CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OXYGEN REDUCTIONIN ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION

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Study on kinetics of cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen in 3.5% sodium chloride solution

Electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen in seawater on metals is of great importance for corrosion studies. The present paper studied cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen on Q235 carbon steel in 3. 5% sodium chloride(NaCl)solutions by cyclic voltammetry(CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), rotating disk electrode(RDE)and rotating ring-disk electrode(RRDE). The cyclic voltammetric results demonstrated the cathodic process on Q235 carbon steel in O2-saturated 3. 5% NaCl solution contains three reactions:dissolved oxygen reduction, iron oxides reduction and hydrogen evolution. The peak potential of oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is-0. 85 V vs Ag/AgCl, 3 molL-1 KCl. The E1S results indicated that the ORR occurring on Q235 carbon steel is a 4-electron process and that no finite diffusion is caused by the intermediate of H2O2 produced by ORR. The RDE and RRDE voltammograms confirmed the EIS results and it was found that the number of transferred electrons for ORR was nearly 4, I. E. , dissolved oxygen reduced to water.     

Influence of dissolved oxygen on the protectiveness and morphological characteristics of calcareous deposits with galvanostatic polarization

The influence of dissolved oxygen on calcareous deposits formed under galvanostatic polarization mode was studied.When the dissolved oxygen concentration was less than 7 mg L~(-1),the cathodic protection potential showed a plateau at the initial polarization,and then quickly shifted negatively.While the dissolved oxygen was more than 9 mg L~(-1),the potential shifted negatively in a linear form.After 168 h of polarization,the final protection potential shifted negatively with the decreasing dissolved oxygen concentration.The deposition progress was monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and only one single loop was found in Nyquist diagram,indicating deposits of ineffective protectiveness precipitation under the experimental conditions.The protection factor of deposits increased with the decreasing dissolved oxygen concentration which was detected by linear polarization resistance technique.The cathodic electrochemical reaction could change very shortly from oxygen reduction to hydrogen evolution after cathodic protection under very low dissolved oxygen concentration,such as 1 mg L~(-1),resulting in the hydrogen bubbling from the metallic surface and the decrease of deposits protection factor.Observation by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the deposits were mainly of calcite under the experimental conditions,and that dissolved oxygen had no effect on the crystalline types of calcium carbonate.     

Relationship between oxygen concentration,respiration and filtration rate in blue mussel Mytilus edulis

The large water-pumping and particle-capturing gills of the filter-feeding blue mussel Mytilus edulis are oversized for respiratory purposes. Consequently, the oxygen uptake rate of the mussel has been suggested to be rather insensitive to decreasing oxygen concentrations in the ambient water, since the diff usion rate of oxygen from water flowing through the mussel determines oxygen uptake. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the oxygen uptake in mussels exposed to various oxygen concentrations. These concentrations were established via N2-bubbling of the water in a respiration chamber with mussels fed algal cells to stimulate fully opening of the valves. It was found that mussels exposed to oxygen concentrations decreasing from 9 to 2 mg O_2/L resulted in a slow but significant reduction in the respiration rate, while the filtration rate remained high and constant. Thus, a decrease of oxygen concentration by 78% only resulted in a 25% decrease in respiration rate. However, at oxygen concentrations below 2 mg O_2/L M. edulis responded by gradually closing its valves, resulting in a rapid decrease of filtration rate, concurrent with a rapid reduction of respiration rate. These observations indicated that M.edulis is no longer able to maintain its normal aerobic metabolism at oxygen concentration below 2 mg O 2/L, and there seems to be an energy-saving mechanism in bivalve molluscs to strongly reduce their activity when exposed to low oxygen conditions.     

Study on rust layers on steel in different marine corrosion zone

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Vegetation-based bioindication of humus forms in coniferous mountain forests

Humus forms, especially the occurrence and the thickness of the horizon of humified residues(OH), provide valuable information on site conditions.In mountain forest soils, humus forms show a high spatial variability and data on their spatial patterns is often scarce. Our aim was to test the applicability of various vegetation features as proxy for OH thickness.Subalpine coniferous forests dominated by Picea abies(L.) H. Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. were studied in the Province of Trento, Italian Alps,between ca. 900 and 2200 m a.s.l. Braun-Blanquet vegetation relevés and OH thickness were recorded at152 plots. The vegetation parameters, tested for their suitability as indicators of OH thickness,encompassed mean Landolt indicator values of the herb layer(both unweighted and cover-weighted means) as well as parameters of vegetation structure(cover values of plant species groups) calculated from the relevés. To our knowledge, the predictive power of Landolt indicator values(LIVs) for humus forms had not been tested before. Correlations between OH thickness and mean LIVs were strongest for the soil reaction value, but indicator values for humus,nutrients, temperature and light were also significantly correlated with OH thickness. Generally,weighting with species cover reduced the indicator quality of mean LIVs for OH thickness. The strongest relationships between OH thickness and vegetation structure existed in the following indicators: the cover of forbs(excluding graminoids and ferns) and the cover of Ericaceae in the herb layer. Regression models predicting OH thickness based on vegetation structure had almost as much predictive power as models based on LIVs. We conclude that LIVs analysis can produce fairly reliable information regarding the thickness of the OH horizon and, thus,the humus form. If no relevé data are readily available,a field estimation of the cover values of certain easily distinguishable herb layer species groups is much faster than a vegetation survey with consecutive indicator value analysis, and might be a feasible way of quickly indicating the humus form.     

Embeddable reference electrode for reinforced concrete

Laboratory and field tests on our newly developed embeddable reference electrode for reinforced concrete show it can be embedded into reinforced concrete structures and be used for measuring the potentials of the rebar or other metal elements in the outer structural part exposed to seawater. Its potential varies little with the change of Cl⁻ concentration of the electrolyte and is stable over a time range of 260 days. The electrode can be used for monitoring corrosion and cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structures in seawater. Contribution No. 1605 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica.     

Photochemical oxidation of benzothiophene in seawater

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Predicting size effect on diffusion-limited current density of oxygen reduction by copper wire

The size effect of copper wire radius (0.04–0.82 mm) on the diffusion-limited current density of an oxygen reduction reaction in stagnant simulated seawater (naturally aerated 0.5 mol/L NaCl) is investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and compared with the results obtained in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4. In the oxygen diffusion-limited range, size effect is found to occur independent of electrolytes, which is attributed to non-linear diffusion. Additionally, to satisfy application in a marine setting, an empirical equation correlating oxygen diffusion-limited current density to copper wire radius is proposed by fitting experimental data.     

成都大气混合层厚度的计算和分析

用国家标准ＧＢ／Ｔ１３２０１中规定的方法计算了成都１９８０～１９９１年的大气混合层厚度，并用于绝热法和罗氏法计算了成都１９８８年的大气混合层厚度，结果表明：成都大气混合层厚度逐年变化不大，有明显的季节变化和日变化，大气稳定度是决定混合层厚度的主要因子。３种方法的对比表明：罗氏法比国家标准法更接近干绝热法的结果，因此在有常规地面观测资料的地方用罗氏法更准确些。     

Revision of P-wave velocity and thickness of hydrate layer in Shenhu Area,South China Sea

To revise P-wave velocity and thickness of the hydrate layer in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea, acoustic and resistivity logging curves are reanalyzed. The waterlogging phenomenon is found in the shallow sediments of five drilling wells, which causes P-wave velocity to approximate the propagation velocity of sea water(about 1500 m s-1). This also affects the identification of the hydrate layer and results in the underestimate of its thickness. In addition, because there could be about a 5 m thick velocity ramp above or below the hydrate layer as interpreted by acoustic and resistivity logging curves, the recalibrated thickness of this layer is less than the original estimated thickness. The recalibrated P-wave velocity of the hydrate layer is also higher than the original estimated velocity. For the drilling well with a relatively thin hydrate layer, the velocity ramp plays a more important role in identifying and determining the thickness of the layer.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY ON CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF STEELS IN SAND WITH WATER

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ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR MARINE ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION STUDIES USING KELVIN PROBE REFERENCE ELECTRODE

A Kelvin probe was used as reference in this study on electrochemical measurements of a simulatedmarine atmospheric corrosion system (electrode covered by a very thin electrolyte layer). The experimentalsetups for improved measurements proved satisfactory for the conventional steady-state electrochemicalmeasurements in atmospheric studies.     

The influence of the corrosion product layer generated on the high strength low-alloy steels welded by underwater wet welding with stainless steel electrodes in seawater

The high strength low-alloy steels are welded by underwater wet welding with stainless steel electrodes. The micro-structural and electrochemical corrosion study of base metal (BM), weld zone (WZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) are carried out to understand the influence of the corrosion product layer generated on the high strength low-alloy steels welded by underwater wet welding with stainless steel electrodes, methods used including, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicate that the WZ acts as a cathode and there is no corrosion product on it throughout the immersion period in seawater. The HAZ and BM acts as anodes. The corrosion rates of the HAZ and BM change with the immersion time increasing. In the initial immersion period, the HAZ has the highest corrosion rate because it has a coarse tempered martensite structure and the BM exhibites a microstructure with very fine grains of ferrite and pearlite. After a period of immersion, the BM has the highest corrosion rate. The reason is that the corrosion product layer on the HAZ is dense and has a better protective property while that on the BM is loose and can not inhibit the diffusion of oxygen.     

基于包络检波和STFT谱分析的探地雷达土壤分层信息识别

土壤分层信息,特别是表土层结构,对土地生产力具有重要影响,是评价土壤质量的一个重要指标。为了快速、准确地获取土壤分层信息,本文利用探地雷达对分层土壤进行了回波信号采集,并分别在时域和频域分析土壤层位置和层厚信息。首先在信号预处理的基础上,借助包络检波方法确定在土壤分层界面在时域上的位置;然后获取电磁波速度,得到土壤分层厚度。考虑到土壤介电常数与电磁波在土壤中传播速度的相关性,采用短时傅里叶变换方法（Short-time Fourier Transform,STFT）获取各土壤层时频域特征值,并利用回归分析建立特征值与介电常数之间的数学关系,实现对各土壤层的介电常数估算,从而计算出电磁波传播速度,进而确定土壤各层厚度。为验证算法的有效性,分别对理想模拟实验环境和农田环境进行了探地雷达实验,结果表明利用包络检波对探地雷达回波信息进行分析,土壤层检出率达到94.5%,借助STFT谱分析进行探地雷达回波速度估计,对于70 cm深度以上土层厚度计算误差大都保持在10%以下,但随着土壤深度的增加,误差变大。总体来说,本方法能有效识别浅层土壤的分层信息,可应用于实际生产中耕层厚度的估测。     

运用压实模拟实验进行埋藏史恢复: 以辽河西部凹陷雷家地区沙四段为例

辽河西部凹陷雷家地区具有良好的油气勘探开发潜力,但目前对该地区的埋藏史分析缺乏清晰的认识。运用沉降史的恢复原理对研究区残余地层进行原始厚度的恢复,首先利用声波曲线法和邻层对比方法恢复地层的剥蚀厚度,然后配比5个实验样品（含砾细砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩、泥岩）进行压实模拟实验,根据实验得出样品的孔隙度-深度曲线。利用现有的埋藏资料进行地层骨架厚度计算,并根据骨架体积不变公式,以每个单一岩性分层作为最小单位逐一进行回剥计算,得到各组、段地层在不同地质时期的沉积厚度以及埋藏深度。通过埋藏史分析认为雷家地区新生界地层埋藏过程中,古近系沙河街组时期地层的沉积速率较大,沉积地层较厚,但在沙河街组二段地层抬升遭受剥蚀,地层较薄;东营组时期,地层沉积变缓,末期地层遭受抬升剥蚀;在新近系、第四系时期,地层沉积速率小,沉积的地层厚度不大。      

Variations in the lower level of the PBL associated with the Yellow Sea fog-new observations by L-band radar

The Chinese east coastal areas and marginal seas are foggy regions.The development of effective forecasting methodsrests upon a comprehensive knowledge of the fog phenomena.This study provides new observations associated with the sea fogsover the northwestern Yellow Sea by means of L-band radar soundings with a high vertical resolution of 30 m.The monthly tem-perature lapse rate,the Richardson Numbers,and the humidity show obvious seasonal variations in the lower level of the planetaryboundary layer (PBL) that are related to the onset,peak and end of the Yellow Sea fog season.The typical pattern of stratification forthe sea fog season in the northwestern Yellow Sea is that a stable layer of about 400 m thick caps a 150 m conditionally unstable layer.Besides,the differences between fogs and stratus clouds in terms of humidity,turbulence and temperature are analyzed,which is ofsignificance for sea fog forecast and detection by satellites.The thickness of the sea fogs varies in different stages of the fog season,and is associated with the temperature inversion.The numerical simulation proves that the seasonal variations obtained by the radarwell represent the situations over the Yellow Sea.     

基于高分辨率卫星遥感技术的风化层厚度制图方法

区域尺度风化层厚度是制约民用和军事地质工程施工、陆域军事交通能力重要因素之一。传统方法通常都需要大量的野外踏勘和实地采样,效率较低,在人迹罕至、人不能至的地区无法完成。因此,利用高分辨率遥感技术开展区域尺度风化层厚度制图研究具有非常重要的意义。在野外调查的基础上,利用国产高分二号卫星数据,采用人机交互目视解译方法获取研究区岩性、土地覆盖类型分布图,并基于ASTER GDEM数据获取地形地貌图像;然后,以坡度、岩性、土地覆盖类型为影响因子,基于云模型理论和方法综合评估获取研究区的风化层厚度图,制图结果与野外验证数据吻合度较好,精度可达81.69%。      

Impedance characteristics of carbon steel under cathodic protection

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层序格架约束下的地质统计学反演在薄砂体预测中的应用

西湖凹陷砂岩储层具有砂体厚度薄、砂泥互层发育以及横向变化快的特点，传统的地球物理方法很难精细地刻画砂体空间分布。将层序地层学与地质统计学反演相结合，在建立等时地层格架的基础上，构建相应的地球物理模型，在正确的沉积学理论指导下，对西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带平湖组砂岩储层开展砂体的时空分布预测研究。研究结果表明，平湖组可划分出3个三级层序，下部砂体单层厚度较大，横向连续性好，平面连片发育；中部以泥岩为主，砂体孤立发育，连续性差；上部砂体增多，单层厚度较薄，横向连续性好。结合钻井实际资料分析表明，砂体预测结果垂向分辨率可以达到1~2 m。地质统计学反演有效解决了西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带薄层砂体识别的难题，可为研究区有利储层预测提供重要支撑。