老挝-越南长山成矿带北西段高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

马江结合带俯冲时代一直是地质研究的热点问题,老挝-越南长山成矿带花岗岩的构造属性是对马江洋闭合时间的重要制约。本文报道了老挝-越南长山成矿带北西段的中细粒花岗岩,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为261.34±0.69 Ma(MSWD=1.4),为晚二叠世。岩石具有高SiO_2(77.01%~78.07%)、高K_2O(4.32%~4.57%)、低钙镁(CaO=0.32%~0.34%;MgO=0.04%~0.06%)和低P_2O_5含量特征,富集Rb、U、Th,明显亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti和Eu等,属高分异I型花岗岩。该岩体可能是马江洋岩石圈南向俯冲的背景下,由俯冲海洋岩石圈诱导的幔源岩浆侵入古老地壳,形成初生地壳,在后期持续的热事件的影响下,提供足够的热引起初生地壳和古老地壳的混合地壳部分熔融,形成母岩浆,再经历高度分离结晶作用形成。     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段石炭纪岩浆作用记录

藏南冈底斯岩基记录了大量中生代和新生代以来的岩浆作用信息,虽然晚古生代的岩浆岩报道较少,但对限定拉萨地块在新特提斯洋俯冲之前的构造作用具有重要意义。本文通过综合已有资料,进一步对加查县和朗县晚古生代花岗岩开展了锆石U-Pb地质年代学及全岩元素地球化学组成的研究。加查县和郎县花岗片麻岩的原岩年龄分别为~344.8Ma和344.0~362.0Ma,表明加查和朗县岩体都形成于石炭纪。这些岩石具有较高的SiO₂含量（67.46%~75.33%）,Al₂O₃含量较低（12.66%~15.82%）,CaO含量为0.79%~4.32%,FeO和MgO的含量分别为0.48%~3.00%和0.28%~1.64%。依据它们的K₂O/Na₂O比值,这些岩石可分为富钾和富钠两个演化系列。这些岩石富集轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,但Zr和Hf无明显异常。地球化学特征和年代学信息表明：（1）冈底斯岩基东段石炭纪花岗岩形成于弧后伸展环境,可能与古特提斯洋向冈瓦纳大陆北缘的俯冲作用有关;（2）镁铁质岩浆演化形成富钠花岗岩,幔源岩浆和中下地壳岩熔体的混合形成富钾花岗岩;和（3）石炭纪岩浆作用持续时间至少~30Myr。     

粤北白沙地区晚侏罗世高分异I型细粒花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

受东西向佛冈-丰良断裂控制的佛冈复式岩体形成于多期次和不同来源的岩浆侵入作用。白沙地区细粒黑云母二长花岗岩体位于佛冈岩体北缘,是佛冈岩体的一部分,成因目前还不明确。文章以该岩体细粒黑云母二长花岗岩为研究对象,进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Hf同位素组成研究。研究结果显示,白沙地区细粒黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为155.6~157.1 Ma,表明其侵位于晚侏罗世。岩体具高硅（w（SiO₂）=70.74%~77.47%）、富碱（w（Na₂O+K₂O）=5.78%~8.62%）、低磷（w（P₂O₅）=0~0.10）等特征,富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb、Nd、Zr和Hf等元素,亏损Ba、Nb、La、Ce、Sr、P、Eu和Ti等元素。岩石总体上明显富集轻稀土元素（（La/Yb）_N=0.94~54.69,1个为0.94）,具明显的负Eu异常（δEu=0.07~0.57,n=6）,个别正Eu异常（1.00~1.16,n=3）。岩体地球化学特征指示,细粒黑云母二长花岗岩为高分异I型花岗岩。岩体形成于古太平洋板块（库拉板块）与欧亚板块俯冲作用和菲律宾地块与南中国-印支地块的岩石圈消减作用下,岩石圈伸展-减薄,导致地幔物质上涌,在高温条件热流作用下幔源物质诱导下地壳中-元古代物质部分熔融形成。     

俯冲带变质作用与构造机制

形成在汇聚板块边缘的俯冲带由俯冲岩石圈板块和上部岩石圈板块组成,具有不对称的热结构。俯冲岩石圈板块具有冷的地温梯度,而上部岩石圈板块具有热的地温梯度。俯冲板块的变质作用发生在5~15℃/km地温梯度下,可进一步划分为冷俯冲板块型（5~10℃/km）和热俯冲板块型（10~15℃/km）,即西阿尔卑斯型和古巴型。俯冲带上板块的变质作用发生15~50℃/km地温梯度下,可进一步划为冷地壳型（15~25℃/km）和热地壳型（25~50℃/km）,统称为科迪勒拉型。冷俯冲板块的变质作用是以大洋和大陆地壳岩石深俯冲到地幔,发生低温/高压及超高压变质作用为特征。所形成的低温/高压和超高压变质岩具有顺时针型P-T轨迹,其折返过程是以近等温或升温降压和部分熔融为特征。热俯冲板块型变质作用发生在年轻板块的正常俯冲和古老板块的平缓俯冲过程中。从大洋岩石圈初始俯冲到成熟俯冲,俯冲板块的地温梯度由热到冷,从热俯冲型转变成冷俯冲型。热俯冲板块的变质岩可具有顺时针型,也可具有逆时针型P-T轨迹,可以发生高温和高压下的部分熔融,形成埃达克质岩浆岩。俯冲带上板块的冷地壳型变质作用发生在构造挤压导致的加厚地壳环境,加厚的下地壳发生高温、高压麻粒岩相和榴辉岩相变质作用,可具有顺时针和逆时针型P-T轨迹。加厚新生下地壳的部分熔融形成埃达克质岩浆和高密度的基性残留体（弧榴辉岩）。热地壳型变质作用发生在构造伸展导致的减薄地壳环境。由于强烈的幔源岩浆增生和软流圈上涌,下地壳发生高温或超高温麻粒岩相变质作用和部分熔融,所形成的变质岩可具有顺时针型或逆时针型P-T轨迹。在岩浆弧加厚地壳的伸展过程中,早先形成的高温和高压变质岩可以叠加超高温变质作用。俯冲带上板块的岩浆弧可能是超高温变质岩形成的最主要构造环境。上板块下地壳的部分熔融可以形成大体积的花岗岩,由此导致新生地壳组成和成分的分异,是大陆地壳生长和成熟的重要机制。大陆碰撞造山带的加厚下地壳具有冷的地温梯度,可以发生高压麻粒岩和榴辉岩相变质作用。这些高级变质岩具有顺时针型P-T轨迹,在其折返过程中叠加中压、高温,甚至超高温变质作用。碰撞造山带下地壳的长期部分熔融可以形成不同成分的壳源花岗岩。     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段朗县杂岩早白垩世岩浆作用:新特提斯洋二次俯冲

新特提斯洋长期俯冲消减作用在早白垩世可能经历二次俯冲启动或板片俯冲几何形态的重大转换。确定西藏南部冈底斯岩基早白垩世岩浆作用的岩石地球化学特征和作用方式是甄别上述过程的关键,对理解新特提斯洋的俯冲演化过程至关重要。本文就冈底斯岩基东段朗县杂岩中保存的各类早白垩世岩浆岩,开展了锆石U-Pb地质年代学和Hf同位素、全岩元素和同位素（Sr-Nd）组成分析。数据结果表明：1）基性岩侵位时代为早白垩世晚期（103.6~100.8Ma）,为高钾钙碱性偏铝质岩石,锆石ε_Hf（t）=+0.3~+5.7,全岩ε_Nd（t）=-0.8和-0.3,暗示其岩浆源区具有大量俯冲沉积物或流体的混入,为沉积物熔体和流体交代的地幔楔物质部分熔融的产物,经历了一定程度的角闪石分离结晶作用;2）中性岩形成于99.8~97.6Ma,略晚于基性岩,其主量元素与基性岩具有较好的线性关系,全岩ε_Nd（t）=+1.1,具有较多的地幔物质参与,为基性岩浆进一步演化形成;3）酸性岩（脉体）记录了多阶段岩浆作用（124.1~95.3Ma）,根据同位素组成不同进一步划分为两类,第一类具有较低的全岩ε_Nd（t）值（-8.3~-6.0）,其岩浆源区显示富集特征,t_DM2=1385~1586Ma,由古老地壳物质的再熔融形成;第二类的锆石ε_Hf（t）值（-2.8~+3.2）变化较大,岩脉的锆石ε_Hf（t）=+0.4~+8.1,t_DM=428~906Ma,全岩ε_Nd（t）=+0.1和+0.8,表明岩浆源区具有不均一性,为古老地壳物质被富流体地幔岩浆改造形成;和4）镁铁质包体的主量元素与寄主花岗岩具有较好的线性关系,锆石的Hf同位素组成变化较大（ε_Hf（t）=-9.3~+4.1）,变化范围可达13个ε单位,为岩浆混合成因。寄主花岗岩和角闪辉长岩分别作为酸性和基性端元,是基性岩浆与其诱发古老地壳熔融形成的花岗质岩浆经混合形成。结合冈底斯岩基早白垩世岩浆岩的研究结果,朗县杂岩在早白垩世（124~97Ma）的岩浆作用具有明显的岩浆混合现象,锆石Hf和全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成变化较大,可达13个ε单位,其岩浆源区复杂且富含流体,代表了新特提斯洋在早期（240~144Ma）经历漫长的俯冲之后,在早白垩世时期（~120Ma）俯冲带发生跃迁或俯冲角度达到临界点,导致大量俯冲沉积物和流体沿俯冲带俯冲下去,与发生部分熔融的地幔楔物质混合,底侵导致上覆古老地壳物质的再熔融,形成早白垩世复杂的岩浆岩组合,很可能是新特提斯洋二次俯冲开始的标志。     

胶东半岛艾山岩体岩石地球化学特征及成因意义

[摘 要]艾山岩体位于胶东半岛的栖霞和蓬莱之间,主要岩性为二长花岗岩。岩石(地球)化学特征表明,艾山岩体为高硅(SiO₂=68.01%～75.85%)、高钾(K₂O/ Na₂O>1)、高镁和铁(MgO+Fe₂O₃+FeO+TiO₂>2%)、准铝-过铝质(A/ CNK=0.916～1.012)的钙碱性花岗岩,属I 型花岗岩。Rb、Ba、K、Sr 等大离子亲石元素(LILE)明显富集,Y、Hf、Zr、Yb、Nb、Ta 等较不活泼的高场强元素(HFSE) 相对亏损,显示负的Nb 异常和高的正Pb 异常,表明岩浆起源于下地壳,且地幔物质参与了岩浆作用过程。轻稀土元素相对富集,具弱的Eu 异常,SiO₂与ΣREE、δEu 相关性表明岩石主要受部分熔融控制。构造环境图解判别显示,艾山岩体的形成与岩石圈的消减和古太平洋板块俯冲有密切的联系。     

华北克拉通胶莱盆地马山地区早白垩世粗面英安岩岩石成因

伸展盆地、拉张断层以及伴生火山岩是华北克拉通中生代岩石圈减薄的地质响应,前两者通常源于中上地壳伸展活动,而后者则可能来自下地壳甚至地幔部分熔融。因此火山岩能够提供来自深部地壳、地幔及壳-幔相互作用的信息。胶莱盆地马山粗面英安岩成因及其与华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的关系仍存在争议。本文对马山粗面英安岩开展岩石学、全岩地球化学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学以及Lu-Hf同位素研究,查明其SiO₂含量为65.73%~66.08%,K₂O含量为3.13%~4.03%,全碱含量为7.56%~8.15%,属于高钾钙碱性系列。锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为119.3±1.6Ma,与胶莱盆地早白垩世伸展变形时间一致。ε_Hf（t）值为-24.6~-11.5,两阶段Hf模式年龄为2700~1200Ma,表明岩浆源区为改造的古老下地壳并混有富集地幔物质。岩石相对富集K和Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素,LREE/HREE比值较高,无明显的Eu负异常（δEu=0.94~1.02）,表明岩浆可能源于下地壳的部分熔融,因此,马山粗面英安岩可能是富集地幔与部分熔融的下地壳相互混染的产物。研究认为早白垩世高角度俯冲的古太平洋板片大规模回撤,胶莱盆地快速伸展断陷伴随青山群火山岩喷发,随后演化形成张性火山盆地。     

西藏南拉萨地体尼木地区侏罗纪花岗岩地球化学与岩石成因

冈底斯岩基是新特提斯洋北向俯冲和印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的重要岩浆记录,尼木地区位于冈底斯岩基中部。本文报道了尼木地区寄主二长花岗岩和辉长质包体的锆石U-Pb年代学、元素地球化学和锆石Hf同位素。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,寄主花岗岩（197~190Ma）和包体（195Ma）同期侵位,形成于早侏罗纪。寄主二长花岗岩为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石,富集轻稀土和K、U、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,锆石ε_Hf（t）值为+13.9~+16.0,其可能来源于初生地壳的部分熔融;辉长质包体为准铝质钙碱性系列岩石,具有与寄主岩相似的稀土和微量元素分配特征,锆石ε_Hf（t）值为+13.8~+16.0,其可能代表了侏罗纪形成的新生下地壳,即寄主岩石的岩浆源区;结合前人研究,本文认为尼木地区的寄主花岗岩和暗色包体可能与新特提斯洋北向俯冲引起的地幔和初生地壳的部分熔融有关。     

早三叠世北澜沧江结合带碰撞作用:类乌齐花岗质片麻岩年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素证据

西藏东部类乌齐一带吉塘岩群中新识别出一套花岗质片麻岩,其Cameca锆石U-Pb年龄为246.3±0.8Ma,表明该变质花岗岩形成于早三叠世。该套变质侵入体具高SiO₂(68.21%~74.82%)、富K₂O(K₂O/Na₂O>1)和低P₂O₅(<0.26%)特征,铝饱和指数(ACNK)为1.01~1.19,属准铝质到过铝质岩石;富集Rb、Th和U,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P和Eu等;并具不均一的锆石ε_Hf(t)值(-1.3~+3.7)和古老的锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄(1.0~1.4Ga),具有碰撞型花岗岩的地球化学特征。类乌齐变质侵入体很可能形成于澜沧江结合带所代表的洋盆闭合后碰撞的地球动力学背景,可能是幔源岩浆诱发古老地壳物质重熔并与之混合形成母岩浆,再经历高程度分离结晶作用而形成,为北澜沧江结合带碰撞造山过程的产物,暗示澜沧江结合带在早三叠世存在岩浆增生事件,藏东类乌齐地区在246Ma之前己进入陆-陆碰撞时期。     

栖霞牙山花岗岩及其暗色包体地球化学特征及成因研究

栖霞牙山花岗岩体形成于中生代早白垩世（118 Ma）,其岩石类型以花岗岩和花岗闪长岩为主,岩体中发育大量的暗色闪长质微粒包体。通过对牙山花岗岩及其暗色包体地球化学特征研究表明,包体围岩w（SiO₂）=65.5%~68.82%,铝饱和度（A/CNK）为0.89~1.03<1.1,为准铝质钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩;暗色包体具有较低w（SiO₂）值（54.82%~60.89%）、高w（TFe₂O₃）值（6.11%~8.15%）、高w（MgO）值（3.57%~5.19%）的特征。稀土元素配分模式图显示二者皆为轻稀土富集的右倾型曲线,微量元素蛛网图中二者均表现为富集Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ta、Nb、Ti等高场强元素,具有大陆地壳的特征。暗色包体与寄主岩石的Sr同位素初始比值（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i分别为0.709 29~0.709 58和0.709 21~0.709 71,应为同源岩浆的产物。两阶段Nd模式年龄（T_2DM）分为2 291 Ma-2 391 Ma和2 208 Ma-2 353 Ma,表明可能是古元古界陆壳物质部分熔融的产物。Pb同位素特征显示牙山岩体的原始岩浆以下地壳为主,w（Nb）/w（Ta）值介于下地壳与原始地幔之间,表明可能受到幔源物质的影响,包体中大量磷灰石呈针状结晶状态,进一步暗示存在岩浆混合作用。综上并结合区域构造背景认为,牙山岩体为早白垩世中晚期起源于火山弧环境的壳源特征花岗岩,形成过程中存在幔源物质的加入,它的形成与太平洋板块的俯冲作用密切相关。     

老挝-越南长山成矿带古特提斯构造岩浆演化与成矿作用

老挝-越南长山成矿带位于特提斯构造成矿域东南段,发育大量古特提斯旋回岩浆岩和铜-金-铁-锡等多金属矿床,是研究东特提斯构造岩浆演化与成矿作用的天然实验室。本文系统梳理了长山成矿带的成岩成矿时代、矿床组合和岩石地球化学研究成果,揭示了长山成矿带古特提斯时期的岩浆岩时空格架,构建了晚石炭—中二叠世(317~264 Ma)哀牢山-马江洋的俯冲、中二叠—晚三叠世(263~235 Ma)华南地体与印支地体的碰撞以及晚三叠世(234~202 Ma)碰撞后伸展等构造演化过程。初步建立了长山成矿带各阶段的成矿模式,包括俯冲期斑岩-矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Au和浅成低温热液型Cu-Au-Ag成矿(305~279 Ma)、碰撞期斑岩-矽卡岩型Sn和矽卡岩型Fe-Au成矿(249~236 Ma)、伸展期热液脉型Au矿化(212~204 Ma)。受限于晚三叠世晚期岩浆活动和成矿作用研究资料的缺乏,碰撞后伸展阶段的成矿作用仍有待进一步研究。     

Zircon U-Pb age,trace element and Hf isotope composition of Sepon Au-Cu deposit,Laos: tectonic and metallogenic implications

The Truong Son Fold Belt, located at the northeastern margin of the Indochina Block, is considered to be tectonically linked to the subduction of the Paleotethys Ocean and subsequent collision. Sepon is one of the most important super large deposits of the Truong Son Fold Belt. Our LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results show that granodiorite porphyry samples from the Sepon deposit have ages of 302.1±2.9 Ma, which is a crucial phase for magmatic-tectonical activities from the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian and has avital influence on the mineralization of copper and gold. Zircon from granodiorite porphyry yields ε_Hf (t) values of 4.32 to 9.64, and T_DM2 has an average age of 914 Ma, suggesting that the source of the granodiorite porphyry in the region were mainly mantle components but underwent mixing and contamination of crust materials. The Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ value of zircon in the granodiorite porphyry varys greatly from 2.4 to 1438.29, which shows magma mixing might occur. Considering the characteristics of trace elements in the zircon and the whole rock geochemical characteristics of intrusion rocks as well as the characteristics of regional volcanic-sedimentary association, it is indicated that the tectonic setting may be the continental arc environment. The Sepon Au-Cu deposit is derived from emplacement of calc-alkaline intermediate-acid magma with coming from deep sources in the subduction process of the Paleotethys Ocean, forming porphyry Mo-Cu, skarn Cu-Au mineralization and a hydrothermal sedimentary-hosted Au mineralization in the wall rocks.     

华东地区燕山期花岗质岩浆与成矿作用关系研究

华东地区是我国重要的钨、铜、铁、钼、金、银、铀、铅、锌等多种金属矿产的产业基地。本文系统总结了华东地区钦杭成矿带和武夷山成矿带等重要多金属成矿带的燕山期岩浆活动与成矿作用的时空演化规律,提出燕山期区域成岩成矿作用可划分为早、晚两期四个阶段。(1)燕山早期早阶段(180~165Ma),以I型花岗岩及埃达克质岩石为主,主要分布在钦杭结合带东段以及武夷山成矿带的闽西南坳陷区内,形成一系列斑岩型及矽卡岩型铜铅锌银多金属矿床;其中埃达克质岩是俯冲板块挤压环境下加厚(或拆沉)下地壳重熔的产物;(2)燕山早期晚阶段(165~140Ma),以S型花岗岩以及钨锡、铌钽矿床为主,主要分布于南岭成矿带,另有少量非埃达克质I型花岗岩;(3)燕山晚期早阶段(145~120Ma),为区域由挤压向伸展过渡的构造转换期,在古太平洋板块斜向俯冲所导致的大规模伸展背景下,产生了S型与I-A型花岗岩共生的局面,其中S型火山-侵入杂岩与火山热液型铀铅锌矿床关系密切;在钦杭结合带东段一线出现A型花岗岩以及伴生的钨锡铌钽矿化,其年龄(135~125Ma)略晚于S型火山-侵入杂岩,在武夷山地区岩石类型则以I型为主,并与矽卡岩型以及石英脉型钨锡铁钼矿有关;(4)燕山晚期晚阶段(120~90Ma),在强烈的伸展背景以及俯冲带向洋迁移作用下,成岩成矿事件集中在武夷山以东的沿海地区,以出现晶洞花岗岩、过碱性花岗岩等高温、浅成、高分异花岗岩类为特征,但金属成矿作用则大多与富钾的I型花岗岩类有关,在多个矿集区内形成大量的浅成低温热液型铜金银矿床。钦杭成矿带和武夷成矿带之间的成岩-成矿时空差异性主要受控于古太平洋板块俯冲过程及基底物质组成。     

藏南努日铜-钨-钼矿床晚白垩世石英闪长岩U-Pb定年及其地球化学特征

藏南努日矿床位于冈底斯成矿带南缘,前人获得的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄为23 Ma,与明则和程巴矿床成矿时代一致,但矿区内至今未发现与矿化有关的成矿斑岩体。本文报道了努日矿区新发现的与矿化关系密切的石英闪长岩的地球化学特征,获得石英闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为93.42±0.76 Ma,与同一成矿带内桑布加拉和克鲁铜金矿成矿时代一致(90~93 Ma),表明矿区可能存在两期成矿事件。石英闪长玢岩的主量微量元素SiO_2含量为57.19%~58.23%,A1_2O_3含量为15.78%~16.03%,MgO含量为4.74%~5.32%,Mg~#指数为65.2~67.3;富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Sr、Ba、U等)及轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,显示出埃达克岩特征。研究表明石英闪长玢岩形成于洋壳俯冲阶段的弧岩浆岩,洋壳熔融形成的母岩浆侵入近地表形成早期铜多金属矽卡岩矿化。晚白垩世成矿事件的发现进一步佐证了研究区存在两期矿化叠加事件,拓展了研究区找矿方向。     

Indosinian tectonics in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the Triassic Indosinian collision affected coevally the Truong Son belt and the Kontum Massif,which were not independent tectonic units, but parts of the same Gondwana-derived Indochina continental block. This thermotectonic event took place synchronously throughout Vietnam, during the Lower Triassic 250–240-Ma time interval, as demonstrated by numerous geochronological data, combining Ar–Ar and U–Pb dating methods. Structural and kinematic investigations, in the Indosinian metamorphic rocks, reveal that the collisional process resulted from a consistent northwest-striking convergence of Indochina with respect to the adjacent blocks. It is suggested that this motion was taken up by a pair of opposite subduction zones: to the north, beneath South China, and to the west, beneath western Indochina, along the Song Ma and Po Ko sutures, respectively. Tectonic markers, calc-alkaline subduction-related volcanism and granitic intrusions and the generation of high-pressure rocks that have been recently discovered support this geodynamic setting, at least along Po Ko. Along the northwest-trending Song Ma zone, the obliquity of the convergence during subduction and subsequent collision resulted in the development, within the Truong Son Belt, of a set of subparallel dextral mylonitic shear zones, under amphibolite-facies metamorphism. The intermediate segments remained weakly metamorphic or even almost devoid of metamorphism. Along Po Ko, the convergence was near-orthogonal, with a left-lateral strike-slip component; the ongoing continental subduction resulted in the reworking of the Kontum granulitic basement and the development of Indosinian HP granulitic conditions; the subsequent extension-related exhumation operated approximately in the same northwestwards direction. This Indosinian evolution, applied on a continental crust that had been probably affected, as in South China, by a Caledonian-related event, as judged by the general unconformity of the Lower Devonian sediments, the widespread occurrence of magmatic crystallisation ages of ca 450 Ma (Ordovician-Silurian), and by the approximately similar age of the primary granulitic episode in the Kontum Massif. The similarities of the Devonian facies over central, northern Vietnam and South China imply a land connection, possibly as a consequence of a Caledonian collision along Song Ma, but this does not preclude a further oceanic opening and a closure during the Indosinian.     

Late Ediacaran crustal thickening in Iran: Geochemical and isotopic constraints from the ~550 Ma Mishu granitoids (northwest Iran)

The aim of this article is to examine the geochemistry and geochronology of the Cadomian Mishu granites from northwest Iran, in order to elucidate petrogenesis and their role in the evolution of the Cadomian crust of Iran. The Mishu granites mainly consist of two-mica granites associated with scarce outcrops of tonalite, amphibole granodiorite, and diorite. Leucogranitic dikes locally crosscut the Mishu granites. Two-mica granites show S-type characteristics whereas amphibole granodiorite, tonalities, and diorites have I-type signatures. The I-type granites show enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (e.g. Rb, Ba and K) and depletion in high field strength elements (e.g. Nb, Ti and Ta). These characteristics show that these granites have been formed along an ancient, fossilized subduction zone. The S-type granites have high K, Rb, Cs (and other large ion lithophile elements) contents, resembling collision-related granites. U–Pb zircon dating of the Mishu rocks yielded ²³⁸U/²⁰⁶Pb crystallization ages of ca. 550 Ma. Moreover, Rb–Sr errorchron shows an early Ediacaran age (547 ± 84 Ma) for the Mishu igneous rocks. The two-mica granites (S-type granites) show high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) ratios, ranging from 0.7068 to 0.7095. Their ?Nd values change between ?4.2 and ?4.6. Amphibole granitoids and diorites (I-type granites) are characterized by relatively low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) ratios (0.7048–0.7079) and higher values of ?Nd (?0.8 to ?4.2). Leucogranitic dikes have quite juvenile signature, with ?Nd values ranging from +1.1 to +1.4 and Nd model ages (T_DM) from 1.1 to 1.2 Ga. The isotopic data suggests interaction of juvenile, mantle-derived melts with old continental crust to be the main factor for the generation of the Mishu granites. Interaction with older continental crust is also confirmed by the presence of abundant inherited zircon cores. The liquid-line of descend in the Harker diagrams suggests fractional crystallization was also a predominant mechanism during evolution of the Mishu I-type granites. The zircon U–Pb ages, whole rock trace elements, and Sr–Nd isotope data strongly indicate the similarities between the Mishu Cadomian granites with other late Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian (600–520 Ma) granites across Iran and the surrounding areas such as Turkey and Iberia. The generation of the Mishu I-type granites could be related to the subduction of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean during Cadomian orogeny, through interaction between juvenile melts and old (Mesoproterozoic or Archaean) continental crust. The S-type granites are related to the pooling of the basaltic melts within the middle–upper parts of the thick continental crust and then partial melting of that crust.     

西藏东南缘早二叠世长英质凝灰岩锆石U-b年龄和Hf同位素特征

西藏东南缘记录的唐加-松多古特提斯增生杂岩带对认识古特提斯洋晚古生代的构造演化提供了新的证据.针对该杂岩带中新发现的长英质凝灰岩开展了全岩主、微量元素,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素组成的研究.结果显示冲尼凝灰岩喷发于278~275 Ma,具有较高的SiO₂含量（63.47%~72.65%）、Al₂O₃含量（14.53%~21.31%）,较低的K₂O含量（1.30%~2.51%）和TiO₂含量（0.50%~1.17%）,MgO含量较低,介于0.92%~2.00%,Mg#范围在19.9~34.2（均低于40）.富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）、亏损高场强元素（HFSE）.锆石具有较高的ε_Hf（t）值（+10.2~+14.4）和相对年轻的地壳模式年龄T_DMc=351~621 Ma,认为冲尼凝灰岩是唐加-松多古特提斯洋向北俯冲背景下的新生地壳部分熔融的产物,洋盆俯冲消减的开始时代不晚于早二叠世,并且在早二叠世拉萨地体东南缘存在新生地壳生长事件.      

Nature and origin of Mesozoic granitoids and associated mineralization in the Sanjiang Tethys Orogeny,SW China: the Xiuwacu complex example

ABSTRACT

The magmatic generation for the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic (~215–200 Ma) and Early Cretaceous–Late Cretaceous (~108–79 Ma) post-collisional granites in the Sanjiang Tethys orogeny remain enigmatic. The Xiuwacu complex, located in the southern Yidun Terrane, consists of biotite granite with a weight mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 199.8 ± 2.5 Ma, aplite granite of 108.2 ± 2.3 Ma, monzogranite porphyry of 80.8 ± 1.0 Ma, and diorite enclaves of 79.2 ± 0.9 Ma and 77.9 ± 0.8 Ma. The Late Triassic biotite granites show I-type granite affinities, with high SiO₂ contents, high Mg^# values, high zircon δ¹⁸O values, and negative whole-rock ?Nd(t) values, indicating a predominant ancient crustal source with the input of juvenile materials. Their fractionated REE patterns and concave-upward middle-to-heavy REE patterns require garnet-bearing amphibolite as the melt source. The Cretaceous highly fractionated aplite granites and monzogranite porphyries have relatively high SiO₂ contents, high (Na₂O + K₂O)/CaO ratios, high zircon δ¹⁸O values, and enriched whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopic signatures, suggesting that their parent magmas were likely originated from the ancient middle- to lower crust. Their significant negative Eu anomalies and obvious depletions in Nb, Sr, and Ti demonstrate that the Cretaceous granitic magmas had experienced more fractionation than the Late Triassic felsic magmas. The Late Cretaceous diorite enclaves show low SiO₂ contents, high Mg^# values, and high zircon δ¹⁸O values, suggesting that they were probably derived from the partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle enriched by the Late Triassic subduction. The Late Triassic–Early Jurassic and Early Cretaceous–Late Cretaceous magmatism witnessed the post-collisional setting and intraplate extensional setting in response to the slab break-off and lithospheric-scale transtensional faulting, respectively. The partial melting of subduction-modified lithospheric mantle or/and residual sulphide cumulates within the lower crust during the origination of Late Cretaceous magmas could have provided metals for the formation of Xiuwacu deposit.     

Collision-related genesis of the Sharang porphyry molybdenum deposit,Tibet: Evidence from zircon U–Pb ages,Re–Os ages and Lu–Hf isotopes

Sharang is a low-fluorine, calc-alkaline porphyry Mo deposit hosted mainly in a granite porphyry of a multi-stage plutonic complex in the northern Gangdese metallogenic belt, largely with stockwork and ribbon-textured mineralization. The observed age estimates suggest that the formation of the magmatic host complex (52.9–51.6 Ma) and the ore deposit itself (52.3 Ma) occurred during the main stage of the India–Asia collision. The host rocks are characterized by lower zircon ε_Hf(t) values than those of the pre-ore and post-ore rocks. This suggests that the Lhasa terrane basement might play an important role in the formation of Sharang ore-forming intrusions. In view of the framework of magmatic–metallogenic events we suggest that slab roll-back may have induced melting of juvenile crust and ancient continental complexes during the India–Asia collision. This proposal focuses exploration for additional molybdenum deposits on the collision zone.     

The Early Triassic Indosinian orogeny in Vietnam (Truong Son Belt and Kontum Massif); implications for the geodynamic evolution of Indochina

New structural field data at various scale and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar geochronological results, from the basement rocks in the Truong Son belt and Kontum Massif of Vietnam, confirm that ductile deformation and high-temperature metamorphism were caused by the Early Triassic event of the Indosinian Orogeny in the range of 250–240 Ma. A compilation of isotopic data obtained in other countries along the Sibumasu–Indochina boundary broadly indicates same interval of ages. This tectonothermal event is interpreted as the result of a synchronous oblique collision of Indochina with both Sibumasu and South China, inducing dextral and sinistral shearing along E–W to NW–SE and N–S fault zones, respectively. The collision along Song Ma follows the northwards subduction of Indochina beneath South China and the subsequent development of the Song Da zone which in turn was affected by the Late Triassic Indosinian phase of shortening. Within the Indochina plate, internal collisions occurred coevally in the Early Triassic, as along the Poko suture, at the western border of the Kontum Massif.