强震水氡前兆场异常特征及其物理解释

研究了岩石中微裂隙的产生与地下水氡浓度变化的关系以及孕震过程中微裂隙时空变化图像,揭示了水氡前兆场的时空变化特征及其物理机制。结果表明,孕震过程中岩石微破裂的生长是导致地下水氡含量升高及地震前出现水氡异常的原因;震源区及附近地区的膨胀和微破裂最早出现,并最为发育和集中,因此水氡异常也最早出现,也最为集中;孕震过程中微破裂增加,导致地下水氡含量升高,水氡趋势异常以趋势性升高为主。     

云南中强震的水氡前兆异常特征

2001年云南澜沧5.0、施甸5.2,5.9,5.3、宁蒗5.8、楚雄5.3和江川5.1级地震前，云南49项水氡前兆中的一些台站出现突出的异常。研究发现，根据这些异常项的异常特征和空间分布特征及历史震例，可对这几次地震预报的三要素，尤其是地点和时间做出较好的判断。     

水氡滑动变化率法对发震时间的预测检验

应用“九五”研究成果对山西省及邻省地区水氡的多年观测资料进行了处理分析。根据应力应变的变化,推算出水氡滑动变化率的计算公式,同时计算了各测点的基值变化率和滑动变化率,根据变化率的大小,结合震例,给出了水氡滑动变化率值预测发震时间的步骤、判断指标和方法。根据震例的对应情况,对该方法的预测效能进行了检验。     

青藏高原东北缘强震前兆特征研究——流动重力方法

通过整理和解剖青藏高原东北缘地震重力观测资料,分析研究了青藏高原东北缘重力场时空变化及其与地震活动的关系,研究了强震孕育发生过程重力异常特征及震后异常效应。     

川滇强震前地下流体短临前兆综合信息特征

本文选取川滇相对均匀分布的地下流体观测台点的资料,提取其中的中高频信息,然后采用幂函数衰减的方式进行中高频信息场的空间曲面拟合,研究相同物理量的多测点的短临综合信息场.川滇地下流体短临综合信息空间扫描结果表明:在川滇强震发生前短期内孕震邻近区域的短临综合信息明显出现,且大幅度起伏变化;川滇地下流体短临综合信息时间扫描结果表明:川滇强震发生前3个月内中高频信息均表现出较大幅度的增强波动变化,从而突出了震前的多台异常综合信息.     

山西夏县台热水井水氡异常特征与地震的关系初探

为弄清山西夏县中心地震台水氡震前异常的原因 ,对山西夏县中心地震台热水井水氡 1984年以来的观测资料用概率论的数据处理方法进行了处理 ,以负异常的发震原理进行了分析 ,结果表明震前负异常的发震概率为 70 %。     

一类广义Radon变换的反演:迭代重建再投影的外插算法

本文对不完全数据下的一类广义Radon变换的反演问题,建议用迭代重建再投影的外插算法重建图像。数值模拟结果表明,迭代重建再投影的外插算法对重建图像是有效的。     

SD-3A型自动测氡仪在观测中值得注意的几个问题

论述了数字化气氡仪器SD-3A型自动测氡仪在观测中值得注意的几个问题,特别要注意①气氡观测数据在使用前要经过气温和气压的改正;②闪烁室进水、受到其他气体的污染、补充气体不及时等对观测结果影响是很明显的;③闪烁室在用空气和无水酒精清洗后测值的恢复有一个过程;④仪器标定前应用无水酒精对闪烁室进行清洗,才能提高标定的准确性.     

前兆场稳定度Dk在中强地震前兆资料分析中的应用

提出了前兆场稳定度的概念,利用前兆场稳定度的方法对中强地震前豫鲁冀交界区不同台站和不同手段的前兆观测数据进行分析。结果表明,在１９８３年１１月７日山东菏泽Ｍs５ ．９级和１９８５年１１月３０日河北任县Ｍs５．０级地震前１４个月内,前兆场稳定度有低值异常显示,并且异常幅度越来越大,地震后恢复到正常值。     

模拟水氡观测数据快速整理软件简析

介绍了为解决模拟水氡资料数字化问题而编制的模拟水氡观测数据处理软件的特点、功能以及使用方法等．认为,该软件经黑龙江省多个台（点）和辽宁沈阳台使用,效果良好,可大大提高工作效率。     

MDCB-5型临震信息监测仪模拟未来震级大小计算初探

根据MDCB－5型临震信息监测仪记录到的某一地震临震异常幅度（电压值）、持续时间（天数）与岩石破裂、地震发生、地震波能量释放的相关性，从地震发生的物理基础出发，推导出了2个计算未来震级大小的理论公式。使用44天的监测数据对该期间发生的5次6级以上地震的震级进行了计算，在相应的震中距范围内计算的震级与实际发生的震级误差小于0．5级，初步说明了该方法应用于实际地震预报具有一定的参考价值。     

前兆异常与地震相关性评价中的不确定性--VAN方法讨论引起的思考

从国际地震界关于VAN方法预测效能引发的大辩论出发,讨论了在前兆异常与地震相关性评价中的不确定性问题.在对前兆与地震相关性进行统计检验时,涉及到对地震孕育、发展和前兆基础的理论研究及认识,以及将预测转换成具体操作程序时遇到的许多不确定性问题.文中对这些不确定性逐一进行了介绍."地震界需要一套评估地震预报方法的基本方案"是在辩论后达成的共识,亦应成为中国学者的一项重要研究内容.     

河北张北地震前山西定襄水氡静乐水位的异常特征

根据山西省定襄台水氡、静乐井水位存在的高值趋势异常特征,对河北省张北６．２级地震做出了较好的中期预测,分析认为,山西流体的高值趋势异常反映了华北地震带区域应力场的增强过程。     

An empirical test of helium diffusion in apatite: borehole data from the Otway basin, Australia

We have analyzed helium ages of apatites from several boreholes in the Otway basin, Australia, to evaluate whether laboratory helium diffusivity can be accurately extrapolated to conditions relevant in nature. Downhole apatite helium ages define a broad swath of values from 78–71 Ma at the surface (15°C) to nearly zero at depths corresponding to ambient temperatures of 80°C. The width of the swath results from uncertainties in corrected borehole temperatures, differences in the thermal history experienced by the various boreholes, and possibly from slightly different helium diffusivities among the detrital apatite grains studied. In the eastern Otway basin, the shape and position of the helium age profile is in good agreement with predictions based on the extrapolation of laboratory diffusivity data for Durango apatite coupled with published thermal histories for this part of the basin. In contrast, helium ages are much younger than predicted in the western Otway basin. Based on measured ages from Otway sediments, which have been essentially isothermal over the last few million years, an empirical diffusivity (D/a²) of 2×10⁻¹⁵ s⁻¹ can be assigned to apatites residing at downhole temperatures of 67–97°C. This empirical diffusivity is consistent with laboratory diffusion measurements, demonstrating that such measurements are reasonably accurate and can be applied with confidence to natural geologic settings. Given this confirmation of the laboratory diffusivity data, the discrepancy between the observed and modeled helium age profiles in the western Otway basin suggests that these sediments recently experienced higher temperatures than presently supposed.     

Precursory signatures in the visibility graph analysis of seismicity: An application to the Kachchh (Western India) seismicity

The Visibility Graph (VG) method maps time series into networks or graphs, converting dynamical properties of time series in topological properties of networks. The VG method was applied to the aftershock depleted catalogue of the Kachchh Gujarat (Western India) seismicity from 2003 to 2012, in order to identify possible precursory signatures in the pattern of the VG parameters. The k–M slope (the slope of the line fitting the relationship between the magnitude of the events and their connectivity degrees) seems to sharply increase significantly before the occurrence of the largest shocks (M ⩾ 4.5) of the sequence.     

Southern limit of mantle-derived geothermal helium emissions in Tibet: implications for lithospheric structure

The isotopic composition of helium emitted from geothermal springs in the southern Tibetan plateau, reported as R_c/R_A (R_c=air corrected sample ³He/⁴He, R_A=air ³He/⁴He), ranges from 0.013 to 0.38, and defines two principal domains. In southernmost central Tibet, helium isotope ratios are typical of radiogenic helium production in the crust (R_c/R_A<0.05, crustal helium domain). Further north, there is a resolvable ³He anomaly consistent with a mantle contribution (R/R_A>0.1, mantle helium domain). The highest values of 0.27–0.38 R_A occur at the southern end of the Karakoram fault. The boundary between the two domains lies 50–100 km north of the Indus-Zangpo suture zone. There seems to be no association between the ³He anomaly and zones of active normal faulting and litho-tectonic crustal units, such as the ultramafic rocks of the Indus-Zangpo suture zone and the Gangdese intrusive belt. Although scavenging of mantle-derived helium, stored in large ultrabasic and basic intrusions in the crust, cannot be ruled out entirely, we argue that the ³He anomaly most plausibly reflects degassing of volatiles from young (Quaternary) mantle-derived melts intruded into the crust. As such, it defines the southern limit of recent mantle melting and mantle melt extraction beneath the Tibetan plateau. The southern limit of the ³He anomaly coincides with the junction between the Indian and Asian plates, in the region where the Indian lithospheric slab steepens and is subducted beneath Tibet as suggested by seismic studies. Recent mantle melting and melt extraction is confined to the Asian mantle, but the southern limit of the melt zone may have migrated northwards during the last 10 Ma as the Indian lithosphere has progressively underthrust the Himalayas and Tibet.     

Delineation of an exhumed intermediate-depth crustal fault in a collisional setting: An example from the Himalaya

The regionally prominent main boundary thrust (MBT) of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in northwest India is typically defined by the presence of Proterozoic rocks in the hanging wall and Cenozoic rocks in the footwall. The present study focuses on identifying the MBT contact across Gambar River section in Himachal Pradesh, India, using alternative methodologies, such as the meter-scale litho-structural mapping, followed by detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology to precisely identify the thrust contact and provide insights on the deformation history of the MBT zone. We have identified a sharp change in the age (from ~600 to ~61 Ma) of the sedimentary units along a narrow zone in the study area by detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology using LA-ICP-MS. The sharp change in the detrital zircon U–Pb age data thus delineate the MBT occurring in the area along a < ~1 m thickness. The lithological assemblage and the age data indicate the unified maximum depositional age from ~700 to ~600 Ma for the hanging wall rocks, which have been equated with the Krol Group of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS). In comparison, the footwall rocks exhibit the maximum depositional age of ~61 Ma and have been equated with the Cenozoic Subathu Formation of the Sub-Himalayan Sequence (SHS).     

Precursory phenomena observed in the total electron content measurements before great Hokkaido earthquake of September 25, 2003 (<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> = 8.3)

In this paper the analysis of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) variations obtained with using GPS measurements before the Hokkaido earthquake (M = 8.3) is presented. Anomalous behavior of TEC was detected within several days before the main event. Anomaly appeared as the local TEC enhancement situated in the vicinity of the forthcoming earthquake epicenter. These structures occurred during 5 days prior to the shock at the same interval of local time. At the process of the earthquake approach the amplitude of modification was increased, and it has reached the 85–90% level relative to the non-disturbed conditions 18 hours before the earthquake. The area of strong positive disturbance has extended over 1500 km in latitudes and 4000 km in longitudes. The analysis have shown that according to the series of characteristics (its locality, affinity with the epicenter, dome-shaped zone of manifestation, characteristic time of existence) the detected ionospheric anomaly may be associated to the precursors of seismic activity.