A COGNITIVE SCALAR FOR THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT CONNECTION MATRIX

The degree to which people judge the change in transit service level as service connectivity changes is assumed to vary with total transfer waiting time. An experiment was devised to collect measures of cognized connectivity of intercity transit services in relation to transfer time, and cognitive scalar values were consequently derived. An inverse relationship was found between cognized service level and connectivity; cognized transit level decreased at a decreasing rate. An analysis of the bus-service network in the Israeli Galilee region suggests the appropriateness of cognitive scalars for measuring the internodal accessibility of public transport services.     

A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS

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基于航运成本的北极东北航道集装箱运输潜力研究

根据北极东北航道航运环境,对北极航行船舶进行了技术和经济分析,并在分析中欧货物贸易量和集装箱运输量的基础上,对北极东北航道集装箱航运网络的构建进行了研究,设立北极东北航道航运技术和经济分析方案,建立了航运技术经济成本分析模型,并对不同规模船型通过北极东北航道的集装箱运输成本进行了比较分析。在北极航道以卑尔根港为轴幅式枢纽港的集装箱运输成本分析基础上,提出了建设新的欧洲轴幅式枢纽港有利于提高北极航道竞争力的推论。论文的结论表明,在目前北极航道航行环境下,航行时间节约不多,航次成本节约在10%左右,燃油成本节约较大,达35%左右。     

A GEOGRAPHICAL BASIS FOR URBAN PUBLIC POLICY

Policy makers express concern for rapid growth and decline of metropolitan regions and of urban neighborhoods. These changes are the net result of families trying to improve themselves socioeconomically and geographically. Recent school intergration trends highlight the many differences between the North and South. The differences in physical and human geography of these regions must be recognized so that effective public policy can be developed.     

岩溶管道的迁移-弥散输运模式

污染物在岩溶管道中的输运可以用一个迁移–弥散方程结合初始条件和边界条件来描述。笔者首先分别介绍了无限空间中的初值问题和边值问题,然后推导了半无限空间中的初值问题的格林函数。数值示例表明了格林函数在所生成的穿透曲线上呈现有限的偏态性。最后用初值问题的格林函数模拟了Davies等在Florida西北部的Black Creek和Emerald Sink进行的示踪实验。结果表明迁移–弥散模型能模拟实测穿透曲线中的上升部分,但不适合模拟强偏态的下落部分。     

适用于旅游地理学的一种概念模型

米切尔以反映旅游业特征的需求、供给、联系为列，目的、结构、区位三大层面为行，建立起概念矩阵模型。本文阐释这一模型，并将其具体化为旅游地理学研究体系。最后给出应用实例，指出这个模型对一些命题单一、针对性强、又很具体的旅游业可以提供一种有益的系统思维方式。     

THE LOS ANGELES COAST AS A PUBLIC PLACE

ABSTRACT. In the public‐space discourse Los Angeles is usually portrayed as more “anti‐city” than city. Its landscape is overrun by houses, “private‐public” squares and plazas, theme parks, shopping malls, and so on and lacks inclusive public places. Yet this discourse has essentially disdained to contemplate a major public space that contradicts its general thesis: the Los Angeles coast. The coast is meaningful public place in two specific senses. First, it symbolizes Los Angeles as a whole and therefore provides a basis for regional public identity. Second, Angelinos themselves take the coast seriously as a public place, and they have striven to make it inclusive in practice.     

SCALAR VARIATION AND NODAL ACCESSIBILITY IN THE CHINESE RAILROAD NETWORK

The effect of varying the scalar value in a powered connectivity matrix upon the measurement of nodal accessibilities is illustrated by reference to the railroad network in China. The degree of influence is demonstrated by estimating the effect of scalar variation on a model which is designed to predict the relative accessibility of thirty-nine cities within the network.     

SCALAR VARIATION AND NODAL ACCESSIBILITY IN THE CHINESE RAILROAD NETWORK

The effect of varying the scalar value in a powered connectivity matrix upon the measurement of nodal accessibilities is illustrated by reference to the railroad network in China. The degree of influence is demonstrated by estimating the effect of scalar variation on a model which is designed to predict the relative accessibility of thirty-nine cities within the network.     

ON THE SENSITIVITY OF CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE BASES OF COGNITIVE DISTANCE

The “ecological fallacy’ inherent in two studies of the correlation of cognitive distance with objective distance and travel time is considered. The studies reach opposite conclusions using similar types of data, but both involve different types of aggregation of cognitive-distance judgments. It is shown that, under certain circumstances, correlations based on aggregate data can lead to reverse conclusions to those based on more behaviorally valid disaggregate data. Hence such aggregation is unjustifiable and, as a result, neither study's conclusions can be relied upon.     

ON THE SENSITIVITY OF CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE BASES OF COGNITIVE DISTANCE

The “ecological fallacy’ inherent in two studies of the correlation of cognitive distance with objective distance and travel time is considered. The studies reach opposite conclusions using similar types of data, but both involve different types of aggregation of cognitive-distance judgments. It is shown that, under certain circumstances, correlations based on aggregate data can lead to reverse conclusions to those based on more behaviorally valid disaggregate data. Hence such aggregation is unjustifiable and, as a result, neither study's conclusions can be relied upon.     

利益相关者对旅游产业的认知差异分析

基于一般系统论和博弈论理论,对旅游产业利益相关者进行界定,分析了各利益主体对旅游产业认知差异,认为主要表现在政策、经济、社会文化、环境保护等4个方面.由于认知差异的存在,各利益主体行为对旅游产业产生了正面影响和负面影响,针对负面影响提出了相应的对策,旨在促进旅游产业发展达到一种利益均衡、责权对称的状态.     

论交通运输在经济时空推移和结构演变中的宏观作用

交能运输一向是重要的区位影响因素，但它在经济空间结构演变中的作用具有一定阶段性，这种影响在发达国家经历了由强化到逐渐弱化的过程。本文从时间、空间和结构几个角度分析了这种作用的变化。我国经济空间结构的变化中总体上还处于重要的先导地位，所以必要加快我国运输化的进程。