伟晶岩型锂矿床研究现状及其在中国西部的找矿前景

锂现为全球战略性关键金属矿产，花岗伟晶岩型锂矿是锂资源的重要类型之一，也是当前国际矿床学的研究热点。花岗伟晶岩划分为LCT(Li–Cs–Ta)、NYF(Nb–Y–F)及二者混合的LCT+NYF型，其中LCT型伟晶岩富集稀有元素Li、Rb、Cs、Be、Ga、Sn、Ta、Nb及B、P、F等助熔剂，通常与伸展背景下的晚造山和造山后阶段过铝质S型花岗岩具有成因联系。笔者分析了全球伟晶岩型锂矿床的时空分布特征，发现锂矿成矿事件主要发生在超大陆会聚造山作用的中晚期。研究表明中国花岗伟晶岩型锂矿空间分布相对集中，主要分布在9个锂成矿带，成矿期以三叠纪为主。花岗质岩浆结晶分异和下地壳物质低程度的部分熔融是伟晶岩两种主要的形成方式。稀有金属伟晶岩的成矿机制主要有分离结晶作用、岩浆不混溶、超临界流体和组成带状纯化。总结分析了中国西部西昆仑、川西松潘–甘孜、阿尔泰等3个典型伟晶岩型锂矿带的的成矿特点、分布特征、研究进展及找矿前景，并提出了构造–岩浆–变质–成矿的耦合关系是制约锂成矿过程和富集规律的关键科学问题。     

湘东北幕阜山岩体南部稀有金属伟晶岩分带特征研究

湘东北幕阜山岩体南部是近年来我省新发现的一处重要花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿产地。该区舌状岩体内外接触带分布有众多花岗伟晶岩脉,形成了仁里超大型铌钽矿、传梓源中型锂铌钽矿等多个铌钽锂矿床(点)。本文对该区密集发育的伟晶岩脉水平分带及结构分带进行研究,从花岗岩体内至外接触带随岩浆分异演化程度不断增强,依次划分出微斜长石伟晶岩带→二云母微斜长石钠长石伟晶岩带→白云母微斜长石钠长石伟晶岩带→白云母锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩带→白云母钠长石伟晶岩带等较为完整演化序列的水平分带;不同分带伟晶岩矿物组合及地球化学特征具有一定差异,对应形成了较完整的稀有金属演化序列:Be→Be+Nb→Be+Nb+Ta→Be+N b+Ta+Li+Cs。区内稀有金属伟晶岩可分为早晚两期,稀有金属伟晶岩类型由低至高,成矿时代由老至新,早期稀有金属伟晶岩以Be矿化为主,晚期稀有金属以Li、Be、Nb、Ta等矿化组合为主。不同期次、类型、结构分带伟晶岩应注意不同稀有金属的找矿。     

湘东北幕阜山岩体南部稀有金属伟晶岩分带特征研究

湘东北幕阜山岩体南部是近年来我省新发现的一处重要花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿产地。该区舌状岩体内外接触带分布有众多花岗伟晶岩脉,形成了仁里超大型铌钽矿、传梓源中型锂铌钽矿等多个铌钽锂矿床(点)。本文对该区密集发育的伟晶岩脉水平分带及结构分带进行研究,从花岗岩体内至外接触带随岩浆分异演化程度不断增强,依次划分出微斜长石伟晶岩带→二云母微斜长石钠长石伟晶岩带→白云母微斜长石钠长石伟晶岩带→白云母锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩带→白云母钠长石伟晶岩带等较为完整演化序列的水平分带;不同分带伟晶岩矿物组合及地球化学特征具有一定差异,对应形成了较完整的稀有金属演化序列:Be→Be+Nb→Be+Nb+Ta→Be+N b+Ta+Li+Cs。区内稀有金属伟晶岩可分为早晚两期,稀有金属伟晶岩类型由低至高,成矿时代由老至新,早期稀有金属伟晶岩以Be矿化为主,晚期稀有金属以Li、Be、Nb、Ta等矿化组合为主。不同期次、类型、结构分带伟晶岩应注意不同稀有金属的找矿。     

深熔成因伟晶岩初始岩浆中稀有金属富集特征

本文以新疆阿尔泰切木尔切克地区的混合岩和伟晶岩为例,开展区内混合岩、伟晶岩与周围的变沉积岩（二云母片岩）的野外地质、全岩地球化学以及云母类矿物化学组成研究,目的在于揭示深熔作用形成的熔体中稀有金属富集特征。研究结果显示,阿尔泰切木尔切克地区的伟晶岩与混合岩中浅色体有相似的矿物组合和主要化学组成,且伟晶岩与暗色体呈互补的微量元素组成,表明切木尔切克伟晶岩为变沉积岩深熔成因。从二云母片岩到混合岩中浅色体和伟晶岩,白云母中Li、Be、Nb、Ta、Rb、Cs显示增加趋势,表明深熔作用形成浅色体及其汇聚成伟晶岩脉过程中可促进稀有金属的富集,尤其是Be和Ta,富集程度达3倍以上。低温条件下白云母脱水熔融,导致黑云母作为残留相,明显制约Li、Rb、Cs等稀有金属在熔体中的富集,但对Be的影响非常有限。结合阿尔泰伟晶岩广泛的Be成矿作用,推断阿尔泰伟晶岩很可能是深熔成因的。     

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田地质特征、成矿时代 及其找矿意义

仁里稀有金属矿田位于幕阜山岩体西南缘,是华南地区重要的稀有金属矿产地之一。文章旨在通过对区域成矿条件、矿田地质特征、地球化学特征、成岩成矿时代与稀有金属成矿作用的综合分析,为矿田勘查设计乃至华南地区稀有金属找矿与研究提供理论依据。在矿田范围内对燕山期、武陵期花岗岩及每个矿区代表性伟晶岩进行了系统采样,开展了岩石化学成分分析,同时对矿田内二云母二长花岗岩及锂辉石伟晶岩分别进行了锆石U-Pb、白云母Ar-Ar同位素定年。研究表明:①多期造山与燕山期陆内活化是成矿的有利地质背景,多阶段伸展作用导致幕阜山地区多期大规模的多金属成矿作用发生;②矿田构造主要以NE(或NNE)向构造为主,复合改造NW向及近EW向构造,NE(或NNE)向和NW(或近EW)向构造呈现立交桥式的构造格局,控制了花岗岩和伟晶岩分布;③矿田内伟晶岩属极高分异、富硅、过铝质花岗质岩石,燕山期花岗岩属陆壳改造"S型"花岗岩;④幕阜山岩体由岩体内接触带往岩体外接触带(10 km),由黑云母伟晶岩→二云母伟晶岩→白云母伟晶岩→锂云母伟晶岩→锂辉石白云母伟晶岩过渡,形成了较完整的稀有金属演化序列:无矿化→Be→Be+Nb+Ta→Be+Nb+Ta+Li→Be+Nb+Ta+Li+Cs;⑤稀有金属成矿与构造岩浆时空演化、构造组合、特别是岩浆的分异程度密切相关,矿田内燕山期花岗岩年龄139.3～146.2 Ma,稀有金属成矿年龄为130.5～130.8 Ma。     

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田206号锂辉石伟晶岩脉地球化学特征及成矿时代

湖南仁里稀有金属矿田是中国近年来新发现的一处重要的花岗伟晶岩型铌、钽、锂等稀有金属矿产地,文章针对矿田含锂伟晶岩地球化学特征、成矿时代及其与花岗岩的关系,选取传梓源锂铌钽矿床内规模最大的206号锂辉石伟晶岩脉开展地球化学和白云母Ar-Ar定年工作,并与区内其他伟晶岩、花岗岩的地球化学特征、成岩时代对比分析.传梓源206号锂辉石伟晶岩属高分异稀有金属伟晶岩,形成时代为(135.4±1.4)Ma,岩石地球化学表现为高硅、高铝、低钙、相对富碱、钙碱性及过铝质特征;稀土元素总量很低,以轻稀土元素为主;微量元素富集Cs、Rb、U、Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf,相对亏损Ba、Ti,Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta比值低且集中.幕阜山地区稀有金属成矿可分为2期:第1期稀有金属成矿时代约145 Ma,与燕山早期岩浆活动有关;第2期稀有金属成矿时代135～125 Ma,为主成矿期,该期稀有金属伟晶岩与燕山晚期的二云母二长花岗岩存在成因联系,两者为同源岩浆连续结晶分异过程中不同阶段的产物.稀有金属富集成矿经历了岩浆-热液两阶段作用,Be、Nb、Ta、Li、Rb、Cs等稀有元素的富集多发生于岩浆结晶分异晚期,热液作用使Ta、Li、Rb、Cs再次富集.     

花岗伟晶岩成矿有关的几个问题讨论

花岗伟晶岩是关键战略金属资源的重要来源之一。对比各种花岗伟晶岩的分类方案,认为以主要成矿(矿化)元素(如Li、Be、Nb、Ta、REE、U和Cs)和/或矿物(锂辉石、绿柱石、铌钽铁矿、独居石、沥青铀矿等)进行伟晶岩分类简单、易行。越来越多的伟晶岩及相关花岗岩的精确定年和同位素组成研究表明,并非所有伟晶岩均由花岗岩演化形成,一些重要的稀有金属成矿伟晶岩与花岗岩有显著时差和源区物质差异,它们与花岗岩无关,自然界存在独立的伟晶岩岩浆。一些大型、超大型稀有金属伟晶岩矿床的成矿作用延续时间较长,经历了岩浆、岩浆-热液过渡、热液和后期成矿叠加。富集Li、Na、B、F、H、O、P和H₂O、CO₃^2-、HCO₃^-等助溶剂元素或组分是稀有金属伟晶岩的重要特征之一,可作为花岗伟晶岩成矿系统的重要示踪剂。稀有金属伟晶岩源区矿物组成及熔融方式对伟晶岩浆形成与成矿具有重要控制作用。花岗伟晶岩的岩浆演化和热液作用过程中Li同位素组成发生变化,贫锂辉石伟晶岩比含锂辉石伟晶岩具有更高的δ⁷     

幕阜山复式岩基西北缘新发现微斜长石伟晶岩型铌钽矿化

花岗伟晶岩是 Li、Nb、Ta 、Be 和 Cs 等战略性关键金属的重要成矿岩石类型之一[1],其成矿作用也是当前矿床学研究热点之一.国内花岗伟晶岩及相关稀有金属矿产分布广泛,包括新疆阿尔泰、松潘-甘孜、江南造山带、滇西-藏南等伟晶岩成矿带[2].江南造山带中段的幕阜山地区已发现仁里[3]、传梓源[4]及断峰山[5-7...     

甲基卡新三号脉稀有元素富集规律及赋存状态

四川甲基卡是中国乃至世界上最大的锂辉石资最集中的地区之一。近年发现的新三(X03)号脉氧化锂资源量达88.55万吨,是亚洲最大锂辉石单脉,规模大、埋藏浅、易开采,品位富。该脉除Li形成工业矿体外,伴生有Cs、Sn,及Be、Rb、Nb、Ta等,均可回收利用。该脉为花岗伟晶岩型+细晶岩型脉,Li、Sn、Nb、Ta较富集于含巨晶锂辉石的伟晶岩中,Rb、Cs富集于细晶部分,Be则较富集于微晶部分,Li、Be、Nb、Ta、Sn等均可开发利用。     

喜马拉雅琼嘉岗超大型伟晶岩型锂矿的发现及意义

近年来,喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩的"高度分离结晶、异地深成侵入"成因,及其具有良好的稀有金属成矿潜力而倍受关注。已有野外调查和资源勘查工作表明该花岗岩带可能成为我国稀有金属重要的战略储备基地。目前带内金属组合以铍-铌-钽(锡-钨)组合为主(如错那洞大型锡-钨-铍矿床),但尚未发现工业锂矿体的产出。本次工作在高喜马拉雅琼嘉岗地区发现了超大型伟晶岩型锂矿,并初步揭示该伟晶岩型锂矿的基本地质特征。琼嘉岗伟晶岩属于过铝质LCT型伟晶岩,稀有金属(REL)类REL-Li亚类钠长石-锂辉石型。含矿伟晶岩呈串珠状、囊状体产出在前寒武系肉切村群大理岩中,伟晶岩具有一定分带,目前主要包括细粒钠长石带、文象结构带、分层细晶岩带和块体微斜长石+锂辉石带,赋矿主体结构带为后两者。矿石矿物主要为锂辉石、铌铁矿-铌锰矿,以及少量锡石和绿柱石。59件样品中44件Li₂O含量在工业品位(0.80%)之上,平均1.30%。4条伟晶岩脉群资源量估算表明琼嘉岗锂资源可达超大型规模,琼嘉岗是喜马拉雅首例具有工业价值的伟晶岩型锂矿,其发现证实我国高喜马拉雅地区具有找寻大型-超大型花岗伟晶岩型锂(铍)矿的潜...     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861