Organic matter, putative nannobacteria and the formation of ooids and hardgrounds

Modern ooids from Joulters Cay, when baked at 500 °C, turn various shades of black depending upon the organic content. Mucus-rich laminae occur at quasi-regular intervals of a few micrometres within the cortex. When mucus is still present, it turns black; when it is absent, there is a gap. The cortex consists of two types of aragonite: (1) 'batons' of circular cross-section capped by a single 0·1-μm (100-nm) ball, which can be interpreted as a single nannobacteria cell that precipitated the baton; (2) elongate crystals made of multiple rows of minute balls of about 0·03 μm (30 nm), which may or may not have been small organisms in the size range of viruses. There are also some crystals that show no evidence of organic precipitation. Hardground cementation begins with the formation of a terminal mucus-rich ring on the ooid that bakes black and is crowded with 0·1-μm (100-nm) balls. Some ooids are then joined by a meniscus also made of mucus with aragonite crystals. The final, most abundant hardground cement forms a fur of inorganic aragonite crystals often shaped like plywood sheets, although some 'organic', elongate crystals composed of ≈0·03 μm (≈30 nm) balls are also found in the later cement. For a century, ooids have been known to be closely associated with organic matter; this paper goes further and proposes that the bulk of the ooid may be precipitated by nannobacterial processes. Hardground formation, in the beginning, may also be a microbiological process, but most cementation is accomplished inorganically.     

有机单体同位素分析技术在地下水污染中的研究现状

有机单体同位素分析(CSIA)在地下水污染研究领域的测试数据主要应用于:确定污染物的来源;确定和量化污染场地的生物(或非生物)迁移反应;表征生成分子的元素反应机理.介绍了CSIA分析前处理技术及水污染研究领域中应用CSIA方法确定污染物来源和生物非生物降解分馏作用的研究进展,总结了CSIA技术在其他稳定同位素领域的研究进展和未来发展方向.     

Stable carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter in the karst areas of Southwest China

This study dealt with the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon （SOC） and the variation of stable carbon isotopic composition （δ^13C values） with depth in six soil profiles, including two soil types and three vegetation forms in the karst areas of Southwest China. The δ^13C values of plant-dominant species, leaf litter and soils were measured using the sealed-tube high-temperature combustion method. Soil organic carbon contents of the limestone soil profiles are all above 11.4 g/kg, with the highest value of 71.1 g/kg in the surface soil. However, the contents vary between 2.9 g/kg and 46.0 g/kg in three yellow soil profiles. The difference between the maximum and minimum δ^13C values of soil organic matter （SOM） changes from 2.2‰ to 2.9‰ for the three yellow soil profiles. But it changes from 0.8‰ to 1.6‰ for the limestone soil profiles. The contrast research indicated that there existed significant difference in vertical pattems of organic carbon and δ^13C values of SOM between yellow soil and limestone soil. This difference may reflect site-specific factors, such as soil type, vegetation form, soil pH value, and clay content, etc., which control the contents of different organic components comprising SOM and soil carbon turnover rates in the profiles. The vertical variation patterns of stable carbon isotope in SOM have a distinct regional character in the karst areas.     

克里阳钾镁煌斑岩同位素地球化学特征

通过研究表明,克里阳钾镁煌斑岩的δ13C值为-2.7‰~-3.3‰,δ18O值为+14.57‰~+16.43‰.其相容元素Cr、Ni,不相容元素Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th含量比较亏损,惰性元素及放射性生热元素等(除U外)均较亏损,极亏损高场强元素Nb、Ti、Ta,说明其产出可能与古俯冲作用有关.这些特征均表明,该区钾镁煌斑岩比较完好地保存着源区特征.克里阳钾镁煌斑岩的Sr初始比值为0.70807,与国际同类岩石相比有些偏高,在中国属中度;Pv同位素比值206Pb/204Pb为18.3556.从Pb、Se同位素组成及其他地球化学特征来看,它们很可能也反映了一种亏损地幔为主和再循环的壳源物质的混合作用.     

四川龙门山马角坝组铁质鲕粒成因及沉积环境

本文应用显微镜和扫描电镜对下石炭统马角坝组顶部的铁质鲕粒的研究发现:铁质鲕粒由核心和同心圈层组成,核心成分主要是赤铁矿碎屑和石英颗粒,圈层厚度较小,整体呈胶状形态,由赤铁矿围绕核心呈致密板状平行排列,整体上结构一致;铁质鲕粒是在适合的pH、Eh条件下,大量铁质围绕石英碎屑或矿物碎屑转动时胶体沉积形成的,沉积环境为潮间-潮下的浅水动荡环境,是大规模海退暴露后海平面初始上升期的产物。     

Multi‐proxy constraints on the significance of covariant δ13C values in carbonate and organic carbon during the early Mississippian

This study investigates the covariation between carbonate and organic δ¹³C values in a proximal to distal transect of four outcrops in the Madison Limestone in the Western United States Rockies, combined with δ³⁴S values of carbonate associated sulphate, the concentration of acid‐insoluble material and measurements of total organic carbon. These new geochemical datasets not only allow for an evaluation of carbon isotope covariance during one of the largest perturbations to the global carbon cycle over the past 550 Myr, but also constrain the cause of the excursion in carbonate δ¹³C values. The results support the hypothesis that a period of anoxia did not play a role in generating the positive carbonate δ¹³C values, but rather favour interpretations by previous workers that the proliferation of land plants destabilized the Carboniferous carbon cycle, setting the stage for a significant change in the carbonate δ¹³C values of contemporaneous marine carbonates. These results also demonstrate that one of the largest perturbations to the global carbon cycle did not produce synchronous variations in carbonate and organic δ¹³C values, emphasizing the importance of local depositional controls on carbon isotope covariance in the geological record in both modern and ancient environments.     

塔里木盆地一类新海相原油的地球化学特征

对塔中52等井奥陶系储层产出的原油进行的分析结果表明,它们的三环萜烷系列较为特殊,主要表现为其相对丰度呈C19〉C20〉C21〉C23〉C24〉C25〉C26阶梯状的模式,C24四环萜烷异常丰富,且其丰度远高于C26三环萜烷,这一分布模式一般出现在淡水沼泽相和浅湖相沉积地层与原油中。在三萜烷分布特征上,其伽马蜡烷含量很低,甾烷系列和藿烷系列的分布与组成特征与该地区来源于中上奥陶统烃源岩的海相原油十分接近,同时它们的全油均具有轻的碳同位素组成,其δ13C值都小于-30‰,具有海相成因原油的特征。而塔中12井上奥陶统良里塔格组4-5段烃源岩中生物标志物的分析结果进一步证实了该类原油与那些富含宏观藻     

Stable and clumped isotopes in desert carbonate spring and lake deposits reveal palaeohydrology: A case study of the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone,south‐western USA

Carbon, oxygen and clumped isotope (Δ₄₇) values were measured from lacustrine and tufa (spring)‐mound carbonate deposits in the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah and northern Arizona in order to understand the palaeohydrology. These carbonate deposits are enriched in both ¹⁸O and ¹³C across the basin from east to west; neither isotope is strongly sensitive to the carbonate facies. However, ¹⁸O is enriched in lake carbonate deposits compared to the associated spring mounds. This is consistent with evaporation of the spring waters as they exited the mounds and were retained in interdune lakes. Clumped isotopes (Δ₄₇) exhibit minor systematic differences between lake and tufa‐mound temperatures, suggesting that the rate of carbonate formation under ambient conditions was moderate. These clumped isotope values imply palaeotemperature elevated beyond reasonable surface temperatures (54 to 86°C), which indicates limited bond reordering at estimated burial depths of ca 4 to 5 km, consistent with independent estimates of sediment thickness and burial depth gradients across the basin. Although clumped isotopes do not provide surface temperature information in this case, they still provide useful burial information and support interpretations of the evolution of groundwater locally. The findings of this study significantly extend the utility of combining stable isotope and clumped isotope methods into aeolian environments.     

桂西二叠系沉积型铝土矿鲕粒成因机制探讨

已有研究表明铝土矿中鲕粒的Al含量普遍高于基质,但鲕粒富集Al过程尚不清楚。本文通过对桂西地区铝土矿进行宏微观观察以及电子探针测试(EPMA)和X粉晶衍射分析,研究了矿石构造和元素地球化学变化规律,试图分析铝土矿中鲕粒生长机制。含矿岩系层序多变特征表明桂西铝土矿为陆相成因;鲕粒内部圈层Al含量大于50%,而Si含量小于1%,Fe含量波动于1%左右,证明矿石中鲕粒Al的含量比基质的高,同时硬水铝石的结晶程度亦较高;与鲕粒生成有密切关系的构造主要为凝胶和裂隙,两者为正反馈关系;胶体在分离过程中出现分凝,主要形成富铝、富硅和富铁凝胶,分凝过程中Fe、Si亲和性强,两者的迁移能力均高于Al。分析认为鲕粒形成于浅埋阶段,是一种凝胶的反复分凝过程,受控于湿润-干热气候,成鲕可大致分为3个阶段,即充水阶段、湿润阶段和干热阶段,成核机制为脱水收缩,圈层增长机制为成胶-凝胶老化交替。铝土矿型风化壳的物质搬运过程使鲕粒的圈层停止生长,形成夭折鲕,若条件有利则形成再生鲕。首次引入磁场的概念解释了鲕粒保持浑圆形习性的原因。     

高砷地下水中溶解性有机碳和无机碳稳定同位素特征

随着稳定同位素分析技术的逐步完善,碳稳定同位素被广泛应用于地球化学领域。高砷地下水砷的生物地球化学循环是目前环境化学研究热点之一。分析概括了碳稳定同位素应用于地下水领域的研究现状,介绍了地下水中有机碳和无机碳稳定同位素的前处理方法以及测试技术。在此基础上,选取了内蒙古河套平原具有代表性的高砷地下水进行氧化还原敏感组分、碳稳定同位素的测定与分析。结果表明,As分布极不均匀,其含量为1.24~387 μg/L。地下水溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量相对较高,与溶解性无机碳(DIC)浓度基本呈正相关。δ¹³C_DIC相对δ¹³C_DOC较富集¹³C;δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC与δ¹³C_DIC之间具有显著的正相关关系;表明δ¹³C_DIC值越贫化,δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC越小,地下水中来源于有机物氧化分解的无机碳越多,进一步说明有机碳的氧化分解在无机碳稳定同位素贫化过程中起主要作用。此外,δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC与As浓度呈一定的负相关关系;表明有机物的微生物降解对砷的富集具有明显的促进作用。微生物可利用的碳源增加,促进异养微生物的代谢,并消耗氧气,最终形成有利于地下水As富集的还原环境。     

Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic

The perennially ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, are part of the coldest and driest ecosystem on earth. To understand lacustrine carbon and nitrogen cycling in this end-member ecosystem, and to define paleolimnological proxies for ice-covered lakes, we measured the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of particulate organic matter (POM) and benthic organic matter (BOM) within the lakes of Taylor Valley. The ¹³C compositions of seasonally ice-free edges of the lakes (moats) are enriched relative to under-ice organic matter. Thus, the organic carbon isotopic composition of buried sediments may be a proxy for sample position within the lake. In the moats, ¹³C values are governed by limited CO₂diffusion across benthic cyanobacterial cell membranes. During a high glacial melt (2001–2002) season, both ¹³C_POM and ¹³C_BOM in the moats were more depleted than during previous low melt years. We propose that this occurred in response to higher [CO₂]_(aq) and/or reduced growth rates resulting from turbidity-induced light limitation. Though moats and under-ice environments are usually poorly connected, during the 2001–2002 season, the enrichment of the ¹³C_POM values at 6 m depth in the stream-proximal sites relative to deep-profile sites implies enhanced connectivity between these environments. The ¹³C compositions of BOM and POM profiles in Lake Hoare and Lake Fryxell indicate that these lakes are dominated by benthic productivity. In contrast, in Lake Bonney, the similarity of the ¹³C values of BOM and POM indicates the pelagic component dominance in the carbon cycle.     

21 kaB.P.以来大兴安岭中段月亮湖沉积物全岩有机碳同位素组成变化及其古气候意义

月亮湖是位于大兴安岭中段阿尔山-柴河火山区的一个火山口湖,地处现今季风/非季风影响的过渡地带,对气候环境变化反应敏感。月亮湖长约9m的沉积岩芯记录了21cal.kaB.P.来的古气候演化历史。月亮湖沉积物全岩有机碳同位素组成( δ13 Corg)、总有机碳含量(TOC)和总氮含量(TN)分析结果表明: δ13 Corg值分布范围为 -34.3 ‰ ~-24.8 ‰ ,具有9.5 ‰ 的变化幅度,但总体仍然在陆生C3植物的变化范围内。TOC含量分布范围为1.04 ％ ~23.55 ％ ,TN含量分布范围为0.08 ％ ~1.78 ％ ,TOC与TN含量变化趋势相同,呈正相关性,两者都显示出末次冰期晚期时含量特别低的特征。沉积物的 TOC/TN 比值(原子比)分布范围为6.3~28.2,其中末次冰期晚期的值比较低,说明沉积物中有机质以内源水生生物为主,其后 TOC/TN 比值明显升高且多>14,说明大部分有机质来源于汇水盆地中的陆生植物。根据多个指标综合分析,有效湿度的影响很可能是 δ13 Corg 变化的主导因素。因此,近2万年来月亮湖全岩有机碳同位素组成变化与古气候变化的对应关系是: 暖湿气候对应着偏负的 δ13 Corg值,冷干气候对应着偏正的 δ13 Corg值,全新世期间因植被变化不大,其 δ13 Corg值变化幅度也不大。     

Fabrics,facies control and diagenesis of lacustrine ooids and associated grains from the Upper Triassic,southwest England

Petrographic analysis of ooids from the Upper Triassic (Mercia Mudstone Group) of southwest England provides an opportunity to assess in detail the origins, transport pathways and diagenesis of an ancient oolite. The Clevedon Oolite is dolomitized and contains a variety of dissolved ooids (oomoulds) and associated grains. The oomoulds occur in well‐sorted, planar and cross‐stratified grainstones, packstones, sandstones and conglomerates associated with shoreface, intershoal, foreshore, beachrock and littoral strandplain deposits. The ooids grew in suspension in the shoreface zone and developed a radial aragonite microstructure. The ooids grew to 0.80 mm in diameter, after which they fractured or ceased growing. Broken grains deposited on or near mobile shoals were rapidly recoated, while other grains, deposited in less agitated, intershoal and lower foreshore areas, were micritized or microbially bound into grapestone aggregates. Locally peloids, intraclasts, quartz grains and micritized grains from intershoal areas supplied nuclei for ooids on nearby shoals. Grains deposited in foreshore areas were rapidly cemented into beachrock and reworked into conglomerates. Soon after deposition, the ooids were subjected to widespread aragonite dissolution followed by dolomitization. The lack of pre‐dolomitization calcite, together with the abundance of early (pre‐compaction) dolospar cements and fabric‐selective dolomitization of micritic fabrics, suggest aragonite dissolution by dolomitizing fluids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Isotopic signature of burial diagenesis and primary lithological contrasts in periplatform carbonates (Miocene, Great Bahama Bank)

The stable isotope geochemistry of Miocene sediments from the leeward margin of the Great Bahama Bank was examined to investigate burial diagenetic processes in periplatform carbonates. Data indicate that, in addition to differences in bulk proportions of neritic and pelagic carbonate along the slope, rhythmic variation in primary carbonate content has controlled patterns of burial diagenesis and associated geochemical signatures throughout much of the succession examined. The present study focuses on Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1006 and 1007, the most distal of five sites drilled from marginal to deep basin environments during Leg 166. These Miocene sections are characterized by their cyclic appearance, manifest as decimetre‐ to metre‐scale alternations between light‐coloured ooze/chalk/limestone and dark‐coloured marl/marlstone. The section at Site 1006 contains a high proportion of pelagic carbonate and is unlithified to a subbottom depth of ～675 m. Fluctuations in δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values at this site are independent of lithological variation and reflect primary conditions. At Site 1007, located at the toe‐of‐slope and composed of a mixture of bank‐derived and pelagic carbonate, limestones are densely cemented, show little evidence of compaction and have δ¹⁸O values up to 2‰ higher than coeval sediments at Site 1006. Marlstones at Site 1007 are poorly cemented, exhibit an increase in compaction‐related features with depth and have lower and more variable δ¹⁸O values that are similar to those of coeval sediments at Site 1006. Isotopic and petrographic characteristics of limestone interbeds result from cement precipitation from cold sea water during the first ～100 m of burial. Higher proportions of insoluble materials and pelagic carbonate seem to have inhibited diagenetic alteration in adjacent marlstones; in spite of significant compaction and pressure solution during burial, original isotopic compositions appear to be best preserved in these intervals at Site 1007. The documented contrasts in petrographic and isotopic patterns illustrate the role of primary sediment composition in controlling lithification processes in periplatform carbonates and stress the importance of considering such factors when interpreting geochemical data from ancient shelf and slope limestones.     

浙江北湖桥岩芯记录的早-中全新世环境演变

通过对浙江余杭北湖桥钻孔(简称BHQ孔)沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)和碳同位素(δ13C_org)的分析,结合碳氮比(C/N)、粒度参数、年代和孢粉资料,探讨了研究区域早中全新世期间气候演变规律。结果表明,BHQ孔所在区域早中全新世期间,环境变化可以划分为3段:①11.4~8.7 ka B.P.,δ13C_org在-27.24‰~-23.4‰范围内波动升高,TOC含量(0.19%~0.69%)呈显著增加趋势,指示气候由冷干逐渐转向温湿。②8.7~8.0 ka B.P.,TOC含量偏低,δ13C_org(-24.91‰~-22.93‰)较为偏正,指示气候呈冷干-温湿-温干。③8.0~4.2 ka B.P.,TOC含量(0.18%~2.18%)和δ13C_org(-26.33‰~-19.09‰)变化频繁且幅度较大,但整体上TOC含量偏高,δ13C_org偏负,指示该段时期内气候总体呈暖湿特征,且存在不同尺度的冷暖波动。其中在8.0~5.7 ka B.P.期间,TOC含量(0.43%~2.18%)明显偏高,δ13C_org(-25.79‰~-23.15‰)明显偏负,指示气候温暖湿润,对应于区域全新世大暖期;此外本段时期内还记录到5.5 ka B.P.和4.2 ka B.P.两次冷事件。由此表明湖沼相沉积物TOC及δ13C_org可以记录降水量和温度的变化状况,能有效指示古气候的变化规律,同时研究结果初步揭示了浙北地区早中全新世期间气候演变特点。     

表生环境中镁同位素的地球化学循环

近些年表生环境中镁同位素分馏取得了一系列重要研究进展,这些新认识为深入理解表生环境中镁同位素地球化学循环奠定了基础。表生环境中镁同位素的地球化学循环主要涉及风化、河流搬运、碳酸盐沉淀、水岩反应等重要地质过程。风化过程中镁同位素发生显著分馏,硅酸盐风化产物中富集重的镁同位素,轻的镁同位素易进入水体。河流搬运过程中,镁同位素不发生分馏,但外源输入可能影响水体的镁同位素组成。河水汇入海洋后,碳酸盐沉淀过程可导致轻的镁同位素以碳酸盐的形式从海水中移出。在海底高温水岩反应过程中,海水中绝大多数的镁(80%~87%)都进入岩石,循环后的热液可能富集轻的镁同位素。海底低温水岩反应过程中海水的镁可以进入岩石并形成次生矿物,此过程的镁同位素分馏主要与次生矿物的形成有关。此外,海水中的镁易与黏土矿物发生交换反应,此过程黏土矿物倾向于吸附轻的镁同位素。总之,在表生环境中上地壳的镁(δ26Mg约为-0.22‰)经历风化作用、河流搬运、海洋贮存,最终以碳酸盐岩(δ26Mg一般小于-1‰)或与玄武岩发生反应的形式重新回到岩石圈。     

元素分析仪-同位素比值质谱仪测定海洋沉积物有机碳稳定同位素方法初探

初步建立了利用元素分析仪-同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)联用技术测定海洋沉积物中有机碳稳定同位素的方法。标定了标准工作参考气CO2(δ13CvsPDB为-32.053‰);验证了仪器的稳定性,标准偏差为0.009‰;当离子流强度范围为0.4～8.7 V时,总体线性为0.0337‰/V,小于仪器线性指标0.06‰/V的要求;同时测定了国家标准物质GBW 04408、国际标准物质Urea和海洋沉积物样品M01的精密度和准确度,标准偏差在0.04‰～0.13‰范围内;并在三家实验室进行了测量比对实验,标准偏差小于0.20‰,满足地质样品再现性0.5‰的要求。所选样品区域δ13Corg范围为-25.29‰～-22.30‰,表明该海域总有机碳是陆源和海源两种来源的混合物。     

拉萨夏季降水中氧稳定同位素变化特征

根据青藏高原拉萨气象站１９９３～１９９６年雨季降水中δ１８Ｏ的测量和ＩＡＥＡ／ＷＭＯ的观测结果，分析了拉萨雨季降水中δ１８Ｏ的变化规律，以及与气温和降水之间的关系。受青藏高原季风的影响，拉萨降水季节变化异常明显，降水集中在夏半年，尤其是７～９月份。拉萨降水中δ１８Ｏ也表现出季风降水的典型特征。降水中δ１８Ｏ“雨量效应”明显，而且这种降水量的影响远远掩盖了气温对降水中δ１８Ｏ的作用。高降水对应降水中δ１８Ｏ低值，反之亦然。拉萨降水中δ１８Ｏ的这种变化特征与青藏高原北部是不同的。     

森林土壤微生物与植物碳源的磷脂脂肪酸及其单体同位素研究

森林生态系统的土壤微生物群落组成和活性,是影响生物地球化学循环、有机质代谢和土壤质量的关键因素.磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)是一类可有效表征活体微生物群落结构的生物标志物,而其单体稳定碳同位素(δ13C)水平对土壤微生物植物碳代谢具有独特的指示作用.本次研究以土壤PLFA为对象,分析了我国位处纬度梯度带上(24°N～47°N...     

江汉平原湖区周老镇钻孔磁化率和有机碳稳定同位素特征及其古气候意义

江汉平原地处我国东西、南北自然环境的过渡地带, 该地带距今30ka (大约相当于MIS3阶段) 以来的气候变化是研究过去全球气候变化的重要时段之一, 已越来越引起人们的关注.在精确测年的基础上, 对采自江汉平原湖区周老镇钻孔(ZL01) 沉积物柱样的磁化率和有机碳稳定同位素进行了处理和分析, 其结果表明: (1) 该区磁化率和有机碳稳定同位素值的变化特点具有较好的一致性和可对比性, 它们与古气候的关系为: 磁化率的高值、有机碳稳定同位素的偏正值与偏冷、偏干的气候环境相对应; 反之与偏温暖湿润的气候环境相对应. (2) 根据磁化率和有机碳稳定同位素值的变化特点将本区30 kaB. P.以来的古气候分为3个大的气候演化阶段, 在每一个大的气候演化阶段中又可分为若干次小的气候演变阶段.这3个大的气候演化阶段分别为阶段Ⅰ : 其年龄约为30 000~ 14 100 aB. P., 磁化率和δ13C的平均值分别为655.69 × 10-6 SI和-23.15 × 10-3, 均为本区最高值并且曲线波动较大; 阶段Ⅱ : 相应时段为14 100 ~ 3 540 aB. P., 磁化率平均值为较低值369.38 × 10-6SI和δ13C为偏负值(- 27.29 × 10-3), 相对较稳定; 阶段Ⅲ : 年代相当于3 540 ~ 650 aB. P., 平均磁化率为本区最低值311.0 × 10-6 SI, δ13C平均值为- 24.49 × 10-3, 且曲线波动较大. (3) 磁化率与有机碳稳定同位素值发生突变处可能是突发性温度事件的反映.