冬小麦田不同调控措施下的土壤水蒸发量分析

为探讨农田在不同调控措施下的土壤水蒸发量,以衡水试验场为例,以土壤水流动系统为指导,设计沟播盖腐熟秸秆、沟播不盖秸秆、盖膜穴播、平播对照4种不同调控措施下的田间试验,运用土壤水分均衡原理和土壤水分通量法,计算了不同调控措施下的土壤水蒸发量.结果表明,盖膜穴播田块的土壤水蒸发量最小,沟播盖腐熟秸秆次之,沟播不盖秸秆最大,说明盖膜穴播的土壤水分调控效果最好,而秸秆覆盖的效果优于不盖秸秆.     

气候变化下长江源土壤水时空演化及其环境响应

气候变化下,长江源区生态环境和水文循环出现了显著改变。土壤水是水文循环的重要组成部分,正确认识土壤水时空分布规律及其环境响应机制是深入理解长江源区水文循环和生态环境变化的基础。以地面原位观测数据为基础,利用欧洲航天局最新开发的长时间序列和多传感器组合的全球土壤体积含水量数据集(ESA CCI SM V07.1)揭示了长江源区地表土壤水的时空演化规律,探讨了构造作用和冻土类型对土壤水的影响机制。结果表明：(1)长江源地表土壤体积含水量主要集中在0.15～0.20 m³/m³之间,在6—10月处于全年最高值;(2)在垂向上,由表层到深部土壤体积含水量主要呈现出增大-减小-稳定趋势,深部土壤水相对表层有明显的滞后特征,滞后时间一般为1～2个月;(3)在平面上,地表土壤体积含水量整体呈现东南高,并向西北逐渐递减的趋势。越临近构造断裂带,土壤体积含水量越低,且随深度增加呈现出一定的加剧趋势;(4)多年冻土区的地表土壤体积含水量相比邻近区域的季节性冻土区域高,季节性冻土区的地表土壤体积含水量波动变化幅度小于多年冻土区;(5)近40 a来,地表冻土有逐渐融...     

黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

田间试验研究了不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤含水量及小麦生长状况和水分利用效率的影响.试验包括4个处理:作物生育期秸秆覆盖600 kg/ha(M600)、秸秆覆盖300 kg/ha(M300)、地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖处理(CK).结果表明:覆盖处理下的土壤贮水量均高于不覆盖,M600处理能显著增加土壤含水量(0～1m和...     

华北平原东部水资源可持续利用

华北平原东部水资源短缺，深层地下水严重超采，生态环境恶化。为水资源的可持续利用．要发展井灌井排渠灌沟排，以开发利用当地浅层地下水包括微成水和成水为基础．以引调可利用的地表水补源。以调控地下水埋深在临界动态为棱心，以土壤及潜水的地层空间作为调节大气降水、土壤水、地下水、地表水的地下水库．最大限度圯犯时空分布不均的天然降雨转化为可持续利用的水资源。     

种植条件下土壤水与地下水相互转化研究

选择天山北麓平原两种代表性作物冬小麦和玉米，人为控制不同潜水埋深条件下进行了种植试验，分析研究了种植条件下土壤水和地下水相互转化机理。计算了不同潜水埋深条件下冬小麦和玉米各生育期和全生长期的实际蒸发蒸腾量、潜水补耗差、包气带土壤储水量变化量及同期的潜在蒸发量，结果表明潜水埋深对土壤水和地下水相互转化及农业生态环境具有重要影响。引入了包气带一潜水系统水分转化量均衡临界深度(Z0)概念，发现潜水埋深小于Z0时，潜水向土壤水的转化起主导作用，潜水和土壤水同时对作物需水具有重要动态调节作用，潜水埋深越浅潜水的动态调节能力越强，但是潜水埋深过浅又可能引起土壤次生盐渍化等农业生态环境问题；当潜水埋深大于Z0时，土壤水向潜水的转化起主导作用，土壤水对作物需水仍具有动态调节能力，而潜水基本失去或完全失去对作物需水的动态调节作用，但是有利于潜水入渗补给，增加地下水资源。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区包气带土壤水运移过程

包气带土壤水运移过程是黄土高原生态修复中亟需回答的关键科学问题。环境同位素方法可获取其他方法难以获取的水文过程信息。通过对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区羊圈沟小流域降水、包气带0~150 cm土壤水和绣线菊（Spiraea salicifolia）木质部水等样品的同位素δD和δ18O进行测定。结果表明:羊圈沟小流域降水同位素组成受蒸发作用影响较大,呈现明显分馏效应。包气带土壤水、降水与木质部水同位素组成存在明显月份变化特征。降水是土壤水的主要补给来源,灌丛的水分利用来源主要为降水和土壤水,符合降水-土壤水-植被水的运移特征。灌丛木质部水和20~40 cm土壤水δD和δ18O最为接近,20~40 cm土壤水是灌丛水分利用的主要来源。研究揭示了包气带土壤水运移过程及植物水分利用来源,为土壤水运移过程、模型结构与参数识别等提供科学依据。     

秸秆还田对岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤酶活性影响的对比研究

通过室内模拟试验,研究了岩溶区棕色石灰土与非岩溶区红壤对玉米秸秆有机物料降解过程中土壤pH值、秸秆降解率和酶活性的变化特征。结果表明:秸秆降解期间,土壤pH值在前期有下降的趋势,后期慢慢回升;秸秆降解速度最快主要集中在降解最初30 d,之后呈缓慢上升趋势,到98d 基本达到平衡,降解速度大大减慢;过氧化氢酶的变化不明显,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性都在不同程度上呈现"前期上升,中期下降,后期上升" 的变化趋势。因素比较结果表明: 除蛋白酶的活性是非岩溶区的大于岩溶区外,其它的基本上都是岩溶区的大于非岩溶区;从降解率来看也是岩溶区的要稍高于非岩溶区。由此认为,秸秆在岩溶区土壤中的降解作用比非岩溶区更强。      

华北山区坡地土壤水分动态实验研究

在北京市怀柔区汤河口镇东台沟坡地径流实验小区上进行人工模拟降雨实验，探索降雨过程中体积土壤含水量和土壤水基质势的动态变化。结果表明：在降雨强度和前期土壤含水量较为稳定以及蒸发微弱等条件下，不同场次降雨过程中土壤水分动态变化时间与降雨强度之间呈现明显的幂函数关系；同一场次降雨过程中，坡地内不同部位不同土壤层次的土壤水分动态变化时间与土壤层次和土层部位相联系。降雨过程中体积土壤含水量和土壤水基质势的动态变化可划分为5个阶段。得出的坡地土壤水特征曲线表明了坡地砂质土壤在含水量较大时土壤吸力较小、含水量减小时土壤吸力迅速增大的水力特性。     

AMF-玉米联合对“表土层–含水层–隔水层”排土场重构模式土壤水盐分布的影响

土壤水盐分布严重影响煤矿区排土场生态重建及植物组配模式,为探究菌根植物影响下煤矿区排土场“表土层-含水层-隔水层”三层重构模式下的土壤水盐分布特征,采用室内土柱试验,设置种植玉米+接种丛枝菌根真菌(YM+AMF)、仅种植玉米(YM)和不种玉米+不接菌(CK)3个处理。结果表明：(1)不同处理对土柱底部水分运移特征无显著影响,各处理含水层毛细水上升高度均约为10 cm;(2)水分与盐分分布随土层深度均呈正相关关系;接种AMF有利于保持表层土壤水分含量,相较于YM处理土壤含水率在0～10、10～20 cm分别提高52.0%、43.9%;接菌处理降低了10～50 cm土层的盐分含量,在20～30、30～40、40～50 cm处接菌处理的电导率较YM处理分别低了41.0%、14.1%、8.1%;(3)利用MixSIAR模型量化了不同深度土层水分对玉米的贡献率,表明YM和YM+AMF处理的主要供水层皆位于0～10 cm,供水率分别为44.3%和30.5%。同时,在累计土壤剖面水分贡献率上,接菌显著提高了中深部土层(20～70 cm)的水分贡献率,累计提升了13.8%。该研究成果对西部矿区“以水量...     

断陷盆地高原面典型岩溶洼地旱季土壤水氢氧同位素时空差异特征

以云南省蒙自断陷盆地东山山区典型岩溶洼地为研究区,通过野外采集土壤样品与实验室测试分析相结合的方法,运用稳定同位素技术研究旱季不同深度土壤水氢氧同位素组成,揭示区内土壤水氢氧同位素时空变化特征,为进一步研究云南断陷盆地山区土壤水分运移机制和当地农业合理利用和管理水资源提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)土壤水δD、δ18O同位素值的变化范围分别为-128.3‰~-27.6‰和-17.5‰~2.5‰,平均值分别为-96.1‰±20.7‰和-12.3‰±3.7‰,降雨转化为土壤水和水分在土壤中重新分布时发生一定程度的氢氧同位素分馏。(2)旱季两个月份土壤水氢氧同位素组成发生变化,4月份土壤水δD、δ18O同位素平均值分别为-86.3‰±23.83‰和-10.6‰±4.3‰,显著高于2月份(δD:-106.1‰±9.5‰;δ18O:-14.1‰±1.6‰)(p<0.05),主要和4月份土壤水的蒸发作用强烈有关。(3)在空间上,坡地与洼地之间土壤水氢氧同位素组成存在差异,2月份坡地与洼地之间土壤水δD、δ18O值差异显著(p<0.05),洼地土壤水δD、δ18O比坡地偏轻;4月份坡地与洼地之间土壤水δD、δ18O值差异不显著(p>0.05)。(4)土壤垂直剖面方向上土壤水δD、δ18O值随着土壤深度的增加而减小,浅层土壤水δ18O和深层土壤水δ18O存在显著差异,2月份浅层土壤水δ18O比深层土壤水δ18O偏正2.8‰,4月份浅层土壤水δ18O比深层土壤水δ18O偏正10.5‰。      

月壤及模拟月壤微观结构的研究

为了对比研究月壤与模拟月壤的微观结构,介绍了月壤的形成作用过程和5种基本颗粒类型;通过真实月壤照片,对月壤微观结构进行了分析;利用火山灰为模拟月壤主体材料,对其成分进行了检测;对模拟月壤的火山灰颗粒进行了显微图像分析试验。结果表明,月壤存在胶结物微观颗粒,胶结物颗粒具有分支的组织形态和封闭的气泡,并且有金属铁珠存在;火山灰所含的主要成分及含量与月壤相似,经过粉碎的火山灰试样棱角较为明显,其纵横比峰值略小,稍显长条状,但与月壤比较相近,而复杂度因子则略有欠缺,说明颗粒还不够粗糙和多棱     

离子土壤固化剂改性膨胀土的试验研究

利用离子土壤固化剂（ionic soil stabilizer,简称ISS）对河南安阳地区膨胀土进行化学改性试验研究,通过不同配比的自由膨胀率试验结果,结合施工成本,得出ISS溶液改良膨胀土的最优配合比为1:350。对ISS溶液最优配合比改性后土体进行收缩试验、膨胀性试验、固结快剪、高压固结及水浸泡试验。试验结果表明,改性土线缩率减小,膨胀性指标降低,抗剪强度增大,土体由亲水性变成憎水性,且能达到较好的水稳定性,即膨胀土经化学改性为非膨胀土。ISS改性膨胀土的机制可解释为,通过ISS溶液与土粒离子进行强烈的交换作用,打开土粒与水分子之间的“电化键”,降低土颗粒表面吸附水膜厚度,包裹在黏粒颗粒表面的疏水基团覆盖膜使土对水的敏感性减弱,从根本上减少了土体吸水性和膨胀性。     

侧向土体耦合作用对土层地震反应的影响

把侧向土体耦合作用简化为一个弹性系数为k的弹簧和一个阻尼系数为η的线性阻尼器并联作用，建立了考虑耦合作用静止边界－一维土层地震反应波动方程，并给出了其完全解析解，为进一步分析侧向土体耦合作用对土层地震反应的影响，土层密度统一取1900kg/m^3，针对不同的土层厚度：10，20，30米，不同的剪切模量：42．75MPa(剪切波速150m/s)，118．75MPa(剪切波速250m/s),232.75MPa(剪切波速350m/s),k,η分别取不同的数值，进行土层地震反应计算，计算结果表明，k,η对地震动位移峰值，速度峰值影响较小，k对地震动加速峰值影响较大，k减少加速度峰值增大，k增大加速度峰值减少，最大影响程度可达15％以上，η对地震动加速度峰值影响较大，η减少加速度峰值增大；η增大加速度峰值减小，最大影响程度可达25％以上。     

Laboratory tests on soil conditioning of clayey soil

Tunnelling in difficult and challenging conditions such as soft soils in urban areas is increasing. In this condition, it is important to minimise the possible negative effect of the tunnel excavation, such as settlement or, in the worst case, collapses. To achieve this result, earth pressure balance machines are commonly used. One of the key parameters that must be considered for an optimal management of the EPB-TBM excavation is soil conditioning since the excavated muck must properly transmit the pressure to the tunnel face. Soil conditioning is also necessary to reduce the effect of the problems, such as clogging in clay layers, that can occur during the excavation and that can affect the performance of the tools and of the entire tunnelling process. For this reason, in the last decade, much research has been carried out to understand how to deal with and reduce the effects of clogging and stickiness, using different conditioning additives. These studies have proposed several different test procedures to evaluate the effect of the conditioning on the adhesion of the soil on the metallic parts of the machines. The present research has been carried out with the aim of proposing a new approach and new devices to study clay conditioning with laboratory tests, and the results of many tests carried out with the proposed device are presented and discussed.     

Surface history of lunar soil and soil columns

Measurements of cosmic ray track densities are presented for soil samples from Apollo 15, 16 and 17. Median track densities are used to infer total effective exposure times within ~15 cm of the lunar surface. Minimum track densities are used to derive the time of the last impact-produced rearrangement of soil grains. For samples from near various craters ages are derived of 40 m.y. for St. George, 6 (±3) m.y. for S. Ray, 25–90 m.y. for Plum, and 20–35 m.y. for Shorty. The material of 15003. the Apollo 15 deep core at depths of 120–160 cm, is inferred to have been deposited at an average rate of ≥0.35 cm/m.y. The Apollo 16 core at 41–47 cm depths. 60007, appears to be well mixed and was covered up by deposition at 0.3 cm/m.y. for the next few m.y. after its deposition.     

水泥基土壤固化剂固化土的物理化学作用

采用击实试验、液塑限联合测定界限含水率试验、蜡封法测定干密度试验、二氧化碳气量法、交换性钠离子百分比试验等方法,结合黏土矿物组成与结构特点,研究了水泥基土壤固化剂固化土的物理化学作用。试验结果表明：随着固化剂剂量的增加,混合料的最大干密度增大,最优含水率降低;固化土混合料经过养护后,塑性指数降低,干密度增大,碳酸盐含量增加,交换性钠离子百分比升高;黏土矿物在强碱性和钙离子作用下被激活,形成各种水化硅酸盐和铝酸盐。研究认为：在土-固化剂-水-气系统中通过液相和气相向固相的转变以及各类水化产物的填充、挤密、胶结等作用,混合料逐渐形成较致密的整体;离子交换反应对土体的加固作用在后期起负效应;铝硅酸盐黏土矿物在强碱性和钙离子存在条件下被分解,参与水化硅酸盐和铝酸盐的反应。     

土壤酶对碘离子在土壤中吸附行为的影响

以批式试验法研究了微生物、葡萄糖氧化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶及其催化底物葡萄糖、尿素和纤维素对Ⅰ-在土壤中吸附的影响,结果表明微生物能显著提高Ⅰ-吸附量,但葡萄糖氧化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶及葡萄糖、尿素和纤维素对Ⅰ-吸附并无促进作用.葡萄糖氧化酶及葡萄糖含量在小于100 mg/L时对Ⅰ-吸附无影响,1000 mg/L时与Ⅰ-呈竞争吸附;脲酶及尿素随浓度增大,对Ⅰ-吸附的抑制作用变得明显;1～1000 mg/L范围内,纤维素酶和纤维素对Ⅰ-吸附没有影响;但葡萄糖氧化酶和葡萄糖生成的中间产物可促进土壤对Ⅰ-的吸附.平衡液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随时间增加而逐渐降低,有机质浓度越大,降低趋势越明显.     

Tropical residual soil as compacted soil liners

A series of laboratory tests was conducted on a tropical residual soil, which is widespread and readily available over a considerable part of Peninsular Malaysia, to assess whether it could be compacted as hydraulic barriers in waste disposal landfills. Index properties, swelling potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), compaction characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity of the soil indicate that it is inorganic, very plastic, inactive (activity <0.75), moderately expansive (modified free swell index is about 3.06), and of fair attenuation capacity (for inorganic contaminants). For hydraulic conductivity measurement, the soil was compacted in rigid-wall permeameter moulds at a variety of water contents and compactive efforts and then permeated with de-aired tap water. The results of hydraulic conductivity tests illustrate that hydraulic conductivity lower than 1×10^–7 cm/s can be achieved using a broad range of water contents and compactive efforts, including water contents dry of optimum. Its shrinkage and strength properties show that it has minimal potential to shrinkage and has adequate strength to support the overburden pressure imposes by the waste body. These findings suggest that the residual soil can be potentially utilized as compacted soil liner material.     

Volume-based soil particle fractal relation with soil erodibility in a small watershed of purple soil

The particle size distribution in small watershed changes under different land uses and affects soil erodibility. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the volume fractal dimension of particle size distribution under different land uses in a typical small watershed of purple soil, (2) to estimate soil erodibilities of various land uses utilizing the Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model and the nomogram (NOMO) model, and (3) to relate volume fractal dimension with the soil erodibility used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in purple soil areas. Laser diffractions and double-logarithmic model were used to measure and calculate volume fractal dimension values. The results show that soil volume fractal dimensions were well linearly fitted to the double-logarithmic model with high correlation coefficients of 0.902–0.936 under six land uses in the small watershed. The averaged volume fractal dimension values under different land uses, from high to low were in the order of Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Setaria viridis, Robinia pseudoacacia L, Pinus massoniana Lamb. The volume fractal dimension was positively correlated to clay particle fraction (R = 0.933). The average soil erodibility values under different land uses from high to low were in the order of Setaria viridis, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Pinus massoniana Lamb, Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Robinia pseudoacacia L while average soil erodibilities from high to low values were in the order of Setaria viridis, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Pinus massoniana Lamb, Robinia pseudoacacia L. The soil erodibilities calculated by the two models were similar, and positively correlated (R = 0.630–0.877). The volume fractal dimension values of six land uses were negatively correlated to both soil erodibility estimated by EPIC and by NOMO models. Moreover, the correlations of the volume fractal dimension values of Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas and Citrus reticulata Blanco estimated by EPIC or NOMO were lower than those of Pinus massoniana Lamb, Robinia pseudoacacia L and Setaria viridis. Further research is needed to determine the influence of volume fractal dimension on the soil erodibility under different land use and managements.     

Simulation of liquefaction of unsaturated soil using critical state soil model

Several researchers have reported that the mean effective stress of unsaturated soils having a relatively high degree of saturation gradually decreases under fully undrained cyclic loading conditions, and such soils can be finally liquefied like saturated soils. This paper describes a series of simulations of fully undrained cyclic loading on unsaturated soils, conducted using an elastoplastic model for unsaturated soils. This model is a critical state soil model formulated using effective stress tensor for unsaturated soils, which incorporates the following concepts: (a) the volumetric movement of the state boundary surface containing the critical state line owing to the variation in the degree of saturation; (b) the soil water characteristic curve considering the effects of specific volume and hydraulic hysteresis; and (c) the subloading surface concept for considering the effect of density. Void air is assumed to be an ideal gas obeying Boyle's law. The proposed model is validated through comparisons with past results. The simulation results show that the proposed model properly describes the fully undrained cyclic behavior of unsaturated soils, such as liquefaction, compression, and an increase in the degree of saturation. Finally, the effects of the degree of saturation, void ratio, and confining pressure on the cyclic strength of unsaturated soils are described by the simulation results. The liquefaction resistance of unsaturated soils increases as the degree of saturation and the void ratio decrease, and as the confining pressure increases. Furthermore, the degree of saturation has a greater effect on the liquefaction resistance than the confining pressure and void ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.