中国农村转型与耕地保护机制

我国农村和城市的发展都处在转型时期，对土地的需求将进一步扩展，而开发边际土地的余地已经有限，未来耕地食物安全的形势将更趋势严峻，因而保护耕地成为我国的基本国策，但实际上由于缺乏保护机制，耕地仍在继续向效益更高的其它土地用途转移，因此，保护耕地的根本大计在于建立机制，保护耕地的经济机制是提高农业的比较经济效益，耕地生态服务功能的价值实现至关重要，在政策管理机制方面，要强化政府在耕地保护中的作用，规范土地管理行为，明确独立于市场的政府土地管理目标，并以法律形式固定的规划作为实现目标的手段，城市发展要加强内涵集约度。     

Disparities and diversities among female‐headed households in rural Malawi after 20 years of economic liberalization

Using data from a survey carried out in six tobacco growing villages across Malawi in 2004–5, this paper summarizes some main differences found in subsistence production and income levels between male‐ and female‐headed households and the disparities among female‐headed households in the light of economic liberalization policies of the past two decades. The disadvantaged position of female‐headed households in terms of land and labour endowment, together with the high cost of inputs since the structural adjustment programmes and removal of subsidies since the 1980s has prevented poorer female‐headed households not only from attaining maize self‐sufficiency, but also from engaging in high‐return agriculture such as tobacco production. Although livelihood diversification is adopted by both male‐ and female‐headed households, many female‐headed households still depend on low‐entry‐barrier activities such as agricultural waged labour and are unable to break out of the poverty cycle. However, female‐headed households are a heterogeneous category and factors such as the availability of nonfarm income opportunities, social networks to access labour and capital, land acquisition through flexible applications of patrilineal inheritance rules, and the existence of formal channels for credit and informal tobacco trading have enabled some to improve agricultural productivity and achieve high incomes.     

不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究

采用分层随机抽样、参与式农村评估、地块调查等方法,研究了重庆市涪陵区珍溪镇3 个典型村样本农户的土地利用和土地投入的差异。共调查了227 户,2250 个地块。结果发现：① 除了6.17%的非农户土地撂荒、退耕或出租外,纯农户、一兼户、二兼户的土地利用类型均以集约为主。纯农户因年龄结构老龄化,劳动力供应不足,相对粗放的耕地面积为48.95%。一兼户相对集约利用的面积比例为71.08%。二兼户相对集约利用的面积比例为67.20%。② 土地投入有明显差异。纯农户每公顷农业劳动力投入少,劳动力老龄化;由于缺乏资金,农业机械及省工性投入少,多选择农家肥及磷肥、碳铵等价格较低的传统肥料。一兼户劳动力投入的数量与质量都最高,有长期投资农业的意愿与动力,农业机械投资量最大,保持了较高的农家肥施用量,且各种化肥配合施用,用量适中;二兼户每公顷农业劳动力投入大,以老人与妇女为主;由于收入高,农业机械及省工性投入比纯农户多,首选价格高、省劳力的化肥。非农户无土地投入。`     

Policy narratives, landholder engagement, and oil palm expansion on the Malaysian and Indonesian frontiers

Over recent decades a structural transformation has affected agriculture in the frontier areas of Malaysian Borneo and Outer Island Indonesia with the rapid conversion of agricultural lands, fallows, and formerly forested areas into oil palm. These frontiers have similar positions in the international political economy of oil palm and have complementary resource endowments. In both cases, state planners face the common challenges of finding a disciplined labour force, delivering land for estate development, maintaining local legitimacy, and dealing with local contestation. Yet there are significant differences in systems of governance and policy frameworks regarding land, shifting capacity of state actors to facilitate the transformation of these agrarian frontiers, and changing degrees of local, national and international contestation. Considering the generic and the specific elements at play in each case, this paper argues that analogous policy narratives have shaped the ways in which landholders have been engaged in the process of oil palm expansion in Malaysia and Indonesia. In both cases, with the shift from state-led to neoliberal governance approaches to agricultural development, the 'frontier' has been created and transformed through policy narratives that facilitate the conversion of whole landscapes into oil palm. This has been achieved by obscuring indigenous forms of agriculture and land tenure, while creating reserves of available 'state' or 'idle' customary land, and counterpoising smallholder 'marginality' and 'backwardness' to the modernity of contemporary estate agriculture.     

农业地理学发展述要

本文以动态观点,提纲挈领地论述我国以及西欧、北美和苏联等主要国家近代农业地理学的发展过程。主要的传统研究是以地域为单元来探讨农业生态、土地利用、粮食生产与供应,农业地域类型和农业区划,编写区域农业地理志和农业图集等。作者认为农业地理学是典型的边缘科学,它是农业科学又是地理科学的组成部分。它的主要研究对象是农业经济活动的地域系统,它的形成过程,结构特征和发展规律。根据我国现代化建设的要求,在90年代我国农业地理学将着重研究:农业发展的资源基础,人口与粮食平衡,农业生产和劳动力的结构变化,农村工业化和贫困山区脱贫致富问题。     

中国生态农业的发展与展望

农业是国民经济的基础,在通过科学技术进步和土地集约化利用取得巨大成绩的同时,也造成了生态与环境问题的日益加剧。在这一形势下,人类社会开始反思农业发展的政策、模式和技术,认识到农业的发展,不仅要提高产量以满足人们对农产品的数量需求,还要提高产品质量,保证食物安全,发挥生态系统的多种功能。20世纪末,中国生态学家和农学家共同提出了具有中国特色的生态农业概念。经过近30年的实践和发展,中国生态农业建立了较为完善的理论体系,总结了适应中国国情的成功模式,开展了不同层面的生态农业建设试点,取得了显著的成效,并得到国际社会的广泛承认与赞扬。但也存在一些问题,如对农业的多种生态服务功能没有给予充分的重视,缺乏市场化引导、规模化经营、专业化生产和品牌化推广等。面对着新时期社会经济发展的特点与资源环境瓶颈,中国生态农业需要在产业循环、多功能化、高品质、产业化以及融合传统精华与现代技术、实现农村可持续发展等方面多做努力。     

基于农业多功能视觉的都市农业用地效益时空变化研究——以西安都市圈为例（英文）

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi'an metropolitan zone(XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, providemore economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision-making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

Spatial-temporal change in urban agricultural land use efficiency from the perspective of agricultural multi-functionality: A case study of the Xi’an metropolitan zone

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi’an metropolitan zone (XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, provide more economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision- making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

Labor Location and Agricultural Land Use in Jilin,China

Conventional agricultural land‐use theory overlooks labor location and its effects on land use. This paper argues that in labor‐intensive commercial agriculture where labor concentrates in large labor centers (villages), the distance from the labor center is more important than the distance from market in determining land use and land rent and is important at both the microscale and larger scales. Both qualitative observations and quantitative field level land‐use research in Jilin, China, support this approach. A new model is developed to incorporate labor location into the conventional land‐use model. It regards agriculture as an industry using localized gross inputs.     

Resource Development and the Perpetuation of Poverty in Rural Laos

ABSTRACT

Government efforts to industrialise and modernise the Lao economy through intensive resource development are having adverse effects on rural livelihoods as resources are degraded and access to limited land and natural resources has intensified. In one of the country's key river basins, Nam Ngum, a series of resource developments including hydropower, mining and agricultural plantations have modified the landscape over the last four decades. Uncoordinated resource developments are putting intense pressure on increasingly scarce natural resources and affecting the lives of people who are dependent on them. Economic diversification of rural households in Feuang District in the Nam Ngum River Basin has created significant discrepancies between the rich and the poor, yet all households remain primarily dependent on agriculture. Land is of enduring importance to rural livelihoods. National development intervention has failed to secure basic livelihoods for rural households.     

基于PSR模型的农区土地利用冲突强度的诊断

随着工业化、城镇化进程的加快,农村土地利用冲突越来越多,分析不同农区土地利用冲突的形式,评估土地利用冲突的强度,对农村发展具有重要意义.本文采用相关分析、主成分分析的方法,从引起鄢陵县耕地利用变化的32 个因子中,提取了6 个主要压力因子,根据鄢陵土地利用结构变化情况和区域政策、制度及其社会响应状况,建立特色农区土地利用冲突强度的评价指标体系,用加权函数法进行冲突强度的评价.研究表明,土地利用冲突强度呈波动增加趋势;土地利用冲突的原因主要是：①经济发展及经济结构调整因素;②农业种植结构的调整;③科技进步以及政策等因素的影响.因此,政府可通过市场手段、规划制度等进行调控,提高区域土地资源的配置效率,引导土地利用方式的规范转化,以减缓或化解土地利用冲突.     

边境旅游地乡村转型及可持续发展路径——云南打洛口岸地区的民族志研究

边境地区是国家社会经济发展的特殊功能区,旅游业在其乡村转型中扮演重要角色。基于民族志研究方法,分析近30年来云南打洛口岸地区的乡村重构过程,厘清旅游驱动下的边境乡村转型机制,进而识别边境乡村旅游地的可持续发展路径。研究发现：① 旅游发展驱动下,商品农业兴起,引发以土地、资本和劳动力为核心的乡村发展要素的重大变化——土地增值、资本积累、劳动力发展;② 传统自给农业随之衰落,形成以商品农业为主、旅游等非农产业为辅的产业结构,当地社区相应形成以商品农业生计为主、非农生计为辅的多元生计结构,经济收入大幅增长;③ 随着边民生计的变迁和生活的现代化,传统民族界限逐渐模糊,多民族共同繁荣发展,国家吸纳边民为边境治理主体以应对区域内非传统安全问题;④ 在空间层面,耕地逐渐“非粮化”,生态空间缩减,集镇建设向口岸聚集;⑤ 随着“人-地-业”的结构性变化,打洛口岸地区朝多功能乡村发展转型,边境乡村的地缘安全功能、文化功能和生态功能凸显。最后,提出边境乡村旅游地的可持续发展路径,以期为边境地区的稳定与繁荣提供参考。     

Areas of intensive livestock agriculture as emerging alternative economic spaces?

The ideal of the intensification of agriculture has vanished in developed market economies as the outcomes of conventional production have caused growing environmental problems, in particular in areas with a high concentration of livestock. There is also a growing concern notable about animal welfare issues, accompanied by the belief that agricultural production needs to move away from an conventional agriculture towards one that is loosely defined as ‘alternative’. This paper uses the concept of multifunctionality as a lens for describing and explaining the nature of rural change in Germany. I argue that the case study example of the Oldenburger Münsterland illustrates that multifunctionality rates weakly as agricultural practice in production systems dominated by a conventional food regime and – hence – a transition towards diversity and resilience has to occur within conventional agriculture. In spite of the popularity of the idea that areas of intensive livestock farming might have been gradually transformed into emerging alternative economic spaces, the principle of coexistence between ‘productivist’ and ‘non-productivist’ practices poses major challenges. In particular the scarcity of agricultural land hinders the transition into ‘alternative’ food futures in the Oldenburger Münsterland, while the doubts about conventional agriculture and the industrialized food industry rise in an unprecedented way in German society.     

城郊土地利用功能演变——以贵州省惠水县乡村旅游度假区好花红村为例

论文以贵州省惠水县乡村旅游度假区好花红村为典型案例,运用空间分析方法,利用高分辨率遥感影像和实地调查访问数据,分析了2006—2019年好花红村土地利用功能演变规律,探讨了土地利用功能转型助推乡村振兴的作用。结果表明：① 好花红村土地利用功能受土地利用转型的影响,由传统单一的农业生产功能、社会保障功能和生态保育功能转变为复合型观光休闲功能和经济发展功能,增加了经济效益的同时保证了生态效益,土地利用功能总体上呈现出多元化和复合化特征;② 研究区不同演变阶段的演变模式存在显著差异,经历了单一农业生产功能阶段、多元功能转型过渡阶段、多功能复合转型阶段,土地利用功能演变有以农为主、乡村旅游为辅,农旅结合、农业逐步退缩,以乡村旅游为主、整体转型3种模式;③ 自然条件是土地利用功能变化的基础动力,经营主体变化是土地利用功能转型的内在动力,区域发展政策是驱动土地利用功能多元化的根本动力,旅游市场“规模化”需求是驱动乡村功能和土地利用功能转化的重要推动力,这些因素相互作用,共同驱动土地利用功能演变。     

川西地区劳动就业研究

以川西作为研究区域,对农村劳动力转移或非农就业从自然—人文相结合的观点进行了探讨。     

Prospects of multifunctional agriculture as a facilitator of sustainable rural development: Swedish experience of Pillar 2 of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

Agriculture remains one of the dominant activities in rural areas across the European Union (EU), not least in respect of land use and its impact on landscapes. The Agenda 2000 reform of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) introduced rural development as an integrated part of agricultural policy. The present study focuses on the second pillar of CAP. Multifunctional farming, more than any other rural activity, has a role to play in integrating the natural environment with the cultural landscape and socio-economic development. The question of how multifunctional agriculture can facilitate sustainable rural development is addressed in terms of mechanisms and inherent possibilities. Results from a case study in Östergötland in Sweden are discussed in relation to five other European case studies. Some main findings are that Pillar 2 has made it possible for rural inhabitants to continue living in rural areas and that the policies are effective in identifying and supporting new opportunities for farm diversification. The traditional agricultural landscape can be seen as a key component in various diversification activities in rural areas, contributing to economic as well as social and environmental sustainability.     

江苏省乡村经济类型的初步分析

本文采用模比系数法,按乡村经济发展水平、产业结构和农业结构三类指标,将江苏省65个县(县级市)划分为8个乡村经济类型(含12个亚类型),以便为乡村发展的宏观决策和分类指导提供参考,为开展江苏乡村地理的选点调查打下基础,对乡村经济类型的研究方法作初步尝试。     

农业结构调整与中国乡村转型发展——以河南省巩义市和鄢陵县为例

农业转型升级是中国乡村转型发展的主要引擎。而规模化、专业化生产是国际农业转型升级的方向。本文以两个不同乡村转型道路的典型县域(工业化转型的巩义市和农业现代化转型的鄢陵县)为例,利用区位熵、结构变化指数和专业化指数,在乡镇尺度深入分析新世纪以来乡村经济转型发展背景下乡村农业结构调整状况,以及由此带来的乡村景观再造。主要结论为：①基于市场需求的农业结构调整与乡村转型之间的相互作用是农产品提质增效倒逼耕地利用方式的现代化转变,并引致乡村景观的多功能再造。未来中国农业的转型方向将是规模化大宗农业与专业化精细农业并存;②无论是乡镇的非农化转型还是农业现代化转型,均可带来乡镇耕地的规模化、专业化利用以及农业内部的结构调整,并引致乡村的进一步转型。工业转型县农业结构以粮食作物为主要调整方向,农业现代化转型县以粮食和特色农作物为主要调整方向,并形成了特色专业村或产业集群;③农业结构调整方向更加与自然条件和资源禀赋相匹配,空间配置更加合理。     

Space diversification process and evolution mechanism of typical village in the suburbs of Guangzhou: A case study of Beicun

The reform of global production mode and social system accelerate the process of urbanization, and the urban-rural factors accelerate rural space diversification. Based on the space production theory and game theory, this paper analyzed the space diversification process and its influence on Beicun village. The results show that:(1) In the past 30 years, the development of Beicun has experienced three stages: agricultural development, industrial development, and service industrial development. The industrial structure has changed from single to diverse. The transformation of agricultural decentralization to rural community has been realized.(2) Accompanying the rural economic development transformation, the land use type and structure of Beicun has diversified. The spatial relationship of various types of land use was complicated and gave rise to new characteristics of mixed land for commercial and residential use, and industrial and commercial use, gradually forming a circular spatial layout structure model of public service facilities, traditional residential areas and modern residential areas, commercial areas, agricultural and industrial areas.(3) Rural space diversification was mainly due to the intervention of new industries and the transformation of leading industries. The endogenous land transferring mechanism and exogenous urban capital jointly promoted the industrialization process, and the market power promoted the transformation of industry into the service industry.(4) The industrialization process promoted the functional replacement of historical buildings by village organizations. It changed the social relations of the village with the blood clan and geography oriented, and produced the occupational relation between migrant workers and urban low-income groups.(5) The multi-differentiation of suburban rural space followed the game logic of capital and land interests. The rural community played a key mediation in the competition for space and the game of interests among local villagers, farmers, economic cooperation, industrial operators, and service owners.     

平原农区农业生产系统转型及其环境效应的耦合类型划分

农业绿色转型已经成为乡村振兴与农业农村深化改革的必然选择,亟待探索农区农业生产转型与其环境效应的空间分异规律与地域类型,从而推进农业的高质量发展。本文基于类型学视角采用判别法将黄淮海平原农区的农业生产类型划分为城市近郊现代集约型、城市近郊传统经营型、城市远郊现代集约型和城市远郊传统经营型。从拉力、支撑力及引导力的视角,构建以“发展主体适应-要素变化-环境响应”为主线的分析框架,解读了农业生产系统转型及其环境效应的动力机制和特征。黄淮海平原农业生产系统转型负向环境效应的形成机制为在增产增收的目标导向及区域自然条件约束下,资本、技术及劳动力的非理性投入对农业生态系统的扰动。将农业生产系统转型与环境效应的耦合类型划分为城郊现代集约高强度污染型、城郊现代集约中度污染型、城市远郊现代集约高强度污染型和城市远郊现代集约中度污染型。基于以上分析,从普适性与异质性视角提出了相应的政策启示与优化调控策略,以期实现平原农区农业生产系统的可持续健康转型。