软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动特性的影响

利用日本KIK台网地表和井下地震记录验证了一维等效线性化土层地震反应程序,结果表明在土体小变形范围内,对于刚度递增型场地,程序计算结果与实际相符;而对于含软夹层或硬夹层的场地,程序计算结果与实际相差较大。据此,本文提出了一种研究软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动影响的方法。为得到参照标准,将真实土层剖面中的夹层替换为正常土层,以满足刚度递增条件,采用土层地震反应程序计算在井下地震记录激励下的地表反应。将其与该场地地表实际地震记录进行对比分析,可得到软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动的影响结论。本文对几个典型场地进行计算分析后得到如下结论：软夹层与硬夹层对地表地震动的影响是一致的;当夹层处于覆盖层上部时对高频地震动有较强的放大作用;当夹层处于覆盖层下部时对高频地震动有隔震作用。     

地震动输入界面的选取对地震动参数的影响

地震反应分析中的输入界面是一种规定的假想基岩面,其选取具有很大的不确定性,对确定地震动参数的影响很大.本文以北京地区存在剪切波速较高的卵石硬夹层场地为研究对象,探讨实际工程场地中能否将硬夹层选作地震动输入界面的问题.利用一维等效线性化波动方法,对390个含有剪切波速高于500m/s的卵石层场地模型进行地震反应分析计算,讨论卵石层的上覆土层、下伏土层以及卵石层自身特性对地震反应分析结果的影响.计算结果显示,厚度5m左右、剪切波速小于600m/s的卵石层作为地震动输入界面是否合理,主要取决于上覆土层和下伏土层,而卵石层厚度和剪切波速的影响很小.对于一般性工程,当上覆土层厚度大于15m,下伏土层厚度在10m以内时,选取硬夹层顶面与选取钻探揭示的基岩或剪切波速不小于500m/s的土体顶面为输入界面,计算结果差别不大;当上覆土层厚度达到60m,下伏土层的变化对计算结果影响很小.研究表明,在钻探没有揭示出基岩或坚硬土体时,埋深大于60m的硬夹层可以选为地震动输入界面,这一结论对实际的地震安全性评价工作具有一定参考价值.     

软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动特性的影响

利用日本KIK台网地表和井下地震记录验证了一维等效线性化土层地震反应程序，结果表明在土体小变形范围内，对于刚度递增型场地，程序计算结果与实际相符；而对于含软夹层或硬夹层的场地，程序计算结果与实际相差较大。据此，本文提出了一种研究软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动影响的方法。为得到参照标准，将真实土层剖面中的夹层替换为正常土层，以满足刚度递增条件，采用土层地震反应程序计算在井下地震记录激励下的地表反应。将其与该场地地表实际地震记录进行对比分析，可得到软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动的影响结论。本文对几个典型场地进行计算分析后得到如下结论：软夹层与硬夹层对地表地震动的影响是一致的；当夹层处于覆盖层上部时对高频地震动有较强的放大作用；当夹层处于覆盖层下部时对高频地震动有隔震作用。     

土层地震反应中软弱夹层对加速度反应谱的影响

为了研究土层地震反应中软弱夹层对加速度反应谱的影响,本文构造了多种包含不同厚度、不同位置软夹层的土层结构,通过国内地震安评通用的ESE软件进行计算、分析。研究结果表明,软夹层的厚度、位置、输入地震动的幅值等对加速度反应谱均有不同程度的影响,上部含有软夹层的土层结构能造成反应谱出现双峰现象,引起加速度反应谱特征周期变大。本文研究结果对软土地区工程抗震设计有一定参考价值。     

天津滨海场地土类别特征及对地震动的影响

天津滨海地区基岩埋深大,上覆土层厚,土质疏松,而且在地表下较浅处存在淤泥质粘土,为典型的抗震不利地段.本文根据中国规范(GB50011-2001)、美国FEMA-NEHRP(2000)场地分类标准和欧洲规范(EUROCKE 8 1998)对天津市滨海场地作了场地类别划分.结果表明:该滨海场地按中国规范应划为Ⅲ类、按美国标准为E类、欧洲规范为C类.对于滨海场地来说,相当多的场地在填土下方有较厚的海泥沉积,没有充分固结,形成软弱夹层,软夹层的存在使得场地地震反应具有较长的振动周期,这对建筑物结构有重要影响.简单地根据浅层结构分类方法无法考虑这个因素.美国标准考虑30 m深,情况有所改善.这是因为30 m深已经将软夹层考虑进去了一大部分.但由于软夹层的厚度随地点有很大变化,所以,规定一个固定的波速计算深度不太合适.由此看来,对滨海软土场地,过分简单的场地分类划分方法可能难以反映软土场地的实际情况.     

断层错动引起的上覆土体破裂演化规律研究

断层引起的地面永久大变形是工程特别是生命线工程地震破坏的重要原因之一, 而研究断层错动下上覆土体变形和破裂的发展演化规律, 则是预测地面永久变形状态和分析断层危害性的基础． 本文采用有限元方法对垂直断层错动引起的上覆土体破裂演化规律进行了研究, 建立了垂直断层作用下上覆土体模拟的有限元模型, 对断层错动作用下上覆土体的破裂发展过程进行了模拟分析, 并分析了加载速率、 土体特性及断层倾角等参数对上覆土体的破裂演化发展过程的影响． 结果表明: ① 断层倾角越陡, 地表出现破裂时需要增加的垂直位移越大; ② 由于惯性力的影响, 断层加载速率对地表破裂所需施加位移和土层破裂角产生一定的影响; ③ 断层类型对土层地表破裂角与膨胀角、 摩擦角之间的关系有很大影响． 该分析结果可为新建工程的抗震设计和已建工程结构的抗震加固等工作提供依据．     

地震断层错动时基岩上覆土层中软夹层的影响研究

地壳内断层的突然破裂错动产生的强烈地震引发基岩上部土层运动、开裂,地表变形与破裂.当地面破裂穿过建筑物地基、地面构筑物或地下管线时会直接造成严重破坏.研究发震断层上覆土层的地震反应能帮助我们了解实际工程场地的地震危险性以及建筑物、构筑物和其他工程地震失效的机理与原因,为进一步分析穿跨越断层工程结构在断层错动时的反应打下基础.另外,断层运动引起的土层反应与土体震陷产生的不均匀沉陷、大地构造性上升或下陷、土体的侧向扩散等有许多相似之处,这方面的研究可以为其他土体运动形式的研究提供参考.     

覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应分析方法

基于有限元和拟静力的根本原理，提出了一种基于断层位错的覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应弹塑性有限元分析方法，计算中考虑了土层厚度、断层种类和倾角、软弱夹层以及土的非线性等因素，通过编制的程序计算了地表断裂位移，模拟了土层的破裂过程。     

层状地基端承桩扭转动力阻抗研究

本文采用Novak薄层法推导粘弹性地基的扭转动力阻抗,并将其用于考虑桩土相互作用的单桩扭转动力阻抗,又通过传递矩阵法将此公式推广到求取层状地基单桩扭转动力阻抗。而且本文以工程中常用的端承桩为例,推导了层状地基中端承桩扭转动力阻抗的简化计算公式。根据此公式,分析了频率、上覆软土层厚度、上覆软土层刚度等因素对单桩扭转动力阻抗的影响,分析结果表明,随着振动频率提高,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部有缓慢下降的趋势,而虚部则增大;随着上覆土层厚度的增加,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部和虚部均减小;随着上覆土层刚度的减小,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部减小,虚部在低频段减小,而在较高频率段则增大。     

含软夹层层状沉积谷地对P、SV和Rayleigh波的散射

沉积河谷对地震动具有显著的放大效应,而软夹层的存在对其放大程度具有较大影响。采用一种高精度有限元-间接边界积分方程耦合方法,对P、SV和Rayleigh波入射下含软夹层层状沉积谷地地震响应进行计算分析。分析表明,软夹层的影响规律依赖于入射波的波型、频率和角度、软夹层的厚度和埋深等因素。整体上看,对于地表位移,较低频率地震波入射下,软夹层的放大效应比较明显,且较厚夹层在浅埋情况下的放大作用更为显著;对高频波入射则主要表现为减震效应。对于地表加速度,软夹层主要表现出降幅作用,降低幅度可达30%。另外,总体上软夹层对于P波的影响要大于对SV波的影响。     

Study on the rupture characteristics of the overlaying soil with soft interlayer due to fault bedrock dislocation

Introduction A sudden rupture of fault in the crust induces intensive earthquake, and brings about the overlaying soil moving and cracking, and the Earth′s surface deforming and rupturing as well. When it crosses the foundations of buildings and the underground structures, the rupture close to the Earth′s surface or surface fault would lead to direct destruction to these structures. The study on this problem has been paid more attention in recent years. From Kobe Earthquake, Izimit Earthq…     

土层结构对地表加速度峰值的影响

本文在研究我国数百个工程场地钻孔资料的基础上，选取和构造了若干有代表性的典型场地剖面，利用目前工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法，计算了不同场地在三种不同强度的地震动输入下的地表加速度峰值反应。分析研究了覆盖层厚度、软土层的埋深与厚度等对场地地表加速度峰值的影响，得到了一些有意义的结论。     

中国软土及其动力学特性研究的概况

软土由于具有强度低、渗透性小、压缩性高、欠固结以及流变效应等不利于工程建设的特性,通常不被选做天然地基。但当软土以建筑环境或地基夹层存在时,对工程会带来一定的危害。在动力的作用下,软土表现特殊的力学行为,在地震作用有时会产生震陷;位于表层的软土放大效果显著;位于底层的软土有时具有隔震的作用。由于软土在动力学实验方面存在一定的困难,并且缺少软土场地的强震记录,使得这方面的研究受到一定影响。简要介绍了软土的成因及工程特性;总结和归纳了国内外软土的动剪切模量比和阻尼比以及剪切波速等动力学参数的特征,评述了软土动本构关系和地震反应特性等方面的研究进展,在此基础上提出了目前需要进一步开展研究的问题。该项工作对从事软土研究的科技工作者有一定的参考价值。     

THE EFFECT OF HARD INTERLAYER THICKNESS ONTHE SITE SEISMIC RESPONSE

Studies on the effect of near-surface overburden soil layers on seismic motion have shown that the overburden soil layers have a significant impact on the seismic effect of the site due to the formation age, genetic type, thickness difference, structure, and dynamic characteristics of the soil layers. In this paper, the one-dimensional seismic response analysis of a nuclear power plant site containing a thick hard interlayer was conducted to discuss the influence of the hard interlayer thickness on the site seismic response, so as to provide a basis for determining the seismic motion parameters for seismic design of similar sites. Based on the engineering geological data of a nuclear power plant site, five models of one-dimensional soil-layer seismic response analysis were built, and the equivalent linear method of the one-dimensional site seismic response was applied to analyze the effect of the interlayer thickness on the peak acceleration and the acceleration response spectra of the site seismic response. The seismic response characteristics of the site and influence rules of the hard interlayer thickness are summarized as follows:1)Under different input seismic motion levels, the peak acceleration at the top of the hard interlayer was less than the input peak acceleration, and the peak acceleration at the ground surface of site was greater than the input peak acceleration. 2)Under the same input seismic motion, the ratios of the peak accelerations at the top of hard interlayer to the input peak accelerations were smaller than the ratios of the peak accelerations at the ground surface to the input peak acceleration, and these ratios first decreased and then increased gradually with the increase of the hard interlayer thickness; while for the same hard interlayer thickness, these ratios gradually decreased as the input peak acceleration increasing. 3)For the same input seismic motion, the ratios of the peak accelerations at the ground surface of site to those at the top of the hard interlayer increased gradually as the hard interlayer thickness increased; however, corresponding to different hard interlayer thicknesses, the variation characteristics of ratios which are the peak accelerations at the ground surface of site to those at the top of the hard interlayer were inconsistent with the increase of the input peak acceleration. 4)The hard interlayer had a significant influence on the short-period acceleration response spectrum and the thicker the hard interlayer was, the wider the influence frequency band would be; while for a special hard interlayer thickness, the influence frequency band is certain, and the hard interlayer had little effect on the acceleration response spectrum coordinates outside this frequency band, the longer the period is, the less the influence of the hard interlayer on the acceleration response spectrum coordinates. The seismic response characteristics of the site and influence rules of the hard interlayer thickness indicate that the hard interlayer thickness has a significant impact on the peak acceleration and the acceleration response spectra of the site seismic response, and the hard interlayer has obvious isolation effect at the seismic motion, and the increase of its thickness reduces the nonlinear effect of the site and leads to the wider influence frequency band. Meanwhile, the higher the input peak acceleration is, the stronger the nonlinear effect of the site, and it's remarkable that the soft layer overlying the hard interlayer has a significant amplification effect on the seismic motion.     

隐伏正断层错动致地表破裂变形特征的研究

通过建立三维计算模型,对隐伏正断层在均匀错动、倾斜错动和翘倾错动方式下地表土体的应力路径、破裂和变形特征进行了研究。根据地表破裂临界值,分析了工程建设“避让带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征。根据行业规范,提出工程建设“关注带”的确定方法,分析了“关注带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征,得到以下主要结论:①在断层错动过程中,位于两侧的地表土体应力路径变化明显不同,下盘一侧和上盘一侧分别以三轴拉伸和三轴压缩为主;②地表强变形带与地表破裂带的分布并不一致,需要综合考虑等效塑性应变和总位移比2个指标来评价同震地表错动对建筑物的影响;③当隐伏断层错动的垂直位移达到3m时,工程建设“避让带”的宽度在10—90m范围内变化,受上覆土体厚度和断层倾角的影响最大,而工程建设“关注带”的宽度在150—400m范围内变化,受上覆土体的性质影响最大。     

硬夹层埋深对场地地震动参数的影响

选取某重要工程场地A3钻孔的厚度、剪切波速、密度等实际勘探数据,通过改变硬夹层的埋深,分析硬夹层不同埋深、不同地震时程对场地地震动参数的影响。研究结果表明:在硬夹层厚度不变和模型总厚度不变的情况下,地表水平向的峰值加速度随硬夹层埋深的增大而增大,但增幅逐渐减小;硬夹层埋深到达一定深度时不再影响地表水平峰值加速度;随着硬夹层埋深的增加,整个反应谱的谱值普遍增大。     

Influence factors on the ground surface rupture zone induced by buried normal fault dislocation*

The seismic disaster presents a zonal distribution along the fault strike. In this paper, rupture zone of ground surface soil caused by the uniform dislocation, inclined dislocation and warped dislocation of buried normal fault are studied by constituting a three-dimensional finite element model in Automatic Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear Analysis (ADINA). According to the critical value of surface rupture, the variational features and influencing factors of width and starting position of the “avoiding zone” in engineering construction are analyzed by using 96 model calculations. The main results are as follows: (1) Since the rupture zone of the ground surface soil from the point of mechanics is different from the “avoidance zone” from the point of engineering safety, the equivalent plastic strain and the total displacement ratio should be considered to evaluate the effect of the seismic ground movement on buildings. (2) During fault dislocation, plastic failure firstly occurred on the ground surface soil of the footwall side, and then the larger deformation gradually moved to the side of the hanging wall of the fault with the increase of fault displacement. (3) When the vertical displacement of buried fault reaches 3 m, the width of “avoiding zone” in engineering construction varies within the range of 10–90 m, which is most affected by the thickness of overlying soil and the dip angle of the fault.