和小流域单元,采用逻辑回归(LR)模型对金沙江上游(奔子栏—昌波河段)干热河谷区进行泥石流易发性评价,并对预测结果进行总体检验与随机个案检验。评价与检验结果表明,得到的最优指标组合下LR评价模型的AUC值为827%;预测的极高易发区、高易发区面积合占全区面积的3598%,实发泥石流面积占泥石流总面积的6503%;在个案检验中,位于各等级分区的检验组样本实发泥石流比例随着分区易发性等级降低,依次为917%(极高)、750%(高)、364%(中等)、167%(低)、0(极低),表明评价效果良好。研究区泥石流集中发育于金沙江沿岸的东北部、中部和西南部,主导性的评价指标依次为距主干道路距离、岩性、距断裂带距离、雨季月平均降雨量。人类活动与季节性降雨为研究区干热河谷泥石流的主要诱发条件。基于逻辑回归模型的泥石流易发性评价方法提高了泥石流发生可能性的预测精度,可为干热河谷区泥石流预测预警和防治提供参考依据。     

四川龙门山南段青衣江河流阶地形成时代及其构造地貌意义

地表调查发现,横穿龙门山南段的青衣江具有上游以发育深切峡谷为主,而中下游段阶地发育较完整的特点。采用光释光测年方法对现今青衣江低阶地进行年代学测试分析,获得了低阶地的形成年代,并结合对前人资料的对比和对青衣江河流阶地已有年代学数据的分析,基本确定青衣江中下游地区的T1~T7阶地主要形成于距今7.7~9.0ka,40~50ka,75~85ka,129ka,149ka,270~300ka,740ka。结合地表调查结果进一步推断,现今青衣江主河道在中更新世及之前已经存在。因此,现今的青衣江究竟是因断块整体倾斜式改道还是后期河流袭夺而形成需进一步研究。另外,据青衣江低阶地地貌面的年龄数据估算,龙门山南段青衣江流域不同段落的晚第四纪河流下切速率不同,中更新世以来,芦山至大岗顶段的河流下切速率明显较大,很可能是芦山地震发震构造(盲逆断层)在晚第四纪期间存在持续活动的地貌响应。     

Location of a pre-Angkor capital city in relation to geomorphological features of lower reach of the Stung Sen River,central Cambodia

The Sambor Prei Kuk archaeological site in lower reach of the Stung Sen River, central Cambodia, is the site of the capital city of the pre- Angkor state of Chenla. The location of Sambor Prei Kuk is discussed in relation to the geomorphological characteristics of lower reach of the Stung Sen River and the requirements of the inhabitants. The uplands were divided into upland I, which is characterized by hills, and uplands II and III, both of which have flat surfaces, with upland III lower than upland II. The present river follows a meandering course within a conspicuous meander scroll zone, and deposits along the channel are repeatedly eroded and redeposited. Back marsh areas have gradually filled with suspended flood water sediments during the last 4600 years at an accumulation rate of 0.6 mm/yr. The floodplain and lake plain were divided into five zones to evaluate the monsoonal flood risk and accessibility to upland, considering uplands distribution. Sambor Prei Kuk on upland II with the port town adjacent the river is situated on the place where water transport is feasible and the risk of monsoonal flood is low, which means the people accommodated to the highly different dry and monsoonal environment.     

金沙江上游德格-白玉段流域地貌特征及影响因素分析

地形地貌既是泥石流等山地灾害发生的环境背景条件,也是流域输沙行为的结果。地形地貌特征及其关键影响因素研究,对山地灾害发展趋势分析具有重要意义。本研究基于流域面积-高程积分、河道凹度指数和陡峭指数等地貌指标,分析了金沙江上游德格-白玉段的地貌特征及其主控因素。结果表明,金沙江主河两岸小流域的面积-高程积分在0.45~0.65之间,积分曲线大都呈右"凸"形,表明各流域均处于地貌演化的早期阶段,流域内可供侵蚀的潜在物质较多;河道凹度指数在0.18~2.07之间,仅有29%的河道凹度指数分布在0.30~0.60之间,视为稳态河道,71%的流域河道处于不稳定状态;标准化陡峭指数在124~627之间,与祁连山北翼、庐山和阿尔金山东段相比,明显更大;这些指标均表明研究区的地壳抬升明显且更加剧烈。地壳快速抬升是研究区地貌发育特征及其演化的主控因素。它导致大部分流域处于地貌演化早期,河道处于不稳定状态,从而导致流域内可供侵蚀的潜在物质较多,具备形成泥石流等山地灾害的物质和能量条件;在未来气候变化的大环境下,区内泥石流等山地灾害将更加频繁。     

Geochemical constraints on the origin of the Kicking Horse and Monarch Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc ore deposits, southeast British Columbia, Canada

Two Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposits, Kicking Horse and Monarch, have been studied with the aim of comparing the ores at the two localities and to characterize the origin of the mineralizing fluids and the ore formation process(es). Both deposits are hosted by the Middle Cambrian Cathedral Formation carbonate host rocks, Kicking Horse on the north and Monarch on the south flank of the Kicking Horse valley near Field (SE British Columbia). The ore bodies are situated at the transition of (western) basinal to (eastern) shallow-water strata of the paleo-Pacific passive margin succession in the Cordilleran Foreland Province of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Both deposits are related spatially to normal faults. In both localities, the ore minerals are dominated by pyrite, sphalerite, and galena. Dolomite, minor quartz, and calcite are also present in close association with the ores. The salinity (21–30 wt% NaCl eq.) and homogenization temperatures (63–182°C) measured in fluid inclusions in carbonate, quartz, and sphalerite lie within the typical range of MVT fluid conditions. The good stoichiometry (50–53 mol% CaCO₃), low δ¹⁸O values (−21 to −14‰ Vienna Peedee belemnite) and relatively high homogenization temperatures (>95°C) of the dolomite suggest the dolomites were formed under burial diagenesis. The ore-forming fluids probably interacted with siliciclastic units, based on elevated Li contents and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, which are highest in the dolomite type after the main ore stage. We propose that the ores formed from the mixing of a downward-infiltrating, sulfur-bearing halite-dissolution fluid with an upward-migrating, metal-rich evaporated seawater fluid, which had already undergone minor mixing with a dilute fluid.     

Response of groundwater chemistry to water deliveries in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Northwest China

In this paper, we analysed the monitored data from nine groundwater-monitoring transects in the lower reaches of Tarim River during the five times of stream water deliveries to the river transect where the stream flow ceased. The results showed that the groundwater depth in the lower reaches of Tarim River rose from −9.30 m before the conveyances to −8.17 and −6.50 m after the first and second conveyances, −5.81 and −6.00 m after the third and fourth the conveyance, and −4.73 m after the fifth. The horizontal extent of groundwater recharge was gradually enlarged along both sides of the channel of conveyance, i.e., from 250 m in width after the first conveyance to 1,050 m away from the channel after the fourth delivery. With the rising groundwater level, the concentrations of major anions Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater underwent a significant change. The spatial variations in groundwater chemistry indicated that the groundwater chemistry at the transect near Daxihaizi Reservoir changed earlier than that farther from it. In the same transect, the chemical variations were earlier in the monitoring well close to watercourse than that farther away from the stream. In general, the concentration of the major ions and TDS at each monitoring well increased remarkably when the water delivery started, and decreased with the continued water delivery, and then increased once again at the end of the study period. Hence, the whole study period may be divided into three stages: the initial stage, the intermediate stage and the later stage. According to the three stages of groundwater chemistry reaction to water delivery and the relationships between groundwater chemical properties and groundwater depths, we educe that under the situation of water delivery, the optimum groundwater depth in the lower reaches of the Tarim River should be −5 m.     

Fluvial and permafrost history of the lower Lena River,north-eastern Siberia,over late Quaternary time

Arctic warming and permafrost thaw visibly expose changes in the landscape of the Lena River delta, the largest Arctic delta. Determining the past and modern river regime of thick deltaic deposits shaping the Lena River mouth in north-eastern Siberia is critical for understanding the history of delta formation and carbon sequestration. Using a 65 m long sediment core from the delta apex a set of sedimentological techniques is applied to aid in reconstructing the Lena River history. The analysis includes: (i) grain-size measurements and the determination of the bedload composition; (ii) X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffractometry, and magnetic susceptibility measurements and heavy mineral analysis for tracking mineral change; (iii) pH, electrical conductivity, ionic concentrations, and the δ¹⁸O and δD stable isotope composition from ground ice for reconstructing permafrost formation. In addition; (iv) total and dissolved organic carbon is assessed. Chronology is based on; (vi) radiocarbon dating of organic material (accelerator mass spectrometry and conventional) and is complemented by two infrared – optically stimulated luminescence dates. The record stretches back approximately to Marine Isotope Stage 7. It holds periods from traction, over saltation, to suspension load sedimentation. Minerogenic signals do not indicate provenance change over time. They rather reflect the change from high energy to a lower energy regime after Last Glacial Maximum time parallel to the fining-up grain-size trend. A prominent minimum in the ground ice stable isotope record at early Holocene highlights that a river arm migration and an associated refreeze of the underlying river talik has altered the isotopic composition at that time. Fluvial re-routing might be explained by internal dynamics in the Lena River lowland or due to a tectonic movement, since the study area is placed in a zone of seismic activity. At the southern Laptev Sea margin, onshore continental compressional patterns are bordering offshore extensional normal faults.     

新疆塔里木河流域洪水过程集聚性及低频气候影响

运用Cox回归模型、月频率法以及离散指数法,研究了新疆塔里木河（塔河）流域8个水文站点POT抽样和5个区域洪水序列时间集聚性特征以及受低频气候变化的影响。结果表明:受气候变化的影响,塔河流域洪水序列呈现显著集聚性特征,洪水发生频率高的时期往往也是大量级洪峰集中发生的时期,这是塔河流域洪灾损失居高不下的主要原因;Cox回归模型拟合的气候指标系数值为正值的站点和区域,气候指标正相位导致相同超过概率的洪水发生时间提前,而相同发生时间的洪水发生超过概率降低,气候指标值为负值时则相反;塔河流域大部分水文站点和区域洪水发生的超过概率均对气候指标变化有较好响应,这一现象有利于塔河流域洪水风险控制与洪灾管理;塔河流域站点洪水序列多无年际集聚性现象,而区域洪水序列的年际集聚性特征显著。     

长江中下游前陆带南缘青阳—泾县一带印支运动的特征及意义

长江中下游前陆带南缘安徽省青阳—泾县一带的印支运动表现为一系列连续的不同变形形式的构造运动。印支主褶皱前发生了重要的挤压拆离构造 ,主褶皱后发生了广泛的逆冲 (南部 )和重力滑动 (北缘 )构造。 3个变形阶段是同一区域应力场持续作用下的连续过程 ,形成挤压拆离—褶皱—重力滑动构造系统 ,是褶皱带前缘和山前带典型变形组合 ,表明本区北部为江南褶皱带山前带。     

山东烟台大沽夹河流域中下游地区地下水水质演变特征研究

本文以山东烟台大沽夹河中下游地区1987～2017年地下水水质监测数据为背景,选取对地下水影响较大的钠钾离子、钙离子、镁离子、重碳酸根离子、硫酸根离子、氯离子、硝酸根离子以及总硬度、矿化度作为研究对象,利用Grapher软件,制作地下水水质动态曲线图,分析地下水水质多年变化特征,并使用AquaChem软件绘制Piper三线图,总结地下水水质类型及其变化规律,对比分析研究区30年地下水质量变化情况,选择时间序列法对大沽夹河中下游地区地下水水质进去趋势预测,结果表明:研究区地下水主要离子浓度呈上升趋势,水化学类型由HCO3- Ca、HCO3·Cl- Ca·Na向HCO3·SO4- Ca·Na、HCO3·Cl·SO4- Ca·Na转变。但地下水质量变化不大。除下游沿海区域外,大部分地区尚未超过Ⅲ类水标准,仅部分地区NO3-超标明显。     

2009年阿克苏河枯水年水文特征及其对塔里木河干流生态环境的影响

塔里木河流域2009年4—8月0℃层高度平均为4290 gpm,较12 a平均值偏低52 gpm,偏低幅度位居近19 a(1991—2009年)同期第5位.而夏季(6—8月)4站平均高度偏低129 gpm,偏低幅度位居近19 a(1991—2009年)同期第1位.2009年阿克苏河流域年径流量69.28×108m3为偏枯水年;经两支流灌区后,阿克苏河西大桥站年径流量为52.34×108m3,为枯水年.由于塔里木河阿拉尔站以上阿克苏河、叶尔羌河、和田河三条源流2009年入塔里木河水量仅为12.01×108m3,使阿拉尔站年径流量仅为14.08×108m3,为历史最小值,属特枯水年.新渠满站年径流量仅为8.374×108m3,为历史最小值,属特枯水年,并于6月1日—7月22日河道断流52 d,该站至台特玛湖河道断流长达1 100km,占塔里木河干流总长1 321 km的83%,这在历史上是罕见的.     

Geochemical records of the sediments and their significance in Dongping Lake Area,the lower reach of Yellow River,North China

Dongping Lake area, located in the lower reaches of Yellow River, is an ideal place to study the changes of modern river and lake sedimentary environment. The sediment samples of Dawen River, Yellow River, and Dongping Lake were collected, and the major elements, trace elements and organic matter geochemical composition of the samples were analyzed. Cluster analysis, characteristic element ratio method and graphic method were used to explore the geochemical characteristics of sediments and their environmental implication. The results show that the contents of SiO_2, Na_2O, TiO_2 and Zr in sediments of Dawen River and Yellow River are relatively high, and the contents of iron and manganese oxides, organic matter, CaO, P_2O_5 and Sr in lake sediments are relatively high. That reveals the differences of sedimentary environments between the rivers and the lake. The contents of Sr and Zr in Dawen River are affected by the rapid migration of clastic materials in the upstream carbonate source area during the flood season; the δCe,ΣREE and REE's ratios in the sediments of the Yellow River reflect the influence of the Loess source; and the distribution of elements changes along the flow direction during the flood season. The characteristics of p H, element composition and LREE HREE fractionation of the lake sediments indicate that the sediment source is complex, and the lake environment is affected by the flood season. The study shows that the geochemical content and its variation characteristics of sediments effectively reveal the sedimentary environment, material composition and characteristics of flood season of rivers and the lake in the study area.     

五种降水产品在疏勒河上游山区和中下游月尺度降水的适用性对比研究

降水产品为理解降水时空分布提供了新的视角,然而其在不同地区适用性差异很大,目前对不同降水产品在西北内陆河流域上游山区和中下游平原适用性的对比研究还十分有限。利用疏勒河流域及周边9个国家气象站2001-2013年和4个山区自建气象站2008-2013年降水观测数据,基于皮尔逊相关系数（R）、均方根误差（RMSE）、平均绝对误差（MAE）和相对偏差（BIAS）指标,对CMFD、ERA-Interim、GPCC、GPCP V2.3和JRA-55共五种常用降水产品的月尺度降水数据在疏勒河上游山区和中下游平原区的适用性进行了评估对比,结果表明：五种降水产品都可以较好地模拟疏勒河流域多年平均降水的空间分布,总体来说,降水产品在上游的评估的相对误差优于中下游,但绝对误差比中下游大,这与上游降水远大于中下游有关。各产品在上游和中下游的精度排序结果一致,均为CMFD > GPCC > ERA-Interim > GPCP V2.3 > JRA-55。CMFD效果最佳可能与融合了中国更多的地面降水资料有关,其在自建站的效果也表现最佳。不同产品在疏勒河上游山区和中下游月尺度的降水评估中表现较好,但尚不能满足流域水文过程分析和模拟的需要。     

开都河源区气候变化及径流响应

应用巴音布鲁克水文站和气象站1960-2005年的观测资料,分析了开都河流域源区气温和降水的变化特征以及径流对气候变化的响应.结果表明:近46 a来开都河源区气温总体呈上升趋势,而降水量年际波动较大,降水量自1989年以来增加显著,降水和气温是开都河源区径流量变化的主要影响因素.年降水量与年径流量的单相关系数最大,为0.73;年平均气温与年径流量的相关系数为0.36.在降水量不变的情况下,径流量随气温升高而减少;在气温不变的情况下,径流量随降水量的增加而增加;而在降水量和气温都增加的情况下,径流量将有所增加.     

1986—2015年长江源各拉丹冬地区冰川变化遥感监测研究

以长江源各拉丹冬为研究区,针对该地区地物特点,选取了1986—2015年间云量较少、成像质量较高的相关卫星影像作为数据源,在充分了解环境特征与影像特点的基础上,基于"波段阈值比值法",通过人机交互调整阈值,对大范围冰川区域进行快速边界提取,并基于提取结果,结合数字高程数据、气象数据等相关数据展开了分析。结果表明:1986—2015年间研究区冰川面积减小92.06km2,减少速率为0.33%·a^-1;其中1986—1994年、1994—2001年、2001—2009年、2009—2015年分别减少32.95km2、27.37km2、13.11km2和18.63km2,减少速率分别为0.47%·a^-1、0.41%·a^-1、0.17%·a^-1和0.34%·a^-1。同时,依据空间组织方式进行了研究区冰川变化的分区分析,结果表明在不同分区、不同规模上该地区冰川变化呈现出不同的趋势;部分区域内冰川的降级、分裂现象较为明显,对不同等级规模冰川的变化趋势有一定影响。研究区冰川面积的坡向变化以东...