中国大陆科学钻主孔现今地应力状态

用钻孔崩落法确定了中国大陆科学钻探主钻孔5 047 m深度以上的现今地应力状态.由钻孔声波成像测井资料发现, 科学钻主钻孔在1 200 m深度以下出现了钻孔崩落现象.我们从1 216~5 047 m的深度范围内采集了143个钻孔成像测井图象资料, 对钻孔崩落椭圆长轴方位进行了统计, 结果表明崩落椭圆长轴平均方位为319.5°±3.5°, 最大水平主应力方位平均为49.5°±3.5°.利用崩落形状要素(崩落深度和崩落宽度) 以及岩石的内聚力和内摩擦角, 估算了1 269 m至5 047 m范围内52个深度上的最大和最小水平主应力的大小.结果表明, 在浅处1 216 m深度, 最大水平主应力为42 MPa, 最小水平主应力为30.3 MPa; 在深处5 000 mm深度, 最大水平主应力为160.5 MPa, 最小水平主应力为120 MPa; 地应力随深度近于线性增加.据岩石密度测井资料计算了各个深度上静负载应力.3个主应力的大小和方向反映出科学钻主孔位置的应力场处于走滑应力状态, 与临近地区地震震源机制解和其他方法得到的应力场一致.利用声发射法对岩心试件进行了声发射测量, 得到了最大水平主应力幅值, 并与崩落法测量结果进行了对比, 两者十分一致.      

Borehole instability in high-porosity Berea sandstone and factors affecting dimensions and shape of fracture-like breakouts

Stress-induced breakouts in vertical boreholes are failure zones caused by excessive compressive stress concentration at the borehole wall along the springline of the least horizontal far-field stress. Wellbores are sometimes drilled into aquifers or oil reservoirs that are weak, poorly consolidated, and highly porous sandstone formations, which are often conducive to breakout formation. Breakouts are an expression of borehole instability and a potential source of sand production. On the other hand, the breakout phenomenon can be used advantageously in obtaining an estimate of the in situ stress condition. The average orientation of breakouts, as identified by borehole geophysical logging, is a reliable indicator of in situ stress directions. It has also been suggested that breakout dimensions could potentially be used as indicators of in situ stress magnitudes. The research reported here has concentrated on the unique type of breakouts observed for the first time in high-porosity Berea sandstone. Drilling experiments in rock blocks subjected to critical far-field true triaxial stress regimes, simulating in situ conditions, induced breakouts that were unlike the ‘dog-ear’ ones previously observed in granites, limestones, and low-porosity sandstones. The newly observed breakouts were thin, tabular, and very long, resembling fractures that counterintuitively extended perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. We found that a narrow zone ahead of a fracture-like breakout tip underwent apparent localized grain debonding and compaction. In the field, such zones have been termed ‘compaction bands’, and are a source of concern because in oil fields and aquifers they constitute curtains of low permeability that can impede the normal flow of oil or water. In order to determine whether a correlation exists between fracture-like breakouts and in situ stress, we conducted several series of tests in which the minimum horizontal and vertical stresses were held constant and the maximum horizontal stress (σ_H) was increased from test to test. These tests showed strong dependence of the breakout length on far-field stress, signaling that potentially the ability to assess fracture-like breakout length in the field could be used to estimate in situ stress magnitudes in conjunction with other indicators. Another series of tests revealed that breakout length increased substantially when borehole diameter was enlarged. This result suggested that in the field, where wellbore size is considerably larger, fracture-like breakout could extend to sizable distances, creating a sand production hazard. Two series of tests, one to evaluate the effect of drill-bit penetration rate, and the other to verify the drilling-fluid flow rate effect on breakout formation and dimensions yielded inconsistent results and showed no unique trends. Remarkably, fracture-like breakouts maintained a consistent narrow width of about 5–10 grain diameters, irrespective of the test conditions. This characteristic supports the suggestion that fracture-like breakouts are emptied compaction bands.     

不同直径对非开挖近孔壁位移响应数值分析

非开挖水平定向钻进敷设管道的质量直接受到水平孔壁的位移特征影响,而水平孔直径则是影响孔壁位移的重要因素之一。采用快速拉格朗日的计算方法,利用Mohr—Coulomb准则对粘土地层中不同直径条件下的近水平孔壁位移响应特征进行了数值计算分析。获得了在不同钻孔直径（0．6-1．6m）条件下近水平孔壁X、Y和Z三个方向的位移矢量、应力分布数据。分析结果表明,随着水平钻孔直径的不断增加,近孔壁各点的Z位移也不断增加,其中水平孔下部各点Z方向变化更为明显。同时,位移变化区域随着环形区域的不断向外扩展,增加幅度不断降低。因此,合理控制施工的终孔直径对于减少孔壁位移扰动具有重要意义。     

旋挖钻孔低粘降失水泥浆配制应用技术

在厚粘土、粉土、砂层进行旋挖钻孔灌注桩施工,通常由于泥浆孔口补给、泥浆不循环的工艺缺陷,导致塌孔、埋钻、卡钻、缩径、断桩事故频繁发生。在分析低粘、降失水、加速钻渣沉淀的解决机理的前提下,提出了配制低粘度、高降失水、防絮凝的铁铬盐-LV-CMC泥浆并同步孔底补浆工艺,可不需循环泥浆清孔,保证成孔质量,提高工作效率。     

Mesoscale numerical study on the evolution of borehole breakout in heterogeneous rocks

Inherent heterogeneity of a rock strongly affects its mechanical behavior. We numerically study the mechanisms governing the initiation, propagation, and ultimate pattern of borehole breakouts in heterogeneous rocks. A two-dimensional finite element model incorporating material heterogeneity is established to systematically examine the effects of several key factors on borehole failure, including borehole diameter, far-field stress, and rock heterogeneity. The inherent heterogeneity of a rock is explicitly characterized by prescribing the rock mechanical properties of mesoscale elements statistically obeying the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is used to represent the constitutive law of the mesoscale element. We find that borehole diameter reduction remarkably changes the crack failure from tensile to shear and elevates the critical hydrostatic pressure. Far-field stress anisotropy strongly affects the shape of the borehole breakout. Rock heterogeneity dictates the location of the preferred crack under the hydrostatic stress, which leads to local stress concentration, and determines the types of breakouts around the borehole. Our findings facilitate in-depth understanding of the classic borehole stability problems in heterogeneous rocks.     

Borehole pressures in an air decked situation

In the late 1970s and early 1980s in conjunction with other oil and gas well stimulation studies, personnel from the Dynamic Effects Laboratory performed model testing to demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing an open section of borehole just before a plug. We called the process stem induced fracturing. The open section beneath the stem was used to increase the pressure magnitude and spread out the duration of the pressure pulse. This technique was later utilized by Frank Chiapetta [Chiappetta, R.F. and Mammele, M.E., 1987, Analytical high-speed photography to evaluate air decks, stemming retention and gas confinement in pre-splitting, reclamation and gross motion applications. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Keystone, Colorado, USA, 257 - 309] in the fracture and fragmentation of rock in quarry blasting situations. He called his technique air deck blasting. In fact, Frank found that the Russians had previously discovered the same technique. There is currently interest in utilizing the same technique with an open hole beneath the explosive at the bottom of the bore hole to better remove the toe in a fragmentation shot. This paper reviews the development of stem induced fracturing and describes a series of model tests conducted to measure borehole pressure at points along a borehole when an explosive charge is detonated at the midpoint of the borehole. Tests were conducted in both stiff boreholes (aluminum) and less rigid boreholes (PMMA). Pressure time profiles were measured at the charge site, midway between the charge and the bottom of the hole, at the stemming at the top of the borehole, and at the bottom of the borehole. Crack initiation sites and crack propagation were also determined in the PMMA models. Some high speed pictures were taken of the event in the PMMA.     

Borehole Stability in High-Temperature Formations

In oil and gas drilling or geothermal well drilling, the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and formation will lead to an apparent temperature change around the borehole, which will influence the stress state around the borehole and tend to cause borehole instability in high geothermal gradient formations. The thermal effect is usually not considered as a factor in most of the conventional borehole stability models. In this research, in order to solve the borehole instability in high-temperature formations, a calculation model of the temperature field around the borehole during drilling is established. The effects of drilling fluid circulation, drilling fluid density, and mud displacement on the temperature field are analyzed. Besides these effects, the effect of temperature change on the stress around the borehole is analyzed based on thermoelasticity theory. In addition, the relationships between temperature and strength of four types of rocks are respectively established based on experimental results, and thermal expansion coefficients are also tested. On this basis, a borehole stability model is established considering thermal effects and the effect of temperature change on borehole stability is also analyzed. The results show that the fracture pressure and collapse pressure will both increase as the temperature of borehole rises, and vice versa. The fracture pressure is more sensitive to temperature. Temperature has different effects on collapse pressures due to different lithological characters; however, the variation of fracture pressure is unrelated to lithology. The research results can provide a reference for the design of drilling fluid density in high-temperature wells.     

Simulation of drilling‐induced compaction bands using discrete element method

Rock failure is observed around boreholes often with certain types of failure zones, which are called breakouts. Laboratory‐scale drilling tests in some high‐porosity quartz‐rich sandstone have shown breakouts in the form of narrow localized compacted zones in the minimum horizontal stress direction. They are called fracture‐like breakouts. Such compaction bands may affect hydrocarbon extraction by forming barriers that inhibit fluid flow and may also be a source of sand production. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of borehole breakouts using 3D discrete element method to investigate the mechanism of the fracture‐like breakouts and to identify the role of far‐field stresses on the breakout dimensions. The numerical tool was first verified against analytical solutions. It was then utilized to investigate the failure mechanism and breakout geometry for drilled cubic rock samples of Castlegate sandstone subjected to different pre‐existing far‐field stresses. Results show that failure occurs in the zones of the highest concentration of tangential stress around the borehole. It is concluded that fracture‐like breakout develops as a result of a nondilatant failure mechanism consisting of localized grain debonding and repacking and grain crushing that lead to the formation of a compaction band in the minimum horizontal stress direction. In addition, it is found that the length of fracture‐like breakouts depends on both the mean stress and stress anisotropy. However, the width of the breakout is not significantly changed by the far‐field stresses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震直达波在煤矿井下寻找钻孔位置的应用

新-煤矿施工-投料孔，因钻孔偏斜，未打到大巷中，为测定其终孔位置，采用了地震直达波方法，即将地面设计的输料钻孔座标投影到-253m的大巷中，在其周围有规则的布设24道检波器，将少量炸药下到投料孔底部进行激发，根据初至波时间确定投料孔的终孔位置。     

Wellbore breakouts of the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) and determination of the present tectonic stress state

The Sulu-Dabie high-pressure (HP)-ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt as the product of subduction-collision between the northern China plate and Yangtze plate underwent a process of formation and evolution from deep subduction→exhumation→extension→slow uplift. The study of its modern tectonic stress field has great significance for a complete understanding of the process of formation and evolution of the HP-UHP metamorphic belt, especially the exhumation and uplift of the belt. Wellbore breakouts are the most visual tectonic phenomenon which can characterize the modern stress action in the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD). Ultrasonic borehole televiewer reflection wave data show that wellbore breakouts began to occur at 1216 m depth of the main borehole. A total of 143 borehole televiewer images were collected from 1216 to 5118 m depth (hole completion depth). After data processing and statistics, the average azimuth of the long dimension of the wellbore breakout obtained was 319.5° ± 3.5°, indicating that the average azimuth of the maximum horizontal principal stress causing wellbore breakout initiation was 49.5° ± 3.5°. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress values at 52 depths in the interval of 1269 to 5047 m were estimated using the elements of wellbore shapes (wellbore depth and width), combined with the cohesive strength and internal frictional angle of the rock obtained by rock mechanical tests on samples, and the static load stresses at corresponding depths were calculated according to the rock density logging data. The results indicate that: the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses are 41.4 and 25.3 MPa at 1269 m depth respectively and 164.7 and 122 MPa at 5047 m depth respectively; the maximum vertical stress is 141.3 MPa at 5047 m depth with a density of 2.8 g/cm³; the in-situ stresses increase nearly linearly with depth. The magnitudes and directions of the three principal stresses reflect that the regional stress field around the CCSD main borehole is mainly in a strike-slip state, which is consistent with the basic features of the regional stress field determined using other methods.     

Stress orientations found in north-east Germany differ from the West European trend

Knowledge about the acting stresses is of crucial importance for understanding the tectonics of a region. Data about the stress field in north-eastern Germany used to be very rare. In general, it was assumed that the orientation of the larger horizontal principal stress (S_H) is similar to that found for western Germany and central West-Europe, i.e. NW–SE. To check this, several borehole logs of the late 1980s were analysed for information on the principal horizontal stress orientations: they include Four-Arm-Dipmeter and borehole televiewer data from 15 boreholes. The depth range of our stress results reaches from 1500 to 6700 m. They were compared to a few other data, especially from hydraulic fracturing, and to recent findings on the stresses in the Northwest German basin. In contrast to expectation, S_H derived from breakout orientations below the salt layers displayed N to NE orientation. The latter was found at 10 locations spread over the NE-German basin from Berlin to the Baltic sea, from the Polish border to the former border between East and West Germany. Moreover, this stress rotation in the subsaline formations seems to be the continuation of a trend found in the NW German basin.     

钻孔随钻三维轨迹测量技术研究

煤矿井下钻孔施工中,在缺少控制钻孔轨迹偏移测量技术的情况下,施工钻孔轨迹与钻孔设计轨迹偏差较大,无法满足煤矿瓦斯抽采的设计需求。阐述了随钻钻孔三维轨迹测量技术,目的是通过对随钻三维轨迹测量技术的研究,精确控制瓦斯钻孔轨迹,解决瓦斯突出煤层快速掘进及安全高效回采问题。钻孔随钻三维轨迹测量技术是通过对钻机开孔角度和钻孔轨迹的精确测量,使用三维轨迹成图方法显示。通过大量的数据采集与施工验证证明,该方法成为预抽钻孔煤层保安全、促生产过程中的重要环节,避免了钻孔设计及施工的盲目性,提高了抽采钻孔的利用率及施工速度。     

井底应力场对气体钻井井斜的影响

建立了油气井钻井过程中的井底力学模型,该力学模型考虑了井眼内压力、岩石节理、井眼深度、地应力、岩石材料特性、井眼直径等影响因素,并讨论了各个因素对井底应力场的影响,阐明了气体钻井时井底应力场分布变化对井眼井斜的影响。气体钻井时井眼内的压力远小于井眼周围的围压,井底会出现很大的拉应力,岩石容易破坏,因此,气体钻井时钻井速度远远大于钻井液钻井,但拉应力越大,井眼与岩石节理面交接处产生的应力集中越大,应力集中处岩石更容易破坏,也更易产生井斜。气体钻井时井底的应力状态对地层倾角、材料特性、井眼直径、井眼深度及初始地应力的变化较钻井液钻井时更敏感。     

Inference of in situ stress from thermoporoelastic borehole breakouts based on artificial neural network

The determination of in situ stresses is very important in petroleum engineering. Hydraulic fracturing is a widely accepted technique for the determination of in situ stresses nowadays. Unfortunately, the hydraulic fracturing test is time-consuming and expensive. Taking advantage of the shape of borehole breakouts measured from widely available caliper and image logs to determine in situ stress in petroleum engineering is highly attractive. By finite element modeling of borehole breakouts considering thermoporoelasticity, the authors simulate the process of borehole breakouts in terms of initiation, development, and stabilization under Mogi-Coulomb criterion and end up with the shape of borehole breakouts. Artificial neural network provides such a tool to establish the relationship between in situ stress and shape of borehole breakouts, which can be used to determine in situ stress based on different shape of borehole breakouts by inverse analysis. In this paper, two steps are taken to determine in situ stress by inverse analysis. First, sets of finite element modeling provide sets of data on in situ stress and borehole breakout measures considering the influence of drilling fluid temperature and pore pressure, which will be used to train an artificial neural network that can eventually represent the relationship between the in situ stress and borehole breakout measures. Second, for a given measure of borehole breakouts in a certain drilling fluid temperature, the trained artificial neural network will be used to predict the corresponding in situ stress. Results of numerical experiments show that the inverse analysis based on finite element modeling of borehole breakouts and artificial neural network is a promising method to determine in situ stress.     

永城矿区煤矿排水钻孔施工技术

永城矿区某矿排水钻孔设计孔深584．1m,因钻孔与地下巷道平面位置相距仅15m,因此要求钻孔偏斜在表土层不大于0.3％,基岩段不大于0.5％。施工中选用稳定性好、扭矩力大的TSJ-2000型工程钻机,并配置850／5型泥浆泵进行钻井作业,钻进过程中严格控制钻进参数,并采取不同措施防止钻孔偏斜。井管加工严格执行技术标准,并在准备工作充分的情况下,一次安放到位。采用向管内连续注入泥浆,通过管底凡尔返到管外的方法进行井管壁外注浆。在注浆作业完成后72h．排除管内泥浆,完成排水钻孔施工。     

天津高新区117大厦超长桩钻孔施工技术

天津高新区中央商务区117大厦桩基设计为超长桩,质量要求高,施工难度大。施工过程中通过对孔口护筒埋设、泥浆质量、孔内液面高度、孔位偏差、钻孔垂直度和孔底沉渣的有效控制,不仅钻孔质量达到设计要求,而且钻孔效率高,成本较低。介绍了117大厦超长钻孔灌注桩工程的施工情况,其经验可供类似工程借鉴。     

Present-day stress field and deformation in eastern Austria

 We analysed fault plane solutions and borehole breakouts in the eastern part of the Eastern Alps and found a heterogeneous stress field which we interpret as a transition zone of three different stress provinces: the western European stress province with NW to NNW S_H orientation and mainly strike-slip faulting regime; the Adriatic stress province with a radial stress pattern and thrust faulting to strike-slip faulting regime; and the Dinaric-Pannonian stress province with NE S_H orientation and strike-slip faulting regime. The western Pannonian basin seems to be a part of the transition zone with WNW to NW S_H orientation. A stress regime stimulating strike-slip faulting prevails in the Eastern Alps. The south Bohemian basement spur as a major tectonic structure with a high rheological contrast to surrounding units has a strong influence on the stress field and exhibits the highest seismicity at its tip due to stress concentration. From a constructed vertical stress orientation profile we found stress decoupling of the Northern Calcareous Alps from the underlying European foreland. Both the Molasse and the Flysch-Helvetic zone are considered as candidates for decoupling horizons due to stress orientation observations and due to their rheological behaviour. From seismological and rheological data, we suggest a horizontal stress decoupling across the Eastern Alps caused by a weakened central Alpine lithosphere. Received: 3 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 April 1999     

融合地震属性和成像测井信息优化的储层缝洞带评价与钻井轨迹

针对新疆某工区强非均质性岩溶缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层,提出了一种基于地震多属性优化与电成像测井信息融合的碳酸盐岩储层缝洞带识别评价与钻井轨迹优化设计方法。首先,利用相干体、蚂蚁体等多种地震属性与张量约束的稀疏脉冲反演结果综合实现缝洞发育带空间分布预测与雕刻,确定可能油气圈闭的分布范围;然后,基于数学形态学滤波方法,由电成像测井资料自动拾取井壁的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞分布,统计井壁裂缝倾向和倾角;再次,用工区内钻孔多臂井径资料计算的井筒崩落信息与电成像资料拾取的诱导缝信息预测工区的最大和最小主应力方向;最后,融合地震属性与电成像测井信息评价的缝洞分布结果,预测工区内走滑断裂带的最大主应力方向以NE—SW为主,局部为NW—SE,且以中高角度为主的裂缝走向与主应力近乎平行。采用预测主应力分布方法实现了沿NW—SE方向的大斜度井与水平井优化设计,钻遇了大规模优质储集体,获得了稳定油流,并以此为基础在周围打井若干口,极大地降低了深层勘探的钻井风险。     

层理性地层钻井稳定性分析模型

针对钻井工程常遇的层理性地层,以应力张量坐标转换关系和井孔应力集中方程为基础,引入弱面剪切滑动和岩体Mogi-Coulomb双强度准则,建立了分析层理性地层井壁稳定性的模型。对含层理弱面的典型油气储层中钻井的合理钻井液密度和安全钻井方向进行研究,结果表明：层理面的存在加剧了井壁围岩的破坏,且改变了围岩破坏的位置;水平井坍塌压力随着钻井方向变化而连续性变化,其在特定钻井方向取得最小坍塌压力;斜井取得最小坍塌压力的方位与层理面在空间中并不垂直,空间中关于主平面对称的斜井破裂压力相同;既可获得较大钻井液安全压力窗口又可取得较小坍塌压力的方向为优选钻井方向,在钻井液压力窗口变化大的倾向上钻井需严格控制钻井轨迹曲线。