地电阻率观测中地铁杂散电流特征

在对地铁杂散电流产生机理的讨论的基础上,定量计算了地铁运行时杂散电流在地电阻率观测中所呈现的影响幅度,结果表明地铁杂散电流传播范围可以达到几十甚至上百千米。通过对城市周边的北京通州、天津青光、宝坻、塘沽、江苏江宁和辽宁新城子等六个地电阻率观测台站观测到的该类信号的研究,分析了其幅值、主要频率范围以及空间分布特征,结果表明该类信号的幅值从几mV至几十mV不等,与源距关系密切,周期主要集中在50—200 s范围内,在分析地震异常前兆信号时该类信号可使信噪比降低10—30 dB左右,其相对方差最大超出标准20倍左右。根据地铁运行时杂散电流传播的特征,本文提出了几种压制该类信号的措施,为识别地震前地电阻率异常信息及排除噪声提供依据。     

武汉地铁运行对应城地震台地磁观测的影响

利用应城地震台2018—2022年地磁观测数据,研究了武汉地铁对Z分量的影响特征。结果表明,应城地震台地磁Z分量背景噪声约0.13 nT,自2019年2月开始受到武汉地铁影响,干扰时段数据出现微小的高频突变。干扰强度与地铁的距离、牵引电压、走行轨的绝缘性等有关,距离越近、牵引电压越高干扰幅度越大;多条线路造成的干扰可能存在叠加。采用直流750 V牵引电压的地铁在80 km外干扰强度小于0.2 nT,而采用直流1 500 V电压的地铁在相同距离干扰强度大于0.6 nT。     

用自然电位估算地铁干扰大小——以天津塘沽地震台为例

地铁杂散电流会导致地表电位发生变化并引发危害,其大小与轨道绝缘情况、车辆行驶速度等因素有关,难以直接测量。基于自然电位不仅是地下介质电导率分布的响应也是场源（电流源）反应的特性,利用“轨道—大地”模型,计算最近地面线路单列列车行经塘沽地震台时产生的杂散电流最大可达50 A。结合地铁“日行夜停”的特点,对塘沽地震台自然电位数据进行分段研究,估算出地铁杂散电流平均约33.15,引起的电位变化平均约为0.68,并得到地铁运行最大日干扰时间规律。为准确评估地铁运行对地电观测的影响,提出科学改造方案提供了理论依据。     

基于电化学理论的腐蚀监测技术研究及其在钢混梁中的应用

掌握钢筋腐蚀状态可为结构安全评定及全寿命设计提供科学依据。利用分段法解析腐蚀传感器的恒电流阶跃响应数据,提取腐蚀过程特征参数。采用Sym 4小波分析电化学噪声数据得到判定点蚀发生的能量分布。显示腐蚀后混凝土的电阻量级仅为102Ω.cm2,极化电阻量级为102Ω.cm2,钢筋的腐蚀速率较大;双电层电容量级为10-4F.cm-2;β<1说明CPE项的出现,导致电容表现为非理想电容;σ/Rp≥10-2,说明较长测试时间内扩散起主导作用;腐蚀前EN的能量主要集中在1、2、3晶胞上,而腐蚀发生后EN的能量转移到特征晶胞5、6、7上。本文认为,分段解析恒电流阶跃响应数据能够在时域内准确获取腐蚀过程特征参数;基于小波分析的能量分布方法能够定性判定点蚀的发生;五电极传感器能够准确监测腐蚀过程。     

裂缝、裂隙介质衰减频散研究

为研究裂缝、裂隙介质中波致流引起的衰减,将裂缝看作背景孔隙岩石中非常薄且孔隙度非常高的层状介质,并等价成White周期层状模型.分别考虑不同类型的裂隙和孔隙之间的挤喷流影响,结合改进的Biot方程,推导得到裂缝裂隙介质的刚度与频率的关系.当缝隙中饱含流体时,介质的衰减和速度频散受裂缝、孔隙之间和裂隙、孔隙之间流体流动的显著影响.在低频极限下,裂缝裂隙介质的性质由各向异性Gassmann理论和挤喷流模型获得;而在非常高的频率时,由于缝隙中的压力来不及达到平衡,波致流的影响可忽略.分析表明,裂隙密度主要影响波的衰减,而裂隙纵横比主要控制优势衰减频率和速度显著变化的频率范围;由于不同裂隙的衰减机制不同,衰减和速度频散大小有所差异,但基本趋势相同.

     

呼和浩特轨道交通对地磁数据的干扰特征及去噪方法

通过分析地铁供电系统的组成架构,对呼和浩特地磁台的干扰机理进行分析阐述,总结干扰的基本特征;同时,结合小波变换的方法获得地铁干扰的频带范围及频谱特征,获取时频联合域中能量密度分布.在此基础上采用BD小波分解方法对高频干扰部分进行滤除,达到有效提高地磁观测质量的目的.     

垂直线电流源的三维电阻率成像

在油井注水和深井注浆的电法监测中,地表布设平面的电位测量网,而将钻井的钢套管作为线电流源来供电,据此可确定流体的运动方向和分布特征。数据处理中需解决垂直线电流源的三维电阻率反演。本文叙述了相应的反演理论和偏导数计算方法。在某油田的试验中,以生产井为电极圈的中心,每圈均匀布设18个电极,共6圈,在地表得到了108个电位数据,获得500-2000m之间5个不同深度层的真电阻率分布图像,并对深度层为1500~1600m的图像进行了初步解释。结果表明,该方法可以对井下某深度层中的流体运动和分布可进行有效的监测。     

基于地磁台站数据对磁暴期间环电流和场向电流的分布特征研究

磁暴的发生与环电流的变化密切相关.除了对称环电流外,部分环电流在磁暴的发展过程中也起到了重要的作用,同时部分环电流通过场向电流与极区电离层中的电流形成回路.本文应用INTERMAGNET地磁台网北半球中低纬区域地磁台站数据,对不同强度4个磁暴事件主相和恢复相期间部分环电流和场向电流的磁地方时分布进行了分析和讨论.对于每一个磁暴事件,在低纬地区（地磁纬度约0°—40°N）选用地磁经度上大致均匀的8个台站,通过坐标转换计算平行于磁偶极轴的地磁场水平分量H来分析磁暴期间环电流所引起的磁场扰动;在低纬地区8个台站的基础上增加中纬地区（地磁纬度约40°N—60°N）地磁经度上大致均匀的6个台站,计算地磁坐标系下地磁场东西分量Y来分析磁暴期间场向电流在中低纬地区引起的磁场扰动.结果表明,磁暴主相期间的部分环电流主要作用于磁地方时昏侧和夜侧扇区,并且主相和恢复相期间部分环电流引起的磁场变化随着磁暴级别的增大而增大;磁暴主相期间向下的场向电流多出现在夜侧至晨侧扇区,向上的场向电流多出现在昏侧至午后扇区,且中纬地区向下和向上场向电流的展布范围明显大于低纬地区;恢复相期间弱、中磁暴事件的场向电流呈现与部分环电流相同的减弱趋势,而强、大磁暴事件在恢复相末期场向电流引起的磁场变化明显不同于恢复相的其他时刻,这可能与高纬较强的亚暴活动有关.

     

水星内磁层等离子体带及电流体系

水星是太阳系中离主星最近的和最小的类地行星, 它具有独特的空间环境.水手10号(Mariner 10)确认水星拥有全球性内禀偶极磁场和磁层.但是由于早期观测有限, 人们通常将水星磁层简单地视作地球磁层的缩小版来研究.不过, 在信使号(MESSENGER)访问水星之后, 人们认识到水星和地球的空间环境有巨大差异.通过更深入的分析研究, 人们发现在水星内磁层中, 夜侧磁赤道面附近有带状的等离子体分布, 并且该等离子体带可能与多种磁层电流体系(分叉环电流、亚暴电流楔和东向电流等)密切相关.在贝彼哥伦布(BepiColombo)计划揭开水星研究的新篇章之际, 本文回顾近些年来与水星内磁层等离子体带及相关电流体系有关的研究, 并指出相关研究将是未来水星空间环境的前沿热点.

     

Detection of crustal inhomogeneity in the Nojima Fault zone using earth current noise

Abstract A resistivity survey method using artificial telluric noise was examined and applied to a field of a fault zone. The electric earth current was measured at 50 sites in the Nojima Fault zone, which is in the northwestern part of Awaji Island, southwestern Japan. The dominant component of the observed electric field is supposed to be leakage currents from DC electric railways running outside the island. Amplitude and polarization of the stray current were systematically investigated and were revealed to represent the subsurface electrical structure of the study area. Some features on the fault zone's electrical structure have been pointed out, including: (i) an electrical boundary that corresponds to a geological one between granite (resistive) and sediments (conductive); and (ii) a low resistivity spot on the surface rupture of the earthquake fault. The structure estimated in the present study is both qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with previous resistivity surveys done using other methods pursued in the same area. It shows the validity of the 'stray current method' as one that is easy and uses low-cost resistivity exploration tools in a region where the effect of artificial noise caused mainly by leakage currents from electrical railways cannot be ignored.     

Dynamics of convective dissolution from a migrating current of carbon dioxide

During geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂), trapping of the buoyant CO₂ after injection is essential in order to minimize the risk of leakage into shallower formations through a fracture or abandoned well. Models for the subsurface behavior of the CO₂ are useful for the design, implementation, and long-term monitoring of injection sites, but traditional reservoir-simulation tools are currently unable to resolve the impact of small-scale trapping processes on fluid flow at the scale of a geologic basin. Here, we study the impact of solubility trapping from convective dissolution on the up-dip migration of a buoyant gravity current in a sloping aquifer. To do so, we conduct high-resolution numerical simulations of the gravity current that forms from a pair of miscible analogue fluids. Our simulations fully resolve the dense, sinking fingers that drive the convective dissolution process. We analyze the dynamics of the dissolution flux along the moving CO₂–brine interface, including its decay as dissolved buoyant fluid accumulates beneath the buoyant current. We show that the dynamics of the dissolution flux and the macroscopic features of the migrating current can be captured with an upscaled sharp-interface model.     

Improved method to derive equivalent current systems from global MHD simulations

Derivation of equivalent current systems(ECS)from a global magnetospheric magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)model is very useful in studying magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling,ground induction effects,and space weather forecast.In this study we introduce an improved method to derive the ECS from a global MHD model,which takes account of the obliqueness of the magnetic field lines.By comparing the ECS derived from this improved method and the previous method,we find that the main characteristics of the ECS derived from the two methods are generally consistent with each other,but the eastward-westward component of the geomagnetic perturbation calculated from the ECS derived from the improved method is much stronger than that from the previous method.We then compare the geomagnetic perturbation as a function of the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF)clock angle calculated from the ECS derived from both methods with the observations.The comparison indicates that the improved method can improve the performance of the simulation.Furthermore,it is found that the incomplete counterbalance of the geomagnetic effect produced by the ionospheric poloidal current and field-aligned current(FAC)contributes to most of the eastward-westward component of geomagnetic perturbation.     

Patterns of stress corrosion: Geometry of the principal stresses

We investigate migration of fluids through the rock in the stress corrosion process. The fluids migrate along the trajectories of the principal stress field. We study geometry of these trajectories, including singularities, limit cycles, and possible bifurcations. We describe corresponding configurations of weakened zones in the lithosphere due to the fluid migration.     

基于专利角度的防震减灾领域技术研发态势分析

防震减灾事业发展需要高科技的支撑,从专利角度对防震减灾领域技术研发情况进行分析,有助于准确把握该领域技术全球发展态势.基于incoPat全球专利数据库对国际领域内防震减灾专利进行研究,揭示全球防震减灾领域技术的研究现状、研究热点及研发布局.结果显示:全球范围内对于防震减灾领域技术的研发一直在持续增加,2004年之后快速...     

投弃式海流电场剖面仪研制

本文分析了投弃式海流电场剖面仪的发展,简介了海流感生电场的基本原理,提出了投弃式海流电场剖面仪的技术方案.根据投弃式海流电场剖面仪的实际需求,研发了XCP海流电场传感器,并通过XCP探头的自旋转(16 r/s),实现了将海流电场信号AM调制并频移至海流电场传感器的超低噪声频段,解决了在高噪声背景下快速测量纳伏级微弱海流电场信号.设计实现了XCP探头前端弱信号处理电路,对海流电场微弱信号进行滤波提取的同时可实现对海流电场同向分量进行硬件电路补偿,在一定程度上克服了XCP探头下沉引起感生电场的强干扰.在XCP探头内部采用SoPC技术实现对海流电场信号、罗盘线圈信号和温度信息的快速测量及其数字化处理,并将数字信息以UART协议及LVDS物理层数传方式发送到XCP浮筒端.开创了长度2 km、直径0.1 mm漆包线动态数据传输技术,解决了XCP探头和XCP浮筒之间的数字化数据传输问题.根据XCP探头所采集的海流电场信号与罗盘线圈信号的同相分量In、正交分量Qn、基线量Bn数据,研究了XCP探测方法,从而计算出了海流的东向与北向相对速度分量VEr、VNr.采用所研发的XCP,在我国南海海域首次采集到海面至海下千米深度的XCP海流电场信息和海洋温度信息.     

瞬变电磁法中关断电流的响应计算与校正方法研究

关断电流的存在直接影响仪器的探测能力和数据资料的解释.为了分析和校正这种影响,文中给出了关断时间的计算方法,根据多匝回线源产生的瞬变场理论解析式,计算了线性和半正弦关断电流影响下瞬变场表达式,计算半正弦关断电流产生的瞬变场时将正弦函数进行泰勒展开;分析了关断时间在2μs～100 μs之间两种关断模式产生的瞬变响应.结果显示;同一关断时间下线性关断电流和半正弦关断电流对瞬变场的影响主要表现在"早期",并且随观测时间的增加影响逐渐减弱.同时,关断时间越长,关断效应对瞬变场的影响越向瞬变"晚期"延伸;半正弦关断电流对瞬变场的影响大于线性关断电流.当关断时间为100 μs时,关断电流产生的瞬变场曲线约在0.5 ms之后与理论曲线重合.研究结果为数据处理和仪器开发提供参考.     

Comparison of different turbulence models in predicting cohesive fluid mud gravity current propagation

A numerical study of propagation of cohesive fluid mud gravity currents in the form of lock-exchange was done using the OpenFOAM open source toolbox. An Eulerian approach solution for three separate phases was developed by incorporating a rheological model to predict the front position of cohesive fluid mud gravity currents. The model also simulates features in the complete movement phases including slumping, self-similar, and viscous in which the dynamics of propagation are affected by the balance of viscous and buoyancy forces, and the inertia force is negligible. The influence of using different turbulence models containing sub-grid scale (SGS), modified SGS, detached eddy simulation (DES), delayed-detached eddy simulation (DDES), Launder-R eece-Rodi (LRR), and k-ɛ models on the accuracy of simulation results was evaluated by comparing with available experimental data. The results show that the selection of the proper turbulence model is one of the most important issues for this type of the numerical modeling. The more efficient turbulence model was suggested and tabulated for each stage of propagation and different selected concentrations of 1,045, 1,140, and 1,214 g/L. Although different turbulence models (except k-ɛ) lead to front propagation dynamic simulation results that are in good agreement with the experimental measurements in the early stage of propagation for low concentrations, only DES, SGS, and modified SGS are able to capture the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability vortex shapes at the dense fluid interface, which is the main characteristic of the gravity current through the slumping phase. The calculated accuracies of SGS and modified SGS in predicting gravity current propagation for the both self-similar and viscous phases also are slightly better than DES, DDES, and LRR model results. The results of this study confirmed the performance and efficiency of the modified SGS model in which the interaction coefficients between phases are calibrated for the numerical modeling of fluid mud gravity current propagation.     

套损检测新技术

介绍了套损检测的紧迫性和油田开发中的重要意义,从声波、井径、光学、电磁等方面论说了当前世界上如斯伦贝谢、哈利伯顿、阿特拉斯、松旦克斯及俄罗斯地球物理等公司研制的具有特色套损检测先进仪器,详细介绍了各种仪器原理、特点和技术指标,各种检测仪国内油田基本上有应用,而且引进了部分仪器.