盾构施工引起地表固结沉降问题的研究

将隧道周围土体视为均质连续各向同性的饱和弹性介质,采用保角变换的方法将含有隧道的半无限平面映射为同心圆环计算域。根据Terzaghi-Rendulic二维固结理论,建立隧道在不透水的情况下周围土体超孔隙水压力分布的控制方程。然后,采用分离变量法计算得到土体超孔隙水压力分布的解析解,最后,根据弹性理论计算得出隧道中线上方地表固结沉降的计算公式。结合算例,分析盾构施工扰动程度、土体渗透系数、土体弹性模量及隧道埋深等因素对隧道中心上方地表处固结沉降的影响。研究结果表明,地表固结沉降的增加值与隧道外侧初始超孔隙水压力值C0的变化量成正比例关系,施工扰动程度越大所引起的固结沉降越大;土体的渗透系数越大固结沉降速度越快,但土体的渗透系数与最终的地表固结沉降量无关;土体的弹性模量越大,最终的地表固结沉降量越小;隧道埋深越深,地表固结沉降所需时间越长,最终的地表固结沉降量也越大。     

Consolidation in spatially random unsaturated soils based on coupled flow‐deformation simulation

This paper integrates random field simulation of soil spatial variability with numerical modeling of coupled flow and deformation to investigate consolidation in spatially random unsaturated soil. The spatial variability of soil properties is simulated using the covariance matrix decomposition method. The random soil properties are imported into an interactive multiphysics software COMSOL to solve the governing partial differential equations. The effects of the spatial variability of Young's modulus and saturated permeability together with unsaturated hydraulic parameters on the dissipation of excess pore water pressure and settlement are investigated using an example of consolidation in a saturated‐unsaturated soil column because of loading. It is found that the surface settlement and the pore water pressure profile during the process of consolidation are significantly affected by the spatially varying Young's modulus. The mean value of the settlement of the spatially random soil is more than 100% greater than that of the deterministic case, and the surface settlement is subject to large uncertainty, which implies that consolidation settlement is difficult to predict accurately based on the conventional deterministic approach. The uncertainty of the settlement increases with the scale of fluctuation because of the averaging effect of spatial variability. The effects of spatial variability of saturated permeability k_sat and air entry parameters are much less significant than that of elastic modulus. The spatial variability of air entry value parameters affects the uncertainties of settlement and excess pore pressure mostly in the unsaturated zone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超孔隙水压力对低塑性黏性土桩土界面抗剪强度的影响

研究黏性土中桩土界面的抗剪强度及其参数受超孔隙水压力影响的规律,对工程实践具有重要意义。利用自制的大型恒刚度直剪仪,完成了一系列不同界面粗糙度、不同试样含水率和不同剪切速率试验条件下的直剪试验,分析了在不同试验条件下超孔隙水压力变化规律,进而得到考虑超孔隙水压力的桩土界面抗剪强度及其参数的变化规律。研究结果表明：随着界面粗糙度等级提高,桩土界面超孔隙水压力减小,桩土界面抗剪强度、有效黏聚力和有效摩擦系数增加;随着含水率的增加,桩土界面超孔隙水压力增加,桩土界面抗剪强度降低,含水率对桩土界面抗剪强度的影响主要是改变了桩土界面的黏聚力,黏聚力先增大后减小,对摩擦系数的影响较小;特定试验条件下,随着剪切速率的增加,桩土界面超孔隙水压力增加,桩土界面抗剪强度降低,桩土界面黏聚力先增大后又减小,变化幅度不超过2 kPa,对摩擦系数的影响较小。因此,桩土界面抗剪强度及其参数是界面粗糙度、试样含水率和剪切速率变化引起超孔隙水压力变化共同影响的结果,试验结果可供相关工程设计参考。     

考虑起始水力坡降的天然非均质地基固结分析

实际工程中通常为未经处理的天然非均质地基。低水力坡降下黏性土中渗流存在起始水力坡降的现象也逐渐被认可,但能考虑起始水力坡降的非均质地基固结模型鲜见报道。基于具有起始水力坡降的渗流模型,考虑实际中的变荷载,对压缩模量和渗透系数随深度变化的非均质地基固结问题展开研究。通过压缩模量随深度增加及渗透系数随深度减小考虑天然地基的非均质性,进而建立了单层非均质地基一维固结模型。分析了起始水力坡降i0,非均质地基参数?、x、? 和p对非均质地基固结特性的影响。结果表明：考虑起始水力坡降后非均质地基中孔压消散速率变慢,地基沉降以及固结速率随之降低;固结速率与参数?、x成正比,而地基的最终沉降量与之成反比;参数? 越大,p越小,固结速率越快,但渗透系数仅改变地基的沉降速率,不会影响非均质土层的最终沉降量。     

考虑幂函数渗透压缩变化的双层砂井地基固结性状

采用Barron轴对称固结及大变形固结问题的某些简化与假定,推导建立了砂井地基大变形固结控制方程,利用建立的双层砂井地基大变形固结方程及编制的计算程序,通过引入软土渗透系数、有效应力与孔隙比之间的幂函数关系k =ced与e=a( )b,对瞬时加载下双层砂井地基固结性状进行算例计算。结果表明：（1）双层软土幂函数渗透关系及压缩关系中诸参数对双层砂井地基固结性状有重要影响：随着两层软土幂函数渗透关系中参数c1、c2的增加（渗透性增加）、或幂函数压缩关系中参数a1、a2的增加,各土层水平径向与竖向孔隙比减小更快,沉降发展速率与超静孔压消散速率也相应增加,且沉降发展速率快于孔压消散速率。（2）两层土在分界面处的孔隙比及平均超静孔压均出现明显的突变,将沿深度分布曲线分成形状不同的两段,表现出不同的固结性状。     

Tide-induced hydraulic response in a semi-infinite seabed with a subaqueous drained tunnel

In this study, analytical solutions for tide-induced pore pressure, seepage force and water inflow into a subaqueous drained tunnel are developed. The results are compared with numerical solutions from a commercial software. The effects of the soil permeability, shear modulus, lining thickness and buried depth of the tunnel on tide-induced pore pressure, seepage force and water inflow are discussed. Larger tide-induced pore pressure and seepage force are obtained for smaller tunnel depth and higher soil permeability. The phase lags of the maximal tide-induced pore pressure at different depths are determined and investigated.     

排水板和砂井联合堆载预压加固海相软土地基的工作性状的现场试验

针对场地内夹杂岸堤、塘埂和人行道路网的深厚海相软土地基处理,提出塑料排水板和袋装砂井联合堆载预压加固方法,并通过现场试验研究该类地基在路堤填筑及堆载预压过程中的地表及深层沉降特性、超孔隙水压力消散机制和地基水平位移规律等工作性状。结果表明,采用该方法处理深厚海相软土地基具有良好的加固效果,地基沉降大部分在填筑期和预压期间发生,有效降低了场地的工后沉降和施工工期,可为沿海深厚复杂海相软土地基加固处理提供参考;塑料排水板和袋装砂井联合堆载预压处理地基的沉降-时间曲线呈多级式发展,袋装砂井处理部位的沉降量小于塑料排水板处;软基上部土体的排水效果明显优于中、下部土体,排水板处理区域的超孔隙水压力大于砂井处理区域;软基顶部土体向堆载区域移动,地表3 m以下的软土层被挤向堆载处理区域外。     

Study of the 1-D consolidation behavior of two-layered soft soils: Parametric studies using a rheological model with viscoplastic body

The governing equations for the coupled processes of consolidation and creep of two-layered soft soils are established. The Nishihara rheological model is adopted to simulate the elasto-viscoplastic characteristics of soft soils, disregarding the effects of the soil self-gravity. A semi-analytical theory combined with numerical and analytical methods is introduced to solve the governing equations of the one-dimensional rheological model. The computational procedure and the approximate solutions for two-layered soft soils subjected to surface loading are obtained for two drainage conditions. The solutions and the computational procedure are used to study the effects of the two layers and constitutive parameters on rheological consolidation behavior of soft soils. It can be concluded that two layers affect the rate of excess pore water pressure dissipation and settlement development. The parametric studies show that when the parameters of the upper layer remain constant, increases in the permeability and elastic modulus in the lower layer accelerate the dissipation of the excess pore water pressure, and meanwhile increases in the viscosity coefficient and viscoplastic limit slows down the dissipation of the excess water pressure.     

碎石桩设计参数对复合地基抗液化性能的影响

对碎石桩复合地基进行完全耦合的三维有效应力动力分析,探讨了碎石桩桩径、桩长和桩间距等设计参数对碎石桩复合地基抗液化性能的影响。结果表明,浅层范围内桩长对孔压比的影响较小,随深度的增大,桩长的影响有增大的趋势;在其他条件不变的情况下,随桩径的增大,桩间土中的超孔隙水压力降低,桩径对超孔压发展的影响沿深度方向不同,主要表现在中下部;当仅改变桩间距时,随桩间距的增大,桩间土中的超孔压升高,在工程设计时,桩径与桩间距的比值宜大于0.27,即桩间距的设计值不宜超过3.75D（D为碎石桩桩径）;随碎石桩本身渗透系数的增加,复合地基中不同深度处的超孔压都有所降低,并且随深度的增大,这种影响有增大的趋势。     

竖向荷载下加筋碎石桩复合地基数值分析

采用三维有限元程序建立了一长为6 m、直径为0.8 m的加筋碎石桩复合地基流固耦合数值模型,分析了其在堆载和孔压消散过程中的荷载传递和变形特性。较传统碎石桩,加筋碎石桩复合地基桩土应力比显著增大,超孔压、沉降和桩身侧向变形显著减小,且随筋材刚度的增大,其性能进一步改善。加筋碎石桩复合地基在桩间土固结过程中产生明显的桩土差异沉降,形成土拱效应,使得堆载结束后桩土应力比变化很小。筋材长度对加筋碎石桩复合地基桩土应力比和沉降影响显著,应对其全长加筋才能保证桩体刚度和有效减少沉降。     

不同温度应力路径下饱和黏土剪切特性

在精准温控动三轴试验系统上开展了不同温度及不同升温路径饱和黏土剪切试验研究,探讨了不同温度对饱和软黏土不排水剪切特性的影响,分析不同升温固结方式对饱和软黏土孔压发展、体变、强度以及模量的影响规律。试验结果显示：在4～76 ℃试验研究范围内,环境温度升高导致饱和软黏土的不排水剪切强度有所减少,但温度升高对土体模量增加影响明显,温度T和模量ET关系可用ET = 2.69T 0.3表达;升温变化时正常固结黏土产生超孔隙水压力并随着温度增大而增大,升温热固结后土的剪切强度将明显提高,且排水状态下升温固结对土剪切强度增长小于升温完成后再固结情况;土体从26 ℃分别升高20、40 ℃时,升温引起的超孔压比分别为0.41、0.61,剪切峰值强度分别增加8.23%、22.37%。研究表明：升温幅值增大会使土体热固结程度越大,升温分级越多,热固结也越充分,其对应的体变、强度增长率则越大;同时最终温度及热固结路径对其剪切相转换特征存在影响,升温越高、热固结路径越多其剪胀性越明显,但温度变化范围、固结分级、热固结路径总体上对孔隙水压力的发展基本不产生影响。     

灌注桩套管高频振动贯入过程中挤土效应研究

随着全套管振动取土灌注桩施工工艺的发展,灌注桩在工程中的应用越来越广泛,但关于灌注桩套管高频振动贯入机制,特别是套管贯入引起的挤土效应研究还不全面。全面介绍了套管高频振动贯入全过程的有限元-无限元耦合模型的建立过程后,对地表隆起、土体侧移及超孔隙水压力等挤土效应的变化规律进行了详细研究。研究结果表明：水平向的挤土位移随套管贯入深度的增加而增大,竖向挤土位移随着套管贯入深度的增加,浅层土表现为隆起量增大,而深层土表现为下沉量增大;最大挤土位移与套管贯入深度存在滞后效应;浅层土体的隆起为水平向应力加载引起竖向应力增加所致,且隆起分界面深度随着动力荷载幅值增大而增大,随振动频率的增大而减小;超孔隙水压力随套管贯入深度增加而增大,随径向距离增大呈指数型衰减。     

Consolidation behavior of soil–cement column improved ground

Columnar inclusion is one of the effective and widely used methods for improving the engineering properties of soft clay ground. This article investigates the consolidation behavior of composite soft clay ground using both physical model tests under an axial-symmetry condition and finite element simulations using the PLAXIS 2D program. It was determined that the final settlement and the rate of consolidation of the composite ground depended on the stress state. For an applied stress that is much lower than the failure stress, the final settlement of the composite ground was lower, and the consolidation was rapid. When the soil–cement column failed, the stress on the column suddenly decreased (due to strain-softening); meanwhile, the stress on the soil increased to maintain the force equilibrium. Consequently, the excess pore pressure in the surrounding clay increased immediately. The cracked soil–cement column acted as a drain, which accelerated the dissipation of the excess pore pressure. The consolidation of the composite ground was mainly observed in the vertical direction and was controlled by the area ratio, which is the ratio of the diameter of the soil–cement column to the diameter of the composite ground, a. The stress on the column was shown to be low for a composite ground with a high value of a, which resulted in less settlement and fast consolidation. For a long soil–cement column, the excess pore pressures in the surrounding clay and the column were essentially the same at a given consolidation time throughout the improvement depth. It is proposed that the soil–cement column and surrounding clay form a compressible ground, and the consolidation occurs in the vertical direction. The composite coefficient of consolidation (c_v(com₎) that was obtained from the physical model test on the composite ground can be used to approximate the rate of consolidation. This approximation was validated via a finite element simulation. The proposed method is highly useful to geotechnical engineers because of its simplicity and reliable prediction.     

剪切速率对重塑饱和黏土强度影响试验

对不同干密度的重塑饱和黏性土进行直剪试验,探讨了剪切速率对重塑饱和黏性土剪应力-剪位移曲线的影响,分析了内摩擦角随剪切速率的变化关系。试验结果表明,干密度越小的重塑土,剪切速率对其内摩擦角的影响越明显。剪切速率主要影响剪切面附近的孔隙水压力,进而影响土体抗剪强度。剪切速率越大,剪切面周围超孔隙水压力越大,使土体总强度降低。在相同的法向应力下,不同剪切速率引起的剪切面周围孔隙水压力增量与抗剪强度差值成正比关系。当剪位移为7 mm时,剪切速率越大,土颗粒位移比较平直,剪切破坏面越平整。      

基于变固结系数的静压桩周土体力学特性研究

以静压沉桩后桩周土体的应力状态为初始条件,根据桩周土体孔隙比、渗透系数和有效应力之间的相关性,在考虑固结系数随固结时间变化的条件下改进了轴对称条件下的太沙基固结控制方程。随后,采用分离变量法和离散化分析推导得出了桩周超孔隙水压力消散的半解析半数值解,并将解答与实测数据进行对比验证。在此基础上,采用空间滑动面理论改进的修正剑桥模型（SMP-MCC）定义土体三维不排水抗剪强度,研究了静压桩周土体强度、剪切模量随固结时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：由于解答考虑了固结系数随固结时间的变化,因而与实测结果吻合良好;土体压缩指数与渗透指数之比对土体固结系数和孔压消散速率影响较大;当土体压缩指数与渗透指数之比为1时,土体固结系数保持不变,解答退化为经典的太沙基轴对称固结方程;土体强度和剪切模量随固结时间的增长而逐步增加,固结完成后其值超越了土体原位强度和原位剪切模量。     

Influence of Shear Strain on the Poisson’s Ratio of Clean Sands

In the present study, a series of resonant column tests was performed to determine the influence of confining pressure, shear strain and relative density on the dynamic properties and Poisson's ratio of poorly graded clean sand. The tests were performed on the sand specimens of size 50 × 100 mm compacted at relative densities 30, 50 and 75 %. To achieve the corresponding relative density, sand was compacted in 5 equal layers with a specific number of blows. A fixed-free type resonant column apparatus was used to determine the dynamic soil properties at various confining pressures. It has been inferred from the data that the shear modulus (\(G\)) increases with an increase in confining pressure and relative density; and decreases with an increase in shear strain. In addition, damping ratio (\(D\)) decreases with an increase in confining pressure and relative density; and increases with an increase in shear strain. In addition, Poisson’s ratio (\(\nu\)) decreases with an increase in confining pressure and relative density and increases with an increase in the shear strain. The variation of shear modulus with Poisson’s ratio is also discussed. It has been found that there has been a decrease in shear modulus with an increase in Poisson’s ratio of the soil. It is noticed that the small strain shear modulus determined from the present study closely matches with the value determined using the correlations from the literature.     

气温变化对多年冻土斜坡稳定性的影响

受气温变化影响,浅层冻土滑坡失稳涉及水分的固液相态转换,是一个复杂的水热力耦合过程。为揭示气温变化对多年冻土斜坡稳定性的影响,基于冻土水热力耦合数值模型,模拟了2020—2024年青海省多年冻土区斜坡水热力演化过程。研究结果表明:水分迁移速率呈周期性变化,每年5—10月活动层融化程度高,总体积含水率变化趋势显著;夏季多年冻土上限以下的高含冰量土层融化产生厚度约15 cm的富水层,孔隙水压难以消散;4年间多年冻土上限下移10.4 cm,导致活动层和富水层的厚度增大,上覆融土下滑力增大、抗滑力减小,土体抗剪强度进一步下降;活动层土体每年产生数厘米冻胀融沉变形,抗剪强度不断劣化,坡脚处最容易形成薄弱带。     

原状土的抗剪强度研究

为了研究土的现场原位与室内试验抗剪强度指标的关系,根据饱和土固结理论,土的固结过程就是在某一压力作用下有效应力增大、孔隙水压力消散的过程。因此,随着有效应力增大土的孔隙比减小,而土的抗剪强度增大,土的压缩曲线与土的抗剪强度线之间有一一对应关系,从土的现场原位和室内压缩曲线出发,研究了加、卸载过程中土的抗剪强度的变化规律,然后根据土的卸载抗剪强度的计算方法推导出土的黏聚力和土的内摩擦角两者之间的相互关系,最后分析得到了原状土抗剪强度的计算方法     

饱和软土成层地基一维非线性固结解析解

假定土体在固结过程中压缩性和渗透性的变化成正比,基于 - 及 - 关系,推导出饱和软土成层地基一维非线性固结解析解,分别给出了按沉降定义和按有效应力定义的每层土平均固结度及整个土层总固结度的计算公式。采用Fortran语言编制了相应的计算程序,将计算得到的结果与已有双层地基一维非线性固结解析解计算结果进行比较,验证该解析解的正确性。利用该程序分析成层地基一维非线性固结性状,分别讨论了初始竖向渗透系数、初始体积压缩系数、荷载值及土层厚度对地基固结性状的影响。分析结果表明：在成层地基一维非线性固结过程中,初始竖向渗透系数对超静孔压的影响较为复杂,对上下层地基固结速率影响不同;初始体积压缩系数增大,超静孔压增大,固结速率变小;所加荷载值越大,超静孔压消散越慢,固结发展越慢;超静孔压消散速率不仅取决于土层厚度,同时取决于各层土渗透性的相对大小。     

软黏土层一维有限应变固结的超静孔压消散研究

根据土力学固结理论计算分析软黏土层固结过程的超静孔隙水压力值,确定软黏土体固结过程的强度增长,对排水固结法处理软土地基至关重要。软黏土层固结过程中土体变形较大时,有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土固结所得结果差异较大。利用非线性有限元法及程序,通过对软黏土层固结工程算例的计算结果分析,研究了有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土层一维固结超静孔压值消散的差异;探讨了软黏土体一维固结过程中,几何非线性、土体渗透性变化和压缩性变化对超静孔隙水压力消散的影响。研究结果表明,当土体的变形较大时,有限应变固结理论计算出的超静孔压要比小应变固结理论得到的值消散的更快。考虑土体固结过程中渗透性的变化时,超静孔压消散变慢;可用软黏土渗透性变化指数ck 反映渗透性变化对超静孔压消散的影响,渗透性变化指数ck值越小、超静孔压消散越慢。固结过程中软黏土压缩性的大小及变化也影响超静孔压的消散,可用软黏土的压缩指数cc反映固结过程中压缩性的大小及变化对超静孔压消散的影响,软黏土的压缩指数cc越小,固结过程软黏土层中的超静孔压消散越快。