开源网管系统在地震监测网络中的应用

使用Nagios、Cacti、NagVis等开源系统在天津市地震局行业网络中搭建开发了一套运行监控系统,可实现对区域内各类网络设备、仪器与服务的集中监控,同时建立于系统的故障报警与值班系统的联动机制,提高了网络环境中各专业台网整体运行监控与故障响应能力.     

淮安地震台数字测震系统故障与应对措施

以淮安地震台数字测震系统设备为例,作者根据多年台站观测工作经验,提出更加适用的测震系统观测方案,结合观测中遇到的各类故障,总结归类出故障的现象、排查方法、应对措施和注意事项。     

利用唐山地震台资料研究唐山断裂活动特征

本文研究了唐山地震台内的唐山断裂形变、断层活动协调比、断层土壤气CO₂的变化特征。结果显示,唐山地震台内的唐山断裂近35年来整体上在水平方向呈微弱的右旋张性活动,垂直方向呈正断活动,但不同时段的运动状态有所不同;综合分析认为,唐山地震台形变和流体前兆观测对附近及华北因区域地壳应力场调整引起的中小地震有一定的显示,说明该台具有一定的前兆异常显示能力;随着观测资料和经验的持续积累,在该区域发生更大地震前,有望捕捉到更显著的前兆异常。     

Path Corrections for Source Discriminants: A Case Study at Two International Seismic Monitoring Stations

—?Improving the performance of short-period regional seismic discriminants by applying propagation corrections is explored using observations from two seismic monitoring stations in Asia. Frequency-dependent regional phase amplitude ratio measurements at stations NIL and ZAL for earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions were obtained from the prototype-International Data Center (pIDC) that has been established for developing monitoring capabilities of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The pIDC discriminant measurements have large scatter, much of which is attributed to wave propagation effects in the heterogeneous crustal waveguide. Linear regressions indicate that the phase ratios are correlated with topographic characteristics along the individual paths, providing an empirical means for correcting for path effects beyond conventional distance corrections. Kriging, a spatial multiple regression algorithm, also reveals coherent spatial patterns in the data indicative of regional path effects. Using available high-resolution topography data, correction of regional P/S ratios for the best models obtained from multivariate regressions systematically reduces the data variance relative to distance corrections alone, as has been observed for other data sets. The reduced scatter in the measurements increases the separation between earthquake and explosion populations in most cases, enhancing the regional discriminant performance. The path-corrected discriminants isolate explosions better for NIL than for ZAL, even though some of the explosion sources are located in a common source area. Kriging achieves comparable or superior variance reduction for the discriminant measures, without requiring knowledge of the path structure, although this may not result in improved discriminant performance. While always desirable, corrections for heterogeneous path effects may prove inadequate in some cases, notably when phase blockage occurs or when strong attenuation eliminates the diagnostic high-frequency energy.     

基于倾斜仪记录的地震事件自动判别初探

以垂直摆倾斜仪数据为资料,通过自编的软件对原始数据进行EMD分解,将低频固体潮和高频地震信号分开,分别对地震信号和固体潮在时间域中用长短时平均能量比(STA/LTA)的方法,实时监测到中国台湾5.4级和中缅边境地区4.9级地震事件,并区分了仪器故障。     

福州地震台P2000测氡仪试测实验分析

对P2000与FD-125测氡仪进行为期一个半月的同步观测对比,并对P2000测氡仪该装置是否适用于地震氡观测及氡气标定器的刻度校正进行测试实验,根据观测的数据进行归纳和总结.结果表明,P2000测氡仪稳定性较好,操作使用简单,一次性充电可以连续使用十几个小时,较适用于野外观测.缺点是该测氡1次只能测1个水样,如果要测两平行样要六七个小时,时间相对较长.对观测的数据对比分析,发现虽然P2000测氡仪测值低于FD-125氡钍分析器的测值,但整体形态和趋势变化基本一致.     

Perspectives of Cross-Correlation in Seismic Monitoring at the International Data Centre

We demonstrate that several techniques based on waveform cross-correlation are able to significantly reduce the detection threshold of seismic sources worldwide and to improve the reliability of arrivals by a more accurate estimation of their defining parameters. A master event and the events it can find using waveform cross-correlation at array stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS) have to be close. For the purposes of the International Data Centre (IDC), one can use the spatial closeness of the master and slave events in order to construct a new automatic processing pipeline: all qualified arrivals detected using cross-correlation are associated with events matching the current IDC event definition criteria (EDC) in a local association procedure. Considering the repeating character of global seismicity, more than 90 % of events in the reviewed event bulletin (REB) can be built in this automatic processing. Due to the reduced detection threshold, waveform cross-correlation may increase the number of valid REB events by a factor of 1.5–2.0. Therefore, the new pipeline may produce a more comprehensive bulletin than the current pipeline—the goal of seismic monitoring. The analysts’ experience with the cross correlation event list (XSEL) shows that the workload of interactive processing might be reduced by a factor of two or even more. Since cross-correlation produces a comprehensive list of detections for a given master event, no additional arrivals from primary stations are expected to be associated with the XSEL events. The number of false alarms, relative to the number of events rejected from the standard event list 3 (SEL3) in the current interactive processing—can also be reduced by the use of several powerful filters. The principal filter is the difference between the arrival times of the master and newly built events at three or more primary stations, which should lie in a narrow range of a few seconds. In this study, one event at a distance of about 2,000 km from the main shock was formed by three stations, with the stations and both events on the same great circle. Such spurious events are rejected by checking consistency between detections at stations at different back azimuths from the source region. Two additional effective pre-filters are f–k analysis and F _prob based on correlation traces instead of original waveforms. Overall, waveform cross-correlation is able to improve the REB completeness, to reduce the workload related to IDC interactive analysis, and to provide a precise tool for quality check for both arrivals and events. Some major improvements in automatic and interactive processing achieved by cross-correlation are illustrated using an aftershock sequence from a large continental earthquake. Exploring this sequence, we describe schematically the next steps for the development of a processing pipeline parallel to the existing IDC one in order to improve the quality of the REB together with the reduction of the magnitude threshold.     

Source Time Function of Seismic Events at Rudna Copper Mine, Poland

—?The empirical Green's function deconvolution technique is used to retrieve the source time functions from the records of P waves of seven seismic events that occurred at the Rudna copper mine in 1996 and were located in the middle of the underground network. Their moment magnitudes ranged from 2.1 to 2.9. The records of smaller events from the same area and with similar source mechanism, with moment magnitudes ranging from 1.5 to 2.0, were accepted as empirical Green's functions. The relative source time functions were successfully retrieved at a number of stations for six events. Directivity effects, implying unilateral rupture propagation, were observed in five cases. The azimuth of rupture propagation direction and the rupture velocity were estimated from the distribution of pulse widths and pulse maximum amplitudes as a function of the cosine of station azimuths. The rupture propagated approximately either from south to north or from north to south. The rupture velocity was low, ranging from 0.25 to 0.54 of the shear-wave velocity. The source dimensions, represented by the fault length, were also small in comparison with those estimated in the frequency domain and ranged from 80 to 250?m.     

A Diffusive Sampler for Passive Monitoring of Underground Storage Tanks

Passive measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) provide a method for early detection and long-term monitoring of potential leaks from underground storage tanks (USTs) and associated fuel service lines. A diffusive sampler was constructed of a sorbent tube that fits inside a specially designed sampling chamber. VOCs in the soil enter the chamber by molecular diffusion and are collected by the sorbent. The sorbent is easily retrieved for laboratory analyses by thermally desorbing into a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), or qualitative concentrations can be determined directly in the field with specific-indicator detectors.
The diffusive samplers were evaluated in an exposure chamber under controlled conditions. Laboratory measurements of the sorbed mass of organic vapor were found to be in close agreement with theoretical values and indicate the passive sampling approach is viable for detecting relatively low concentrations of organic vapors in the vadose zone over a one-day sampling period, as well as providing relatively long-term monitoring periods up to 58 days. A field test found the sampling approach successful in identifying an area where the vadose zone was contaminated by leaking petroleum USTs.     

2001年云南地区地震活动概述

1　地震活动概况据昆明区域数字地震台网测定 ,2 0 0 1年 1月至 1 2月云南地区 (2 1°～ 2 9°Ｎ ,97°～ 1 0 6°Ｅ)共发生Ｍ≥ 3 0级地震 1 88次 (不含余震 ) ,其中 3 0～ 3 9级地震 1 49次 ,4 0～ 4 9级地震 2 7次 ,5 0～ 5 9级地　　图 1　 2 0 0 1年云南地区Ｍ≥ 3 0级地震Ｍ -ｔ图震 1 1次 ,6 0级地震 1次。 2 0 0 1年云南省内共发生Ｍ≥ 5 0级地震 7组 9次 ,分别是 3月 1 0澜沧 5 0级地震 ,4月 1 0、1 2日和 6月 8日施甸 5 2、 5 9和 5 3级地震 ,5月 2 4日宁蒗 5 8级地震 ,7月 1 0日楚雄 5 3级地震 ,7月 1 5日江川5 0…     

大岗山水库地震监测系统建设及监测能力概估算和验证

本文阐述了大岗山水电站水库诱发地震监测系统建设和监测能力概况,并利用运行后的监测地震目录,分析了近年来库区附近地震活动的时空分布特征。     

泉州地震台数字地震仪的监测能力分析

为了解泉州台数字地震仪对全球地震的监测能力,利用目前各类仿真记录的震级计算公式及近年泉州台台基的地动噪声有效值,结合各区域震相识别经验等设定了可检测地震的首至P波震相振幅、S波和面波的最大振幅与台基地动噪声有效值的比值,并分别计算和分析了泉州台甚宽频带数字地震仪仿短周期(DD-1仪)记录的近震监测能力、仿中长周期(DK-1仪)记录的远震监测能力及仿长周期(763仪)记录的远震和极远震监测能力。结果表明在100 km、1 000 km、130°和全球范围内,一般可分别可监测到ML1.5级、ML3.7级、MS6.1级和MS7 6.1级的地震。有关研究结果对寻求提高泉州台测震观测质量的技术途径等方面具有实际的意义。     

高层建筑被动混合控制的波动分析

本文提出了一种将基础隔震系统与调频质量阻尼器（ＴＭＤ）相结合的被动混合控制系统,计算了带有基础隔震系统,调频质量阻尼器（ＴＭＤ）及其混合控制系统的高层建筑在地面水平运动作用下的振动波及其功率大小,文中比较了不同控制结构在１９４０ＥｌＣｅｎｔｒｏ地震动作用下的加速度峰值,层间位移峰值和最大层间剪力值。理论及数值结果表明：这种被动混合控制系统能够非常有效地抑制地面运动作用下高层建筑的振动,它不仅大大地     

Seismic rotational displacement of gravity walls by pseudo-dynamic method: Passive case

Prediction of the seismic rotational displacements of retaining wall under passive condition is an important aspect of design in earthquake prone region. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic method is used to compute the rotational displacements of rigid retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill under seismic loading for the passive earth pressure condition. The proposed method considers time, phase difference and effect of amplification in shear and primary waves propagating through both the backfill and the retaining wall. The influence of ground motion characteristics on rotational displacement of the wall is evaluated. Also the effects of variation of parameters like wall friction angle, soil friction angle, amplification factor, shear wave velocity, primary wave velocity, period of lateral shaking, horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on the rotational displacements are studied. The rotational displacement of the wall increases substantially with increase in amplification of both shear and primary waves, time of input motion, period of lateral shaking and decreases with increase in soil friction angle, wall friction angle. The rotational displacements of the wall also increase when the effect of wall inertia is taken into account. Results are provided in graphical form.     

中国地震科学实验场人工智能实时地震监测分析系统的应用与展望

"智能地动"(EarthX)系统是目前国际上唯一实时运行的人工智能地震监测系统.2018年12月起,"智能地动"系统在中国地震科学实验场试运行,实时处理川滇地区123个地震台站数据.该系统利用人工智能技术自动检测、拾取震相进而定位地震,在第一个台站接收到P波后数秒内快速产出地震的震源位置和震级,自发震时刻开始计算,平均定位仅用时28.9 s.此外,系统还使用全波形拟合的方法,在1～3分钟左右快速产出震源机制解和矩震级,而无须任何人工干预.EarthX系统在2020年1月1日至2020年8月4日期间,共记录地震897次,产出M3.0以上地震震源机制解81次.基本实现了3级以上地震的自动定位和震源机制解的产出,机制解的平均产出时间为震后103.8 s,弥补了当前地震监测台网不能产出地震震源机制解的空白.通过EarthX系统的推广应用,可逐步取代传统的地震监测发布手段,将台网人员从繁重的地震数据处理工作中解放出来.     

新丰江及龙滩水库地震活动性研究

水库诱发地震的地震活动特征与地震定位研究是开展水库地震研究及危险性评估的重要基础。结合新丰江及龙滩水库的蓄水过程研究讨论了新丰江及龙滩水库的地震活动性,利用2009～2010年在新丰江及龙滩库区架设的加密台站以及两水库原有的观测台站组成的观测台阵记录到的连续观测地震波形,通过结合了波形互相关技术的双差定位法做了地震精定位研究。研究结果证明利用波形互相关技术提取的互相关数据改良了地震定位结果,精定位后震中分布更为集中,与库水分布及周围断裂的分布一致,震源深度也有所收敛,希望该方法推广到今后的水库地震研究中去。     

Reliability of Seismic Moment Tensor Inversions for Induced Microseismicity at Kidd Mine, Ontario

— A novel seismic moment tensor inversion approach is applied to microseismic events from the Kidd mine with moment magnitudes ranging between ?1.2 and 0. Data consist of 35 events recorded on 8 triaxial accelerometers installed underground. Reliable solutions are obtained for 21 events, of which 14 represent pure shear mechanisms, whereas the remaining 7 exhibit a significant positive volumetric component (72–76%), along with some pure shear failure (15–20%). Further analysis indicates that 6 of the events characterized by high volumetric components are located within a sill pillar on the 4,700 level and have subvertical P and subhorizontal T axes. This is in agreement with the presence of tensile cracks close to openings for incipient pillar bursting. The pure shear events are located outside the sill pillar, between the 4,600 and 4,800 levels, and on the 5,600 level within a highly fractured rockmass. For the latter events, the subvertical nodal planes are found to match closely the orientation of subvertical NW-SE fractures aligned parallel to the major faults in the area.     

鹤岗地区地震活动与矿山瓦斯异常涌出的相关性研究

以大尺度的地震监测台网数据结合鹤岗小区域的矿山地震监测台网监测数据为证据,通过数据统计的规律来找出天然地震和矿震活动之间的关系,找出地震活动与煤矿瓦斯异常涌出的相关性研究。经过分析可知天然地震与矿震、煤矿瓦斯爆炸之间存在某些关联,即地震波的传播会导致煤矿瓦斯的异常涌出,这是矿山安全生产的最大威胁之一。探讨了天然地震、矿震及煤矿瓦斯异常涌出的相关性,为矿山的安全开采提供预警的可能。     

大岗山水电站地震台网的地震监测能力研究

采用地脉动噪声法和b值曲线拟合法对四川大岗山水电站地震台网的最小监测能力进行了研究和对比,结果表明在重点监视区理论监测能力达到了ML0.5的要求,实际记录重点监视区完整性震级下限为ML0.5,达到了地震台网设计目标。