Devonian lacustrine shore zone architecture: Giving perspective to cliff exposures with ground penetrating radar

Lake margin sedimentary systems have been the subject of only limited study. The cyclic Middle Devonian lacustrine succession of Northern Scotland contains repeated developments of shore zone sandstones and thus provides an ideal location for the study of these units. The cycles comprise deep lake, shallow lake, playa and shore zone facies. Detailed field observations are presented alongside ground penetrating radar data which has aided large‐scale and three‐dimensional characterization of the shore zone sand bodies. Loading and discrete channel forms are recognized in thin‐bedded sandstones within the lower portion of the lake shore zone successions. Up‐section, the sandstone beds appear to become amalgamated, forming subtle low angle accretionary bar complexes. Where imaged on the radar profiles, the repeated development of shoreward migrating features succeeded by more shallow angled lakeward accreting surfaces is recognized; these are ascribed to washover and swash–backwash processes, respectively. The orientation of these features is similar to palaeocurrent measurements from oscillation ripples, suggesting an alignment of the shore zone bars perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. Further loaded sandstone beds and sand‐filled shallow channel features overlie the bar forms. The context of the shore zone facies allows the controls on its formation to be examined. The shore zone sandstones overlie playa facies which contain abundant desiccation horizons, reflecting the most arid phase in the climatically controlled lacustrine cycle. As climatic conditions ameliorated, the rejuvenation of fluvial systems resulted in the transport of sand out into the basin. Initial deposition was limited to intermittent events where sediment was laid down on a water‐saturated substrate. High resolution fluctuations in lake level resulted in periodic short‐lived reworking events along the lake margins which produced amalgamated sands, forming low relief bars. Shore zone reworking is likely to have occurred over a wide  area as the lake margin migrated back and forth, and gradually transgressed.     

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组紫红色白云岩成因初探

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组是新发现的重要天然气产层。在青川何家梁以及葛底坝等地区,泥盆系观雾山组存在一种特殊紫红色调的白云岩,目前对该白云岩成因及形成环境的研究较为薄弱。本次研究采用宏观与微观、矿物学与地球化学相结合的方式对该白云岩进行了系统分析。该类白云岩呈紫红、肉红等色调,单层厚度3~50cm,显微镜下岩石本身呈晶粒结构。对其成因初步分析认为：白云岩中的紫红色、肉红色是一种次生色,是铁元素富集后被氧化的颜色;白云岩存在暴露、岩溶、垮塌现象,指示其形成于古地貌相对较高的局限蒸发环境;只有白云石核心变色,说明其形成时间较早,应为准同生期在相对局限的环境下,颗粒被富含铁元素的水体浸泡侵染所致,随后颗粒外继续形成白云石胶结物将其包裹。紫红色白云岩相对发育的地层往往白云岩的储层厚度大,物性好,岩溶现象发育,储集空间类型多样,是该地区油气勘探的一种重要指示标志。     

云南楚雄盆地西缘晚三叠世地震软沉积变形及灾变事件分析

震积岩是古地震事件的重要记录,笔者在滇西楚雄盆地西缘斜坡浊流相罗家大山组中识别出震积岩体系。通过对罗家大山组剖面宏观露头和岩石薄片微观构造观察,总结了楚雄盆地西缘晚三叠世震积岩的识别标志,分为原地相脆性震积构造和软沉积变形震积构造,包括固结层脆性变形和疏松层软沉积变形,以及微断层、褶皱组合形成脆韧性构造、撕裂构造、自碎角砾岩、混滑层、液化卷曲变形、枕状构造、碟状构造、液化（角）砾岩、液化脉、沙火山、火焰状构造、负载构造、串珠状构造等。根据罗家大山组的震积岩特征,建立了斜坡相地震-海啸沉积序列。对这些震积岩的研究有利于对楚雄盆地西侧断陷盆地形成大地构造背景、活动时限的约束,并且可以指导在楚雄盆地内开展油气勘查。     

川西北部泥盆系观雾山组沉积相新认识——以大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面为例

川西泥盆系观雾山组沉积相研究缺乏横向对比,沉积模式还存在争议。根据川西北部白家乡大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面实测成果,对中泥盆统观雾山组沉积相进行了分析,认为:大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面观雾山组为碳酸盐镶边台地沉积,期间发生短暂的碳酸盐缓坡化;桂溪剖面观雾山组同属碳酸盐台地边缘,观雾山组中段发育开阔台地深水沉积,并不是前人认为的潟湖沉积。研究区碳酸盐镶边台地包括台地边缘和前缘斜坡两种亚相,前缘斜坡亚相发育于何家梁剖面,以塌积岩沉积为标志。碳酸盐缓坡包括深水缓坡和浅水缓坡两种亚相。随着海平面变化,观雾山组碳酸盐岩发育三个沉积旋回,第一、第三沉积旋回为镶边台地沉积,第二沉积旋回为碳酸盐缓坡沉积。观雾山组沉积微相对储层的分布起控制作用:生物碎屑滩和上斜坡微相为有利储层发育相带;生物礁中在油气运移之前形成的溶蚀孔洞已被白云石和方解石充填,滩间微相泥质(泥晶)白云岩不利于溶蚀孔洞形成,这二者均不是有利储层发育相带。     

湖泊水位对三角洲前缘主要砂体类型的影响:以鄂尔多斯盆地神木地区侏罗系延安组剖面为例*

通过露头剖面研究,能够从二维或三维角度直观地了解沉积实体物质组成、结构构造及岩层间接触关系等地质信息,对于三角洲砂体展布规律预测以及地下储集层地质模型的建立具有重要意义。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地神木地区侏罗系延安组湖相浅水三角洲露头剖面为例,在沉积微相的研究基础上,主要针对水下分流河道、河口砂坝、席状砂等微相,统计单砂体宽度及厚度,分析砂体间接触关系,总结砂体展布规律。研究认为,对于席状砂、水下分流河道两类砂体而言,与湖泊低水位期相比,高水位期砂体宽厚比较大;在湖泊水位一定的条件下,随着距物源变远,A/S值增加,砂体宽厚比增大。受湖泊水位及距物源远近不同A/S值影响,剖面中发育拼接式、切叠式和孤立式3种砂体叠置样式,从拼接式向孤立式A/S值变大,砂体间连通性变差。     

Evaluation of the relative roles of global versus local sedimentary controls on Middle to Late Pleistocene formation of continental margin strata,Canterbury Basin,New Zealand

Determining the relative influence of eustasy versus local sedimentary processes on strata formation is a fundamental challenge in the study of continental margin stratigraphy. In this paper, the relative contribution of these factors on continental margin evolution during the Middle to Late Pleistocene is evaluated using samples from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 317. Core‐logging, biostratigraphy and quantitative X‐ray diffraction mineralogy are used to delineate continental shelf sedimentary systems. Major lithological unconformities bound stratigraphic sequences that contain recurring compositional patterns and that resemble other examples of Middle to Upper Pleistocene sequences. However, a preliminary chronology suggests that sequence boundary formation cannot be linked ‘one to one’ with eustatic cycles and therefore these sequences can contain multiple ca 100 ka eustatic cycles. Smaller amplitude, higher frequency transitions in sediment composition are interpreted as stratigraphic sequences driven by more rapid perturbations in the interplay of accommodation and sediment supply; their stratigraphy is variable in time and across the shelf, suggesting a strong influence of local sedimentary forcing in their formation. Changes in sediment composition after the Middle Pleistocene Transition indicate that sediment transfer from onshore sources in the glaciated Southern Alps to the middle‐shelf occurred over a single 100 ka glacio‐eustatic cycle, with an additional 100 ka lag before the mineralogical signal was preserved on the outer‐shelf. This phenomenon is coincident with rapid shelf progradation in this basin, suggesting a causal relation between across‐shelf sediment transport and margin progradation. This is one of very few studies that provide insights at the core scale into the processes driving continental margin evolution during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. This work shows that compositional changes in mud‐dominated successions can lead to a sequence stratigraphic interpretation and the identification of high‐frequency sequences, which may not be possible using a conventional stratigraphic approach.     

湖相致密储层有利层段的沉积与湖平面变化的耦合关系及其控制因素：以柴西尕斯地区上干柴沟组下段为例

探讨有利层段的沉积与湖平面变化之间的关系,可以对湖相致密储层的勘探开发部署提供一定参考。以柴达木盆地西部尕斯地区上干柴沟组下段为例,利用自然伽马（GR）曲线资料,进行Fischer图解和铀含量（U）－有机碳（TOC）回归拟合法,重建渐新世沉积时期湖平面变化过程,结合磁化率资料,讨论了湖平面变化的气候控制作用。结果表明：（1）尕斯地区上干柴沟组下段泥质含量和TOC含量变化趋势一致,均反映其在沉积过程中经历了两次湖退和湖进过程,有利于烃源岩和储层的形成;（2）湖平面上升期形成的高水位沉积体系,对应于致密砂岩类储层中优质烃源岩的富集层段,能有效形成源－储共生配置;（3）渐新世湖平面变化受西风条件下的气候的控制,西风带来的水汽,形成相对湿润的气候条件,引起湖平面的上升,有利于烃源岩的形成,且与有利层段的沉积呈现耦合关系。

     

松辽盆地东缘岳王城剖面嫩江组二段生物地层及其对湖侵事件的响应

松辽盆地嫩江组二段下部沉积期发生了大规模的湖侵事件,在整个盆地范围形成一套黑色泥页岩夹油页岩。然而,前人对嫩江组二段的地层及相关地质事件的研究主要基于井下岩心,地表露头不多见。通过调查,在松辽盆地东缘农安县青山口第二松花江沿岸发现一新的剖面——岳王城剖面,出露连续的嫩江组一段顶部—二段下部地层。通过对该套地层进行厘米级的描述和详细的分层,将该剖面地层划分为24层,累计厚度31.54m。第1层为嫩江组一段顶部,为青灰色砂质泥岩,含少量介形类化石;第2~24层为嫩江组二段下部,主体为暗色泥页岩夹油页岩、泥灰岩等,含丰富的介形类、叶肢介、鱼类,少量有孔虫及其他生物。此外,在嫩江组底部还发现一层火山灰和一层磷块岩。对其中的介形类化石进行初步研究,识别出11属18种。通过介形虫古生态和沉积学研究,并结合其他手段,初步探讨了该沉积期的湖泊环境,认为嫩二段下部沉积期经历了一次大规模湖侵,从一段顶部的滨浅湖过渡为二段下部的深湖环境,之后湖平面在波动中逐渐下降。     

流体包裹体在研究柴达木盆地东北缘石炭系页岩油气成藏中的应用

正近年来,流体包裹体已成为常规油气地质领域研究油气成藏期次和时间、成矿流体性质、来源、油气运移充注途径和古地温恢复等方面的关键技术方法(卢焕章等,2004)。目前,流体包裹体并未被广泛应用于的页岩油气藏研究中,主要是因为页岩油气储层中的成岩矿物普遍过于细小,给包裹体的测试带来了极大的困难,困扰了流体包裹体研究在页岩中的发展。但是,以往的研究发现,页岩     

新疆准噶尔北缘早石炭世金-铜-钼成矿事件:年代学证据

新疆准噶尔北缘地区已发现多处大中型内生金属矿床,它们主要形成于2个构造-岩浆活动期,即泥盆纪洋陆俯冲期的岛弧型斑岩铜(金)矿,二叠纪后碰撞造山期的铜镍硫化物型矿床和造山型(或剪切带型)Au矿。作者近年来在对该区地质构造和矿床研究中获得了一批早石炭世成岩成矿年代学数据:除已发表的希勒库都克斑岩铜钼矿床流纹斑岩(329Ma)和辉钼矿(327Ma)年龄外,本文工作新近获得201金矿闪长岩年龄为324Ma、科克森套地区花岗闪长斑岩年龄为328Ma、库尔吐班套地区花岗岩年龄为323Ma、阿克塔斯Au矿区花岗闪长岩年龄为327Ma,这些年龄数据集中在323~328Ma,即早石炭世(主要在维宪阶和谢尔普霍夫阶)。综合分析认为,该区在早石炭世洋盆已经闭合进入碰撞造山阶段,该阶段岩浆活动以出露小规模中酸性岩脉、岩株为特征,构造活动和壳幔相互作用强烈,主要成矿类型有斑岩型Cu Mo矿、浅成低温热液型Au矿、脉岩-构造蚀变岩型Au矿,构成一独特的与浅成岩有关的早石炭世金-铜-钼成矿带。     

青海省柴达木南北缘岩浆熔离型镍矿的找矿——以夏日哈木镍矿为例

夏日哈木铜镍矿是在东昆仑造山带首次被发现的岩浆熔离型矿床,该类型矿床是青海省铜镍矿勘查研究方向之一.笔者通过夏日哈木镍矿成矿特征研究认为:碰撞伸展环境是夏日哈木超大型镍-钴硫化物矿形成的基本条件,成岩成矿年龄集中于早泥盆世,岩体侵位于古元古代金水口白沙河组,参与后期混染成矿作用.对柴达木南北缘岩浆熔离型镍矿的成矿条件分析发现:泥盆纪热事件显示柴达木盆地南、北缘在该期均发生了碰撞伸展作用和成矿作用,镁铁质-超镁铁质岩均侵入古老地层,地层硫参与成矿作用;成矿镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体与物探磁异常,Ni、Co、Cu组合异常相对应.综合分析,柴达木南北缘岩浆熔离型镍矿的找矿潜力大,提出了今后柴达木南北缘岩浆熔离型镍矿勘查重点是柴达木南缘的昆中岩浆弧带、柴达木北缘高压变质岩带、欧龙布鲁克陆块.     

扬子地台北缘南郑马元—宁强阳平关沉积盆地沉积构造事件与海平面变化响应

位于扬子地台北部被动边缘的南秦岭南郑—阳平关一带古生代沉积盆地,发育一套早古生代—中生代碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩沉积,沉积构造及岩相清晰。通过对区内沉积盆地地层特征及侧向变化分析,初步划分出了6个层序,识别出若干个沉积体系域和层序界面。盆地沉积演化与构造体制、区域性构造运动密切相关,构造活动控制了海平面变化。近几年来,在南郑马元一带震旦系灯影组白云岩中,发现了近百千米的马元型铅锌矿带,因此,通过区域地层格架分析和层序地层学研究,进一步研究区域构造活动历史,恢复海平面变化细节,建立岩石地层格架,从微观上准确了解区域海平面敏感变化,从而更好地预测沉积矿产。     

准噶尔南缘前陆盆地白垩纪—新近纪构造挤压作用与储层关系的新表征:镜质体反射率与颗粒填集密度

镜质体反射率Ro是构造挤压作用对砂砾岩储集体产生热效应的重要反映,颗粒填集密度则是二者关系的具体体现。通过对准噶尔南缘白垩系—古近系样品镜质体反射率Ro的分析,结合白垩系—新近系霍001井等14口井76块样品统计颗粒填集密度分布规律与储层微观镜下研究,认为构造挤压作用对砂砾岩储集性的影响具有如下演化特征:白垩纪Ro值具有东部高、中西部低的特点,颗粒填集密度平面分布规律与其相近,表明位于前陆冲断带东部呼图壁地区储集层受构造侧向挤压影响较为强烈,西段的西湖—独山子地区储集层受构造影响弱,晚侏罗世—早白垩世博格达山隆升造成了这一结果。古近纪镜质体反射率Ro与颗粒填集密度展布与白垩纪显著不同,具有由冲断带中远端(第二、三排构造)安集海—玛纳斯—吐谷鲁背斜区向冲断带近端(第一排构造)与前渊带南北两方向降低趋势,表明古近纪储集层受构造侧向挤压影响弱,转变为主要受地层埋藏热效应影响。由于中新世以来的北天山强烈隆升,颗粒填集密度与古地温展布特点反映了储集层由古近纪主要受埋藏热效应影响,转变为受构造侧向挤压的影响。白垩系砂砾岩孔隙度与镜质体反射率Ro、颗粒填集密度呈明显负相关关系,也与成岩作用强度呈负相关关系;古近系镜质体反射率Ro、颗粒填集密度与砂砾岩孔隙度呈正相关关系,由此预测了准噶尔南缘较有利储层的分布。     

The Late Pleistocene Afton Lodge Clay Formation,Ayrshire, Scotland: evidence for Early to Middle Devensian climatic changes and Late Devensian onshore ice flow and rafting from the Firth of Clyde

An investigation into the late Pleistocene sediments exposed at Afton Lodge has helped to clarify the glacial history of western central Scotland. The sequence includes several allochthonous bodies of ‘shelly clay’ (Afton Lodge Clay Formation) associated with Late Devensian (Weichselian) age diamict. The shelly clay contains abundant marine macro- and microfauna, as well as palynomorphs consistent with its deposition within a shallow marine to estuarine environment. Faunal changes within the main body of marine clay record at least one, millennial-scale cycle of Arctic-Boreal, to Boreal, and back to Arctic-Boreal climatic conditions. A radiocarbon date of over 41 ka ¹⁴C BP obtained from the foraminifera indicates that the marine clays are older than the surrounding till. Afton Lodge is thus one of a suite of ‘high-level’ shelly clay occurrences around the Scottish coasts that are now considered to be glacially transported. Together with closely associated ‘shelly tills’, the rafts were emplaced during an early phase of the last glaciation by ice flowing from the western Grampian Highlands of Scotland through the topographically-confined Firth of Clyde basin. The blocks of marine sediment were detached subglacially, unfrozen, and carried at least 10 km by ice that splayed out onshore against reversed slopes favouring raft emplacement and the creation of closely associated ribbed moraine. Transport of the rafts was facilitated by water-lubricated décollement surfaces and their accretion was accompanied by dewatering. The shelly tills were formed mainly by the attenuation and crushing of rafts of shelly clay during their transport within the subglacial deforming bed.