生态足迹理论在区域可持续发展评价中的应用及改进

综述了生态足迹理论及其在全球及区域可持续发展系统中的应用成果,发现生态足迹理论在用于区域可持续发展评价时遇到了困难,主要表现为其对区域发展可持续性的评价结果与可持续发展理论所阐述的基本原则不一致,认为这主要是将基于全球生态系统的生态足迹理论不适当地用在了区域可持续发展系统所导致的,而根本的原因是生态足迹概念本身的定义不够确切。本文将生态足迹区分为消费性生态足迹和生产性生态足迹,对传统的生态足迹理论进行改进,并以生产性生态足迹作为评价区域可持续发展的指标,以期更真实地反映区域发展的可持续性;通过比较全球生态赤字和区域人均消费性生态赤字可以对区域发展公平性做出评价。     

Geomorphology as science: the role of theory

Because geomorphology is a science, it is permeated by theory. Overt recognition of this actuality is frequently resisted by geomorphologists. Earth history does not represent an alternative to earth science, it is an essential component of earth science. In its broadest sense science seeks to discover new knowledge through a two-stage activity involving the creation and justification of ideas (theory). Deduction is generally regarded as the only logically-consistent method of justifying ideas. The creation of ideas is a much more controversial topic. Some methodologists deem it beyond logic; certainly deductive arguments, which are nothing more than formal, logical expressions of theory, play no role in the conception of new ideas. Many earth scientists generate possible explanations of observed phenomena based on abductive reasoning. Others advocate reliance on purported forms of “pure” induction, such as serendipity and intuition, in which observations assume primacy over theory. Besides lacking consistency and educability, the latter posture is flawed because it mistakenly implies that becoming well-versed in theory is irrelevant to or impedes scientific discovery. Irrational or subjective factors play a role in the creation of ideas, but it is erroneous to claim that these factors are divorced from theory. Science is first and foremost a cognitive activity; thus, the primacy of observations in science is a myth. All observations are theory-laden in the sense that the act of observation inherently involves interpretation and classification, both of which can only occur within the context of theoretical preconceptions. Even discoveries based on unexpected observations require the fortunate investigator to recognize the theoretical importance of what is seen or measured.The most useful view of geomorphology as a science is one in which theory is seen as central, but fragile, and in which theory and observation are viewed symbiotically with theory providing the generative force and observation providing a vital policing role. Much of the current debate in geomorphology centers around differences in characteristics of theory, type of scientific arguments, and metaphysical perspectives among investigators working at different temporal scales. Full recognition and understanding of these differences are essential for developing a unified approach to the science of geomorphology.     

Habitat specificity can blur the predictions of species–energy theory: A case study of tenebrionid beetles adapted to aridity

Species–energy theory predicts a positive relationship between species richness and energy. The mechanism assumed by this theory is that high energy promotes high population abundance, which in turn promotes high species richness. Evaluations of this mechanism have rendered conflicting evidence, suggesting that more effort is needed to understand the theory’s limitations. Several studies have addressed these limitations, contributing to expand the theory’s scope by incorporating energy variation, whereas others have demonstrated scale dependence of the more individuals hypothesis. We propose that another limitation of this theory is related to its application to groups of species with strong habitat specificity. We suggest that the expected relationship between energy and richness is not necessarily positive at large scales for groups of species adapted to harsh environments. Using data on tenebrionid beetles from arid areas of southern South America, we contrasted four hypotheses that lead to contrasting predictions about the strength and direction of the species–energy relationship on tenebrionid richness. We found a negative relationship between richness and energy availability. We propose that this negative relationship is the result of a constraint in the mechanisms assumed by species?energy theory because organisms evolve adaptations to survive climatic harshness, which influences population abundances.     

Sampling and Discrete Choice Analysis

Samples used to estimate discrete choice models in geography and regional science are typically assumed to be simple random samples. This assumption is not always met with existing samples. Furthermore, data collection is usually less costly if a stratified sampling strategy is adopted. Existing sampling theory suggests that stratified sampling can affect the consistency of parameter estimates. This paper reviews the salient points of this theory and relates theory to practice by means of a simple example on housing choice by elderly.     

Symmetry and terrestrial spectroscopy

Summary. There is an analogy in the algebraic structure between the terrestrial spectra belonging to different earth models and the electron energy levels of some quantum mechanical systems. The reason for such an analogy is studied by means of group theory. It is shown that the structure of the spectrum is determined solely by the symmetry of the physical system under consideration. Group theory is then applied, as a unifying theory, to study terrestrial spectroscopic problems based on the theorem that each degree of degeneracy in the spectrum is equal to the dimension of one of the irreducible representations of the symmetry group of the physical system. The influence of perturbations of lower symmetry on the degeneracies in the spectrum (particularly the pattern of splitting) is also studied through group theory; and exact results are obtained. In addition, group theory provides the selection rules for perturbation matrices which determine the coupling among normal modes belonging to the unperturbed system.     

ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING,SEATTLE April 30, 1974

Samples used to estimate discrete choice models in geography and regional science are typically assumed to be simple random samples. This assumption is not always met with existing samples. Furthermore, data collection is usually less costly if a stratified sampling strategy is adopted. Existing sampling theory suggests that stratified sampling can affect the consistency of parameter estimates. This paper reviews the salient points of this theory and relates theory to practice by means of a simple example on housing choice by elderly.     

Utility Efficient Frontier: An Application in the Oil and Gas Industry

Current practice shows that the use of portfolio and utility theory is very low among petroleum companies. This article advocates the use of both portfolio theory and utility theory as decision-making tools to improve performance of oil and gas companies. We introduce a model that can be practically used and applied in the oil and gas industry. This model generates an optimized, efficient portfolio and, at the same time, enables the decision maker to incorporate his risk attitude and policy. This can only be done by combining both the portfolio theory and utility theory through an approach called the utility mean-variance model. A typical oil portfolio optimization problem is investigated by applying both portfolio and utility theories. Through the utility mean-variance model, an efficient frontier that captures decision maker risk attitude is achieved.     

近20年来产业区位的研究进展

20世纪80年代以来,面对知识技术发展、生产方式变革以及经济全球化的影响,产业空间分布也出现崭新的格局,不仅区位因子发生了变化,而且以最小成本、最大利润为目标的传统区位理论和集中、大型产业布局模式也被新的区位理论和复杂的产业布局类型所取代.为此,学者们掀起了新一轮对产业区位的思考和探索.本文从区位因子、区位理论以及实证研究方面,综述了1980年以来产业区位研究的新进展,重点回顾了新经济地理理论、新产业区理论、新产业空间理论对产业区位的阐述,并对其进行比较分析.     

Second-Order Correction to the Reed-Otterman Theory

Summary The theory of Reed and Otterman, which describes the propagation of a weak shock wave in an inhomogeneous medium, is extended to include the next higher-order term of relative overpressure. This extension allows a matching of theory to initial starting conditions of the shock at a point closer to the source than the Reed-Otterman theory itself. The modified theory gives a value of the shock pressure that agrees well with the numerical calculation performed by Greene and Whitaker for the upward moving shock wave from a low altitude detonation.     

现代土地利用规划的理论演变

从19 世纪末、20 世纪初诞生以来,现代土地利用规划(简称规划)涌现出很多理论流派,充分理解和掌握代表性理论的主要特征及其流变,对于开展规划研究和实践有重要的指导意义。本文在文献综述的基础上,对国内外现代规划理论的演变历程进行梳理和探究,以期有助于促进对现代规划理论的理解和应用。按时间顺序将现代规划理论演变分为4个阶段,阐述了每一阶段不同规划理论流派的产生背景、主要观点和实践影响,具体包括20世纪50 年代前的"物质形态规划论"、"马克思主义规划论",60 年代的"综合理性规划论"、"渐进规划论"、"人本主义规划论"、"自由主义规划论",70-80 年代的"新马克思主义规划论"和"新自由主义规划论",以及90 年代以来的"沟通规划论"、"可持续规划论"、"新制度主义规划论"和"公共政策规划论"等。这些理论派别有着不同的视角和侧重点,相互之间存在着或创新、或继承、或反叛、或补充的复杂关系。最后指出,现代规划理论深受多学科知识和规划实践的影响,具有深刻的时代烙印,并伴随产生了丰富的文献成果;尽管中国学者在现代规划理论构建中作出了一定贡献,但与欧美学者相比仍有较大差距,未来尚需付出更大努力。     

地域结构的演变和预测

本文对地域结构进行了动态化研究,从整体上把握了宏观地域结内的演化规律。其中贯穿了各种区位理论、相互作用理论和扩散理论等。作者认为相互作用理论和扩散理论是关于地域结构形成和发展的机制和过程的理论,而区位理论则是关于地域系统中各元素和子系的位置和分布的理论。     

荒漠化评价的物元可拓识别方法

可拓学是系统科学、思维科学和数学的交叉学科。本文运用可拓学和主成分分析方法，构建了金沙江干热河谷荒漠化程度综合评判模型，模型输出的结果与实际调查结果基本吻合，为荒漠化评价研究提供了新的理论依据。     

基于agent的商业中心地空间结构动态模拟

以克里斯泰勒提出的中心地空间结构为研究对象,回顾和总结了中心地理论的主要内容、理论发展和实际应用,并以复杂性科学的理论和方法为基础,根据中心地理论假设,提出基于agent建模的两层次agent模型结构,通过遗传算法再现和验证了克氏单一职能的六边形中心地空间格局。模拟表明,微观自主体的相互作用的确可以突现出六边形宏观空间格局,这为以后突破克氏理论中"均质、静态、封闭"的不足提供了新的研究途径。中心地宏观空间结构的微观机理需要进一步结合经济学演绎模型和ABM的计算实验深入研究。     

生态足迹理论在我国干旱区的应用与探讨——以新疆为例

可持续发展是当代研究的一个热点问题，也是一个有待深入研究的重大问题。应用生态足迹理论对地处我国西北干旱地区的新疆1999年的发展状况进行了评估。结果发现，新疆1999年的人均生态足迹赤字的数值是-0.8863hm^2，总的消费“影子区域”为15.7万km^2，新疆目前的发展现状不利于实现持续发展。最后，对生态足迹理论进行了简要的评述。     

基于交易费用的旅游回扣分析

运用新制度经济学中的产权理论、交易费用理论、制度变迁理论、微观经济学理论,对旅游业回扣存在的原因进行了分析,认为旅游回扣存在主要是由于旅游作为一个特殊产品的产权界定困难,制度变迁成本高,利益相关主体的机会主义行为等。     

地缘政治的涵义、主要理论及其影响国家安全战略的途径分析

地缘政治具有多重涵义,本文概括为地缘政治学理论、地缘政治要素和地缘政治活动三个方面。地缘政治学在发展过程中,形成了"海权论"、"陆权论"、"边缘地带论"和"空权论"等若干影响国家安全战略的重要理论。在国家安全战略制定过程中,地缘政治产生着重要的影响。地缘政治理论塑造国家安全战略制定者的思维,地缘政治现实是国家制定对外安全战略的重要依据,地缘政治活动构成国家安全战略的重要组成部份。     

关于“冰臼”问题与韩同林先生商榷

跨世纪的“冰臼”与“壶穴”之争,尘埃未定,缘于尚无定论．“发现冰臼”却常见于报道．本文根据国内研究冰川的成果就韩同林先生《发现冰臼》书中“冰臼”的定义、表现、成因、分布、“冰臼”遗迹的保存机理、“冰说”理论以及模拟“冰臼”的实验设计的合理性等问题提出质疑．从而阐明了：天坑、天井、冰洞、冰湖不是“冰臼”;闽、粤无“冰臼”;“冰说”理论不成立的观点．     

Affordance-based categorization of road network data using a grounded theory of channel networks

We propose a grounded ontological theory of channel networks to categorize features, such as junctions, in road network databases. The theory is grounded, because its primitives can be given an unambiguous interpretation into directly observable qualities of physical road networks, such as supported movements and their medium, connectedness of such media, and turnoff restrictions. The theory provides a very general approach to automatically annotate and integrate road network data from heterogeneous sources, because it rests on application-independent observation principles. We suggest that road network categories such as junctions and roads are based on locomotion affordances. Road network databases can be mapped into our channel network theory, so that instances of roads and junctions can be automatically categorized or checked for consistency by what they afford. In this paper, we introduce affordance-based definitions of a road network and a junction, and show that the definition of latter is satisfied by some of the most common junction types.     

整合景观生态学的理论基础

整合景观生态学的核心概念是"整体人类生态系统",是全球生态各个阶层协同进化的最高水平,由生物圈景观和石油燃料驱动的技术圈景观组成,整合景观生态学致力于将两者从结构和功能上整合为一个和谐、可持续的生态圈。文章在讨论整合景观生态学产生的历史背景和发展意义的基础上,初步论述了整合景观生态学的理论基础,包括整合景观生态学的系统论基础、控制论和可持续发展理论基础、自组织理论基础、协同进化理论基础、等级理论基础、相互作用系统理论基础和隐含次序理论基础,目的是使整合景观生态(经济和自然景观)和其他跨学科一起,共同促进当今自然与人类社会的"共生"过程。     

CAG '74

Houses in inner-city areas, because of their age, suffer the depredations of functional obsolescence and decay. Some, however, have sound locations and are able to assemble economic forces that precipitate rehabilitation by both renters and owners. Accompanying restoration is a concomitant increase in market value and in population density, the corollary of which is a reduction in lot size. This process is modeled by graphically synthesizing elements of location theory, urban growth theory, and principles of economics.