孔压静力触探(CPTU)确定地基土压缩模量方法研究

基于最小二乘法求解超定方程组原理,通过参数反分析,探讨了多层地基条件下,结合地基沉降资料,利用CPTU原位测试技术快速确定地基土压缩模量的方法研究,以求按照土层获得不同的压缩模量与锥尖阻力的经验系数.并结合崇启大桥北接线工程的CPTU试验进行了实例计算.结果表明:CPTU计算压缩模量是室内试验的2倍,与其他原位试验结果...     

密度孔压静力触探的测试理论和工程应用综述

孔压静力触探试验(CPTU)是目前使用最为广泛的原位测试方法之一,但CPTU不能原位测量土体最基本的指标——密度。密度孔压静力触探试验(DCPTU)是把核子密度仪结合到孔压静力触探系统中,贯入过程中可以同时测量锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力、孔隙水压力和密度的一种新型原位测试方法。本文首先介绍了DCPTU的试验装置和密度测试理论;然后通过与室内试验结果对比评价了利用DCPTU测量砂土、黏土、填土地层以及海底淤泥的密度的可靠性,分析了非均质地层中DCPTU测量密度与真实密度的区别、并提出了真实密度剖面的推求方法;然后综述了DCPTU在判别软弱夹层、评价砂土的液化势、检验地基处理效果、检测块状填土中的空隙、调查浮泥层的厚度和密度分布等方面的工程应用;最后展望了DCPTU在工程勘察中的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Cohesionless Soils Based on SPT Value Using Multi-Objective Feature Selection

Accurate prediction of settlement for shallow footings on cohesionless soil is a complex geotechnical problem due to large uncertainties associated with soil. Prediction of the settlement of shallow footings on cohesionless soil is based on in situ tests as it is difficult to find out the properties of soil in the laboratory and standard penetration test (SPT) is the most often used in situ test. In data driven modelling, it is very difficult to choose the optimal input parameters, which will govern the model efficiency along with a better generalization. Feature subset selection involves minimization of both prediction error and the number of features, which are in general mutual conflicting objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization technique is used, where a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) is combined with a learning algorithm (neural network) to develop a prediction model based on SPT data based on the Pareto optimal front. Pareto optimal front gives the user freedom to choose a model in terms of accuracy and model complexity. It is also shown how NSGA II can be effectively applied to select the optimal parameters and besides minimizing the error rate. The developed model is compared with existing models in terms of different statistical criteria and found to be more efficient.     

上海浅部土层压缩指数与天然含水率的关系

压缩指数Cc是土体变形特征的一个重要指标,一般通过固结试验获得,需要耗费较长的时间以及大量人力物力,因此通过其他基本物理指标（天然含水率wn、初始孔隙比e0、液限wL）来推算压缩指数Cc是一个快捷有效的方法。从上海地区钻孔得到第②～⑥层土的原状土样进行固结试验,并结合多个地点的勘察报告数据,发现wn和e0具有较高的线性相关性,但wn与wL间的相关性不明显。考虑到wn相比e0更容易得到,选用wn来建立与Cc的关系式。研究认为,常用的线性关系不适用于上海黏土中含水率wn大于45%的情况,提出了指数函数式（8）。该函数还可适用于中国东部沿海其他地区的黏土。     

Stability analysis of lateritic waste deposits

In open-pit mines covered with lateritic soil, the sterile ground is stored in specially prepared sites. The waste area must then be enhanced in order to extend storage capacity.

To better understand the effect of an elevated dump, typical laboratory tests (triaxial and oedometer tests) have been performed on the lateritic material. The waste disposal site has been modeled using both limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Different types of finite element models have been run; they take the variation of Young's modulus with depth into account and simulate the effect of construction over various phases. Modeling results are then compared with in situ measurements.     

较硬地层中旋进触探技术应用可行性研究

为了突破由于静力触探机械动力不足而使触探技术无法应用到较硬土层或软岩的限制,对墙体砌块试样用角片式探头在室内旋进式触探仪上进行不同探入速度和旋转速度控制条件下的试验,以模拟较硬地层的旋进式触探试验。测试所得的轴向压力和扭矩值随探入深度的变化可分成3个阶段：初探段、上升段和平稳段。对试验结果进行比较分析,证实了将圆锥探头单纯地压入岩土体的方式,改变为具有切削功能的探头,被旋转压入岩土体的探入方式能在现有机械设备的探入动力条件下实现探头在较硬土层及软岩中探入。从理论和室内试验两方面验证了探入方式的改变是确保探头在坚硬黄土、冻土及软岩地区顺利平衡地探测的有效措施。     

Seismic piezocone interpretation for shear wave velocity (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V</Emphasis><Subscript>S</Subscript>) determination in the Persian Gulf

Shear wave velocity is one of the important factors representing the dynamic characteristics of soil layers. Hence, many researchers have focused their studies on determining shear wave velocity by direct field measurements or expressions developed by other soil parameters. The shear module and damping ratio of the soil layers also play a similar role in the majority of dynamic soil response analyses. Nevertheless, since they have to be measured in the laboratory by resonant column or cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples, the possibility of preparing such samples and the reliability of the obtained results are of great concerns. In the present study, great effort has been made to determine the above dynamic factors by means of field data obtained from a versatile instrument, namely the seismic piezocone (SPCT_U), and to derive expressions correlating them with some parameters obtainable by much simpler instruments. The reliability of laboratory measurements on undisturbed samples is also evaluated. The seismic piezocone test apparatus has been employed to evaluate the soil properties at 1-m depth intervals by means of measuring tip resistance, sleeve resistance, pore pressure and shear wave velocity. The shear module and the damping ratio are calculated using field data. Meanwhile, in order to assess the laboratory measurements of these parameters, some resonant column tests and cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples of the same soil layers have been carried out. In order to compare the field results of shear modulus and damping ratios with those obtained from laboratory tests, the influences of the soil nature and sample disturbance on the conventional laboratory methods are evaluated and discussed. The shear wave velocity is correlated to overburden pressure and the corrected tip resistance for two groups of fine soils, namely silty clays and carbonate clayey silts, which mainly cover the areas under study in this project, are located in southern parts of Iran near the Persian Gulf. According to the results of the present study, there are narrow limits of shear modulus regarding soils for which the laboratory tests and the field measurements yield approximately the same shear modulus. This limit of shear modulus is about 30–50(MPa) for clay deposits and 70–100 (MPa) for sandy deposits. Also the shear wave velocity can be calculated by a simple expression from total overburden pressure and the tip resistance of simple cone penetration test results conventionally available in many soil explorations prior to engineering practices. However, if the pore pressure inside the saturated soil deposits can be measured by a piezocone apparatus, the shear wave velocity may be calculated using another suggested equation in terms of effective overburden pressure in the present study. Regarding the shear module and the damping ratio, due to the disturbances of the stiff deposits in the sampling process and great deviations of laboratory results from field results, the laboratory measurements of these parameters out of the above limits are not recommended.     

Bayesian approach for calibrating transformation model from spatially varied CPT data to regular geotechnical parameter

Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is widely utilized to gain regular geotechnical parameters such as compression modulus, cohesion coefficient and internal friction angle by transformation model in the site investigation. However, it is challenging to obtain simultaneously the unknown coefficients and error of a transformation model, given the intrinsic uncertainty (i.e., spatial variability) of geomaterial and the epistemic uncertainty of geotechnical investigation. A Bayesian approach is therefore proposed calibrating the transformation model based on spatial random field theory. The approach consists of three key elements: (1) three-dimensional anisotropic spatial random field theory; (2) classifications of measurement and error, and the uncertainty propagation diagram of geotechnical investigation; and (3) the unknown coefficients and error calibration of the transformation model given Bayesian inverse modeling method. The massive penetration resistance data from CPT, which is denoted as a spatial random field variable to account for the spatial variability of soil, are classified as type A data. Meanwhile, a few laboratory test data such as the compression modulus are defined as type B data. Based on the above two types of data, the unknown coefficients and error of the transformation model are inversely calibrated with consideration of intrinsic uncertainty of geomaterial, epistemic uncertainties such as measurement errors, prior knowledge uncertainty of transformation model itself, and computing uncertainties of statistical parameters as well as Bayesian method. Baseline studying indicates the proposed approach is applicable to calibrate the transformation model between CPT data and regular geotechnical parameter within spatial random field theory. Next, the calibrated transformation model was compared with classical linear regression in cross-validation, and then it was implemented at three-dimensional site characterization of the background project.     

Mechanical and Physical Characterization of Tabriz Marls, Iran

Three types of marls can be found in the Tabriz area (Iran): yellow, green, and gray/black marls. In the present paper, strength and deformation characteristics of Tabriz marls and their stress–strain behavior are investigated by various in situ and laboratory tests. In order to study the deformation behavior of these marls, various experiments such as the pressuremeter test, plate loading test (PLT), seismic wave velocity test, uniaxial compression test, standard penetration test (SPT), and direct shear test were carried out. Ranges of strain at the elastic and failure points were determined. Young’s and shear modulus were obtained. Test results showed that the strength characteristics increase with depth. The value of deformation modulus determined by the pressuremeter test was in good agreement with those obtained from the PLT. This implies that pressuremeter is a suitable in situ test for characterizing the deformation modulus of marl. Deformation modulus obtained from pressuremeter and plate loading tests were approximately 4–5 times the results of uniaxial compressive test and the deformation modulus obtained from seismic data was about 30–50 times the static deformation modulus. Stress–strain curves showed that the maximum value of strain at the elastic and failure points and the minimum value of strength and deformation modulus are corresponding to the yellow marls while the minimum value of strain and the maximum value of strength and deformation modulus are corresponding to the gray/black marls. Some empirical relationships between different characteristics of Tabriz marls were also derived.     

碎石土勘察中重型圆锥动力触探的应用——以贵州某变电站为例

圆锥动力触探试验是一项实验设备相对简单,操作方便,适应土类较广,并且可以连续贯入的原位试验方法.它对地基土的力学分层,以及评价地基土的均匀性和物理性质等方面具有一定的功效.笔者以贵州某变电站岩土工程勘察为例,通过重型圆锥动力触探实验记录锤击数,通过杆长与地下水位校正,确定土层的承载力,并根据确定的地基土力学分层,绘制勘...     

广州地区花岗岩残积土力学特性试验及参数研究

花岗岩残积土属区域性特殊土,一般具有较强的结构性,准确获得其力学参数是进行基坑等工程设计的前提条件。针对广州地区花岗岩残积土,开展系列力学特性试验研究,包括压板载荷试验、标贯试验以及室内侧限压缩、直剪等常规试验,基于试验结果得到工程中常用的花岗岩残积土力学参数,并进行对比分析及验证。结果表明,由花岗岩残积土室内直剪试验强度参数（黏聚力c、内摩擦角 ）计算得到的地基极限承载力以及由室内侧限压缩试验得到的花岗岩残积土变形参数均明显小于实测值;由压板载荷试验反算得到的花岗岩残积土c、 和变形模量E50计算p-s曲线结果与实测结果较为吻合;由标贯试验结果得到的花岗岩残积土E50则与由压板载荷试验得到的E50结果接近,说明压板载荷试验、标贯试验可作为花岗岩残积土力学参数的合理确定方法之一。     

基于原位试验成果的地基非线性沉降分析

提出了利用小尺寸载荷试验（PLT）及标准贯入试验（SPT）成果准确求解地基非线性沉降的新方法。首先利用压板载荷试验成果经过双曲线拟合,确定出某一土层地基土的修正切线模量;然后根据不同深度的SPT标贯击数按照线性相关关系,确定该土层不同深度各分层土的修正切线模量;最后依据分层总和法求解地基或基础的非线性沉降。该方法的特点是能进行加载至极限状态的全过程非线性沉降分析,而计算原理简单,计算参数全部来自现场原位测试,附加应力依据压板试验成果进行自动修正。分析广东某大型油罐地基及某高层建筑筏板基础的沉降结果表明,该方法计算结果准确可靠,能满足以沉降控制为目标的地基基础工程设计要求。     

Determination of silica sand stiffness

Site investigation and evaluation of properties of soil or rock are important aspects of geotechnical design. Determination of the ground stiffness is one of the important parameters in geotechnical engineering. Since the measurement of shear modulus is very sensitive to soil disturbance, especially for sand, determination of the stiffness of soil in the field is more reliable than in laboratory tests on sampled specimens. Measurement of shear modulus is one of the most common applications of self-boring pressuremeter testing. As an in situ device, the pressuremeter provides a unique method for assessing directly the in situ shear modulus of a soil. This paper describes a laboratory study of silica sand stiffness, which varies with stress level and strain amplitude. The results show that the elastic shear modulus value is mainly dependent on the value of the mean effective stress and relative density.     

Engineering approach to interpretation of oedometer tests performed on collapsible soils

Two mathematical models were selected for describing soil collapsibility. The elastic behavior of quasi-uniform materials was utilized for modeling one-dimensional compression of ‘dry’ soil specimens. Water-saturated soil specimens were modeled as elastic materials where deformation properties ‘improve’ during stress increase. Two simple formulas are offered for the interpretation of the double oedometer tests. The validity of these formulas derived within the common stress domain was demonstrated. The analytical expressions derived from the double oedometer tests may be utilized in the interpretation of the single oedometer tests. The effectiveness of the suggested method in the interpretation of single oedometer test was illustrated using the test results published in the literature.     

基于多源试验数据空间变异土体参数概率反演及边坡可靠度更新

岩土工程现场勘察试验通常只能获得有限的试验数据,据此难以真实地量化土体参数的空间变异性。提出了考虑土体参数空间变异性的概率反演和边坡可靠度更新方法,基于室内和现场两种不同来源的试验数据概率反演空间变异参数统计特征和更新边坡可靠度水平,并给出了计算流程。此外为合理地描述土体参数先验信息,发展了不排水抗剪强度非平稳随机场模型。最后通过不排水饱和黏土边坡算例验证了提出方法的有效性,并探讨了试验数据和钻孔位置对边坡后验失效概率的影响。结果表明：提出方法实现了空间变异土体参数概率反演与边坡可靠度更新的一体化,基于有限的多源试验数据概率反演得到的土体参数均值与试验数据非常吻合,明显降低了对参数不确定性的估计,更新的边坡可靠度水平显著增加。受土体参数空间自相关性的影响,试验数据对钻孔取样点附近区域土体参数统计特征更新的影响明显大于距离取样点较远区域。     

上海地区土体抗剪强度与静力触探比贯入阻力相关关系研究

基于上海地区19个工程共201组数据,通过黏土、粉质黏土和粉砂在上海地区土层中的分布,比贯入阻力Ps,室内固结快剪试验黏聚力cu和摩擦角?u,孔隙比e,塑性指数Ip沿土层深度的变化,分析得到3种土类的抗剪强度与比贯入阻力的相关关系,并总结了国内软土地区土体抗剪强度与静力触探比贯入阻力之间的相关关系。本文得到黏土的相关关系与以往的经验公式相近,同时给出了原位土层粉质黏土和粉砂的相关关系。区别不同土类使得相关关系可用性提高,在工程应用中更加合理。根据本文相关关系,通过静力触探比贯入阻力可以得到不同土层的抗剪强度值,进而应用于基坑稳定计算。本文研究的结果可以应用于海相沉积土的勘察和工程设计工作。     

橡皮膜嵌入解析解及试验验证

对于粗颗粒土三轴固结排水剪试验,橡皮膜嵌入是影响试验体变测量的最重要因素。通过分析橡皮膜嵌入机制,指出影响膜嵌入量的主要因素如下：有效净压力p、平均粒径 、橡皮膜厚度 、弹性模量 、接触面积 ,以及初始孔隙比 。基于Kramer等给出的膜变形模式,根据板壳理论和弹性力学的基本方程,利用能量守恒定律推导出了考虑初始孔隙比的橡皮膜嵌入量解析解。同时,采用在中三轴试样中埋置不同直径铁棒的方法进行等向固结试验,获得各个围压下粗颗粒土试样的橡皮膜嵌入量。最后,将解析解与试验结果以及前人的解析解进行对比。结果表明,解析解计算得到的膜嵌入量和试验值吻合度较高,验证了所推导解析解的正确性与适用性。     

天津港地区土层剖面随机场特征参数的估计

天然地基或人工地基在形成过程中,不同位置的土由于成因相似,其物理力学特性指标具有空间自相关性,这种空间自相关性可以用随机场理论进行研究。为估计天津港地区土体物理力学性质的空间随机场特性,采用了现场钻孔取样、静力触探等方法获取了大量的描述土体物理力学性质的参数。由于静力触探试验能够连续取样以获得足够多的数据来进行随机场分析,文章主要应用静探数据检验了该地区土性指标的平稳性和各态历经性,指出应用Vanmarcke的随机场模型对土性指标进行分析具有可行性。本文的创新点在于探讨了天津港地区随机场模型的建立方法并应用改进的完全不相关距离方法估计了天津港地区典型土层剖面的随机场特征参数。为随机场理论应用于天津港地区岩土工程可靠度分析打下了坚实的基础。相同的方法可用于其他地区土层随机场特征参数的估计。     

Engineering geologic and geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction effects: field examples

The greatest impediments to the widespread acceptance of back-calculated ground motion characteristics from paleoliquefaction studies typically stem from three uncertainties: (1) the significance of changes in the geotechnical properties of post-liquefied sediments (e.g., “aging” and density changes), (2) the selection of appropriate geotechnical soil indices from individual paleoliquefaction sites, and (3) the methodology for integration of back-calculated results of strength of shaking from individual paleoliquefaction sites into a regional assessment of paleoseismic strength of shaking. Presented herein are two case studies that illustrate the methods outlined by Olson et al. [Engineering Geology, this issue] for addressing these uncertainties.

The first case study is for a site near Memphis, Tennessee, wherein cone penetration test data from side-by-side locations, one of liquefaction and the other of no liquefaction, are used to readily discern that the influence of post-liquefaction “aging” and density changes on the measured in situ soil indices is minimal. In the second case study, 12 sites that are at scattered locations in the Wabash Valley and that exhibit paleoliquefaction features are analyzed. The features are first provisionally attributed to the Vincennes Earthquake, which occurred around 6100 years BP, and are used to illustrate our proposed approach for selecting representative soil indices of the liquefied sediments. These indices are used in back-calculating the strength of shaking at the individual sites, the results from which are then incorporated into a regional assessment of the moment magnitude, M, of the Vincennes Earthquake. The regional assessment validated the provisional assumption that the paleoliquefaction features at the scattered sites were induced by the Vincennes Earthquake, in the main, which was determined to have M7.5. The uncertainties and assumptions used in the assessment are discussed in detail.