Spatial variability of selected soil properties in relation to land use and slope position in Gelana sub-watershed,Northern highlands of Ethiopia

Land degradation resulting from land-use changes and soil erosion has been a serious environmental problem in Ethiopia. This study addressed the effects of land use and slope position on soil physical and chemical properties in the Gelana sub-watershed, Northern highlands of Ethiopia. A total of 63 soil samples were collected and analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Results showed that clay, soil pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable base contents of the cultivated land were significantly (p < 0.001) lower than those of the forest land, while soil bulk density, available phosphorous, and percentage base saturation were higher for cultivated land than forest land. In general, soil fertility declines as land use changes from forest to grazing and cultivated lands. Sand, clay, bulk density, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, carbon:nitrogen ratio, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, and percentage base saturation showed significant variation due to slope position differences. Therefore, the study reinforces the need for integrated watershed management for sustainable agricultural production in the study area.     

Use of the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) for soil and nutrient loss estimation in long-used rainfed agricultural lands,North Ethiopia

This study was conducted to quantify agricultural land degradation in the Ruba Gered watershed, Ethiopia. The watershed was divided into 12 land mapping units (LMU) after superimposing maps of soil, slope, land use/cover, and elevation. Subsequently, cultivated land was delineated to assess degradation types and severity based on standard approaches. Sheet erosion was estimated using the revised universal soil loss equation. Composite soil samples were collected from each LMU to quantify key soil nutrients (OM, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium) lost by sheet erosion. The annual average soil loss due to sheet erosion was estimated to be 17.4 t ha^?1 yr^?1, with average annual nutrient losses estimated as 246.5 kg ha^?1 organic matter, 12.4 kg ha^?1 total nitrogen, 0.1 kg ha^?1 available phosphorus, and 1.6 kg ha^?1 available potassium. The study revealed that substantial quantities of soil and nutrients are lost every year in the study area due to severe sheet erosion. This amount of nutrient loss severely degrades soil and reduces soil fertility.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘新垦绿洲土地利用对土壤养分变化的影响

 通过对准噶尔盆地西北缘新垦绿洲克拉玛依农业综合开发区0—30 cm土层土壤理化性状的统计分析,可知该区土壤主要化学特性指标不仅变异明显,而且变异程度也有很大差异。该区土壤总体有机质含量低,养分不高,缺磷少氮,含盐量较高。从实地监测资料可知,土地利用对该区新垦荒地土壤化学特性有影响,其中土地利用年限对土壤化学特性产生明显的影响,除全磷外,新垦荒地土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾的含量均随土地利用年限的增加而增加;同时灌溉量和灌溉方式均能对表层土壤中水溶性盐含量、pH值产生影响;种植苏丹草可以明显降低土壤盐分含量,其中SO2-4下降幅度最大,其次是K+和Na+含量,HCO-3、CO2-3和Cl-量也略有下降,但降幅不大;根据研究结果,针对研究区土地的基本肥力状况,提出了克拉玛依农业研究区土地可持续利用中应注意的几个问题。     

流沙地恢复过程中土壤特性演变研究

以毛乌素沙地西南缘的盐池县沙边子及位于腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙坡头地区为例,研究了该地区不同程度沙漠化土地恢复过程中土壤机械组成及土壤养分的动态变化。结果表明:不同地区或同一地区不同区域的沙漠化土地中,随着植被盖度的增加及恢复程度的增强,土壤中的粉粒、粘粒含量都有显著增加（P<0.05）,土壤质地向着壤质化和细粒化方向发展;土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷含量也有显著增加（P<0.05）;速效氮、速效磷含量也有相应的增加。土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的含量与土壤粉粒、粘粒含量呈显著正相关,且前三者之间也呈极显著正相关;但是土壤粉粒和粘粒含量与速效氮、速效磷和速效钾之间的关系则因区域和土地利用的不同表现出明显的差异。     

The impact of land use change on quality evolution of soil genetic layers on the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay

Land use change plays an important part in the studies of global environmental change and regional sustainable development. The change of soil quality can particularly reflect the impacts of human socio-economic activities on environment. Taking the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay as a study case, we analyzed the effects of land use changes on organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), total salinity (TS), pH value in soil genetic layers, and assessed soil quality change related to different land use types from 1982 to 2003. The results show that: (1) The general change tendency of soil quality in the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay declined obviously in A layer and slightly rise in B (or P) layer and C (or W) layer. The contents of TP decreased generally in all soil genetic layers, but the variety difference of other soil quality indices was relatively great. (2) The change of soil quality in the areas where land use changed is far more remarkable than that with land use unchanged. The value of quality variety is A layer >B (or P) layer >C (or W) layer. (3) The changes of soil tillage, cultivation, fertilization, irrigation and drainage activities related to land use may make some soil-forming processes disappeared and bring in other new processes which will affect the soil quality and soil genetic layers directly.     

卧龙自然保护区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响

森林景观受干扰后的次生演替、人工林种植与农业耕作等在许多方面影响着土壤性质的变化。研究选取了四川卧龙自然保护区作为研究地点 ,阐述湿润高山区的土地利用方式与土壤性质之间的关系。选择了六种典型的土地利用方式加以比较 ,方差分析结果表明 ,不同土地利用之间土壤容重、全氮、有机碳、速效磷、速效钾的含量差异显著。相比之下 ,农田土壤养分含量偏低 ,而灌丛有着较高的有机碳、总氮与有效氮含量。 0～ 4 0cm土壤碳的储量变化幅度不大。综合土壤退化指数表明 ,坡耕地 ,撂荒地与人工林有土壤退化的趋势 ,而灌丛与次生林对土壤的性质有着改善的作用。人工林年龄与土壤有机碳、有机氮的含量正相关。     

土地利用变化对土壤发生层质量演化的影响--以杭州湾南岸滨海平原为例

以杭州湾南岸滨海平原为研究区,通过定点配对土壤采样分析,选取有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、全盐、pH值等要素作为土壤质量评价指标,分析了1982~2003年土地利用变化对土壤发生层质量演化的影响。结果表明：① 1982~2003年杭州湾南岸滨海平原土壤发生层质量的总体演化特征表现为A层综合质量指数明显下降,B (或P)、C (或W) 层略有上升。整个土壤发生层全磷含量普遍下降,其他单质量指标的变化差异较大。② 土地利用方式变化使得不同发生层的土壤有机质含量等单质量指标和综合质量指数的变化都明显大于土地利用方式未发生变化的土壤,其变化量表现为A层> B (或P) 层 > C (或W) 层。③ 土地利用变化引起的土壤耕种、栽培、施肥和排灌制度的变化,改变着土壤成土过程,从而对土壤发生层质量演化产生直接影响。     

杭州湾南岸滨海平原土地利用变化对土壤发生层次质量演化的影响

Land use change plays an important part in the studies of global environmental change and regional sustainable development. The change of soil quality can particularly reflect the impacts of human socio-economic activities on environment. Taking the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay as a study case, we analyzed the effects of land use changes on organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, available phosphorus （AP）, available potassium （AK）, total salinity （TS）, pH value in soil genetic layers, and assessed soil quality change related to different land use types from 1982 to 2003. The results show that： （1） The general change tendency of soil quality in the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay declined obviously in A layer and slightly rise in B （or P） layer and C （or W） layer. The contents of TP decreased generally in all soil genetic layers, but the variety difference of other soil quality indices was relatively great. （2） The change of soil quality in the areas where land use changed is far more remarkable than that with land use unchanged. The value of quality variety is A layer 〉B （or P） layer 〉C （or W） layer. （3） The changes of soil tillage, cultivation, fertilization, irrigation and drainage activities related to land use may make some soil-forming processes disappeared and bring in other new processes which will affect the soil quality and soil genetic layers directly.     

新疆昌吉州耕地开垦轨迹对土壤肥力变化的影响

定量刻画区域尺度耕地开垦轨迹（初始地类、初始土壤类型和耕作年限）对土壤肥力变化的影响,对指导区域农业施肥管理措施、提高农田土壤肥力具有重要意义。本文以新疆昌吉州为研究区,通过叠加5期土地利用数据来识别耕地开垦轨迹,基于1980年和2018年两期大量样点数据,分析耕地开垦前的土地利用方式和土壤类型以及开垦后耕作年限的差异对土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明：① 1980—2018年间新开垦耕地面积的90.12%来源于草地,9.88%来源于未利用地。在此期间除碱解氮含量降低之外,其他土壤肥力指标含量均增加。② 高覆盖度草地被开垦会造成土壤有机质的损失,草地（高、中、低覆盖度草地）和未利用地（盐碱地和裸土地）被开垦会降低土壤碱解氮含量,增加有效磷和速效钾含量。③ 随耕作年限增加,土壤有机质呈现缓慢的增加态势并逐步趋于平稳;而速效养分含量短期内增加,当耕作年限达到中长期（19~28年）后趋于稳定或开始下降,存在阈值效应。④ 草地开垦造成的有机质损失在耕作年限达到中长期之后逐渐得以恢复。草地和未利用地开垦造成的碱解氮损失在耕作38年之后仍未得到恢复。⑤ 初始土壤类型为草甸土和灌漠土的现状土壤肥力较高,棕钙土和灰漠土的肥力较低。建议随耕地经营年限的增加,合理配比氮磷钾肥,改善重氮肥轻磷钾肥的现状,增加磷钾肥施用量,少量多次施用氮肥。     

典型岩溶农业区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响——以云南小江流域为例

以云南省泸西县小江典型岩溶农业流域为研究单元,分析了流域1982~2003年土地利用的变化及定点对比分析不同土地利用变化下土壤性质的变化,结果表明：小江流域1982~2003年610.12 km²的土地利用发生了变化,变化类型主要是由未利用地向耕地、林地以及林地向耕地的转变,人口的增加、社会、经济的发展和理智的生态决策是流域土地利用变化的主要原因;林地、未利用地转变为耕地后,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量大幅度降低,土壤pH明显升高,全钾、速效钾含量增加;短时间的退耕还林,土壤性质变化不明显;耕地转变为园地后,土壤性质得到明显的改善;而耕地转变为石漠化土地后,土壤性质发生显著变化,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量大幅度降低,土壤pH明显升高;同时,研究表明土地利用变化对碳酸盐岩地层中发育的土壤性质的影响强度明显大于砂页岩地层中发育的土壤,表明碳酸盐岩地层中发育的土壤十分脆弱。     

干旱区耕地质量等级评价及土壤养分与盐渍化的分析研究 ——以民勤绿洲为例

为整体掌握民勤绿洲耕地质量、土壤养分以及盐渍化状况等,充分利用县域耕地资源,分析研究民勤绿洲耕地质量等级划分及其耕地土壤养分和盐渍化现状,为及时准确掌握绿洲耕地地力状况提供科学依据,同时为绿洲耕地土壤养分、盐渍化障碍提供改良措施。基于农业农村部《耕地质量调查监测与评价办法》(农业部2016年第2号)和《耕地质量等级》国家标准(GB/T33469-2016)的相关要求,构建民勤绿洲县域评价体系,通过综合运用空间分析、模糊数学、层次分析和综合指数等方法,对民勤绿洲耕地质量等级进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)民勤绿洲耕地质量平均等级为3.26等;分布有一至七等级地,八、九、十等级地没有分布;以三、四等级地为民勤绿洲耕地的主要等级分布,面积占比分别为31.63%、28.27%。泉山区中部和坝区灌溉农业区多分布一、二等级地。湖区灌溉区多分布三、四等地。在绿洲边缘带较多分布五、六、七等地。(2)民勤绿洲耕地土壤有机质平均含量在10.00~15.00 g·kg^-1之间,全氮平均含量在0.50~1.00 g·kg^-1之间,总体处于较低水平。有效磷和速效钾总体处于中等水平。昌宁区、泉山区与坝区交界东北部以及湖区镇(昌宁镇、东湖镇、南湖镇、泉山镇、西渠镇)耕地土壤养分平均含量较均低。(3)民勤绿洲盐渍化耕地的面积为32240.36 hm²,占民勤绿洲耕地总面积的30.09%;主要以轻度盐渍化为主。轻度盐渍化多分布在湖区红沙岗镇、红沙梁镇、西渠镇等镇;中度盐渍化分布在昌宁镇以及环河区沿风沙线一带。其评价结果对民勤绿洲耕地资源的科学管理和可持续利用以及绿洲农业的发展具有重要意义。     

中亚热带山区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响

土地利用变化是全球环境变化的重要组成部分,其可以直接影响到土壤性质的变化。本研究通过中亚热带山区天然林、人工林(用材林和经济林)、次生林、农业用地(橘园和坡耕地)等7种典型土地利用方式土壤性质的研究,结果表明:土地利用变化后土壤有机质和全氮含量下降幅度分别达到52.2%~81.8%和57.9%~172.6%;同时土壤容重增加,pH值升高。而土地利用变化对土壤全磷、全钾的影响的规律较为不明显。综合比较中国区域土地利用变化对土壤性质变化的影响,其中20~25°N纬度带土壤物理化学性质变化幅度最大。     

干旱区绿洲耕地撂荒与复耕对土壤水力性质的影响

土地利用变化会改变土壤质地与结构,影响土壤水力性质,进而改变土壤水分有效性,影响植物生长。由于区域气候的干湿交替与水资源利用效率的提高,干旱区绿洲耕地普遍存在着撂荒-复耕现象。为了明确干旱区耕地撂荒与复耕对土壤水力性质的影响,以民勤绿洲北部边缘的耕地、撂荒地与撂荒复耕地为研究对象,测定0—40 cm深度土壤理化性质,分析不同土地利用下土壤水力性质差异及其影响因素。结果表明：耕地撂荒导致0—40 cm深度黏粒与粉粒比重增加,有机质含量降低,容重降低（P<0.05）,土壤孔隙度显著增加（P<0.05）,犁底层消失;在高水势阶段,土壤持水与导水能力增强,在土壤有效含水量对应的水势阶段,土壤持水与导水能力变差,有效含水量显著降低（P<0.05）。撂荒地复耕后,0—40 cm深度黏粒与粉粒含量继续增加,有机质含量转而增加,容重增加（P<0.05）,土壤孔隙度降低（P<0.05）,犁底层重新出现,土壤持水与导水能力又逐渐趋向于耕地水平。撂荒对干旱区绿洲土壤肥力与蓄水能力的提升不显著,而留茬免耕、深耕灭茬还田等保护性耕作措施能有效提高持水能力。利用研究区易测的土壤黏粒、砂粒含量与土壤容重,采用多元线性回归方法,可以准确、快捷预测土壤水分常数,这将有利于研究区农田灌溉制度的准确制定与优化,以及耕地利用变化对土壤水力性质影响的快速评估。     

外源稀土对土壤肥力性状的影响

通过土壤旱作和淹水两种培养方式,研究了外源混合稀土积累对黄褐土肥力性状的影响。结果表明,在旱培条件下稀土处理浓度与土壤有效氮含量之间有显著的线性正相关,淹水条件下有显著的线性负相关;两种培养条件下,稀土处理降低土壤有效磷含量,对交换态盐基离子含量无显著影响,但增加电导率和水溶态离子,尤其是Ca²⁺离子的含量。     

准格尔丘陵区小流域土地覆盖变化的模型测算及空间位置转换

基于3个时相的土地覆盖类型图,在GIS的支持下,利用空间模型、数量模型和土地覆盖变化强度指数对内蒙古准格尔丘陵区五分地沟小流域土地覆盖变化进行数量测算,同时以耕地为例进行土地利用类型空间位置变化案例分析。模型测算结果表明：灌木林地、水域、居民点、草地是研究区域转出为其它土地覆盖类型的“敏感”类型；变化强度结果显示,1979-1987年内,草地、沟壑地是变化强度最大的土地覆盖类型；1987-2002年时段内,变化强度较小,反映出人类对于研究区干扰活动的减弱。耕地空间位置转换分析显示,耕地新增面积很大,并呈均匀、离散分布。     

土地利用变化对土地生产力的影响研究进展

土地利用变化对土地生产力的影响是土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)效应研究的重要内容之一。本文基于对土地利用变化和土地生产力概念的辨析, 着重从土地利用变化对土地生产潜力、粮食生产能力和土壤质量3 个方面的影响, 总结梳理了当前的主要研究内容和方法, 探讨了研究的影响尺度特征。最后指出今后的研究应加强土地利用结构、方式和强度变化对小尺度范围内耕地生产力的影响, 强化不同尺度的综合以及空间分析和动态评估方法的应用。     

草地改良对陆地生态系统养分的影响——以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例

以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例,研究了土地覆被类型从荒坡地到人工草地的转变所引起的陆地生态系统养分含量和营养元素循环系数的变化。结果表明,随着土地覆被类型由荒坡地到人工草地的转变,陆地生态系统土壤中N、P、K的含量增加,而Al的含量逐渐降低;植被中的养分也经历了从无到有的历程,整个陆地生态系统养分贮存量的变化中N、P、K总量增加,而Al的总量减少。在陆地生态系统的两个群落中,所有元素的循环系数都发生了相应变化,这种变化是陆地生态系统对土地覆被类型变化的一种响应。     

Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Nutrients Based on GIS and Geostatistics: A Case Study of Yisa Township,Yunnan, China

Hani rice terraces system is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO. Soil nutrients are an important symbol of soil fertility, and play an important role in the sustainable utilization of land. Based on geo-statistics and GIS, the spatial variation of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil in Yisa (a town in Honghe County, Yunnan Province) was studied. The results show that the spatial variability of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium exhibited medium spatial variability, and the coefficients of variation are 12.54%, 40.14%, 40.00%, 34.89%, and 40.00% respectively. Available phosphorus exhibited strong spatial variability, and the coefficient of variation is 102.13%. The spatial variation of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium fit the index mode, however, the spatial variation of available phosphorus fits the spherical model. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were greatly affected by soil structural factors, while pH, organic matter and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen were affected by both structural and random factors. The spatial distribution of soil nutrients in Yisa was intuitively characterized by Kriging interpolation. It is very important to understand the spatial distribution of soil nutrients, which will provide the guidance for adjusting agricultural management measures such as fertilization.     

土地利用方式对西藏东部河谷山地土壤肥力性质的影响

通过现场调查取样和室内理化分析,研究了西藏东部主要河谷地区不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力性质及其随土地利用方式变化的机制。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质有明显的差异,耕地和裸地土壤砂粒含量高于其他利用方式,本区域土壤砂质特征明显;受有机质积累影响,乔木林地、灌丛地土壤具有相对较高N素养分;受施肥等因素影响,农耕地土壤具有相对较高P、K养分;在所有利用方式中,裸地土壤尽管具有相对较高的粉粒含量,但所有养分指标均最低,显著低于林地土壤。总之,对于西藏脆弱生境而言,耕作使得有机质更易于消耗。由于有机质与植被之间存在明显互相促进的作用,因此维持土壤有机质平衡对于恢复植被、保护青藏高原东缘生态屏障具有重要的意义。     

The impact of land use on soil properties in a karst agricultural region of Southwest China:a case study of Xiaojiang watershed, Yunnan

Supported by RS and GIS, the land use change from 1982 to 2003 were analyzed and the impacts of land use changes on pH value, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, and available K in soil of Xiaojiang watershed, a typical karst agricultural region of Yunnan Province, Southwest China were assessed. The following aspects are concluded. (1) The total land use converted during the past 20 years in Xiaojiang watershed covers an area of 610.12 km2, of which 134.29 km2 of forestland was converted into cultivated land, and 210 km2 of unused land was converted into cultivated land. (2) The rapid growth of population and the economic development were the main driving forces of land use change. (3) With the change in land use, the soil properties have been changed significantly. The pH, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P and available K in soil in 1982 were 6.3, 38.02 g kg-1, 1.86 g kg-1, 1.63 g kg-1, 10.94 g kg-1, 114.42 g kg-1, 11.65 mg kg-1 and 64.69 mg kg-1g, respectively; and those in 2003 were 6.73, 25.26 g kg-1, 1.41 g kg-1, 0.99 g kg-1, 12.6 g kg-1, 113.43 mg kg-1, 11.11 mg kg-1 and 151.59 mg kg-1, respectively. Pared samples t-test of the tested indices of soil properties indicate that those indices have changed significantly during the last 20 years. But the soil properties changed differently, due to the differences in land use change. (4) Also, with the change in land use and management measures of soil, the modifications in soil properties which developed from carbonate rocks were more sensitive than those in the soil developed from sandstone.