Fe- and Al-Rich metapelites of the Teiskaya Group, Yenisei Range: Geochemistry, protoliths, and the behavior of their material during metamorphism

The Fe- and Al-rich metapelite of the Teiskaya Group in the trans-Angara part of the Yenisei Range are characterized by variable P-T parameters of their metamorphism. Geochemical data on these rocks were used to reproduce the nature and composition of their protolith. The metapelites were determined to be redeposited and metamorphosed Precambrian weathering crusts of the kaolinite type, which were produced by the erosion of Archean rocks of predominantly acid (granitoid) composition in shallow-water continental-margin basins in a humid climate. These results are consistent with the results of the lithological-facies analysis and geodynamic reconstruction of the Precambrian geological evolution of complexes in the Yenisei range. Differences were revealed between the REE patterns in metapelites in various metamorphic zones caused by both the compositional heterogeneity of the protoliths and the prograde (in terms of pressure) mineral reactions of collision metamorphism with the predominant effects of various processes during different evolutionary stages.     

Pre-Riphean metapelites of the Yenisei Range: Chemical composition,sources of eroded material,and paleogeodynamics

The paper reports data on metapelites (gneisses and crystalline schists) from various Early Precambrian lithostratigraphic units of the Yenisei Range (Kan and Yenisei complexes, Garevka Unit, and Teya Group). A representative selection of 57 samples from the examined vertical section were analyzed for major oxides, LILE, transition elements, HFSE, REE, radioactive elements, and other trace and minor elements. The most important distinctive geochemical feature of metapelites composing most of the vertical section is their elevated concentrations of Al, which are higher than in the Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS), K, Rb, Ba, Ga, Sc, Pb, Th, Nb, Y, and REE. These data and the systematics of elements in certain discriminant diagrams testify that the metasedimentary complexes in the sedimentation basin and the rocks associations composing the erosion area (crystalline massifs of the ancient basement of the Siberian craton) were strongly geochemically differentiated and mature. The composition of the eroded crustal material was close to the average composition of the post-Archean continental crust and PAAS. The metapelites of the Kuzeeva Unit in the Kan Complex and Penchenginskaya Formation in the Teya Group were the only ones that could have basic rocks as an additional source of material, as also follows from the elevated Cr concentrations of the rocks and their REE systematics. The three types of REE patterns of the metapelites largely correspond to the composition of the rocks that composed the ancient drainage areas and the degrees of the differentiation and averaging of their terrigenous material. The first predominant type corresponds to PAAS and the averaged composition of the upper continental crust. The second and third types of the REE patterns with high and low La_N/Yb_N ratios, respectively, and with or without negative Eu anomalies provide evidence of the contribution of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) or basite sources typical of granite-greenstone provinces. In certain diagrams, the compositional fields of Early Precambrian metapelites in the Yenisei Range almost exactly coincide with the compositional fields of regional fine-grained Riphean terrigenous rocks. This suggests that the Late Precambrian sedimentary rock sequences inherited their geochemical features from more ancient rocks. The reproduced ancient geodynamic environments in which the Early Precambrian metaterrigenous complexes of the Yenisei Range were accumulated correspond to ensialic continental marginal basins. The rocks of the Kan and Yenisei complexes and the Garevka Unit were formed mostly on active continental margins and, less frequently, on passive margins. The protoliths of metasedimentary rocks of the Teya Group were accumulated in a subplatform environment at a passive margin.     

Provenance of Precambrian Fe- and Al-rich Metapelites in the Yenisey Ridge and Kuznetsk Alatau, Siberia： Geochemical Signatures

Major, trace and rare earth element contents of Fe- and Al-rich metapelites from the Korda （Yenisey Ridge） and Amar （Kuznetsk Alatau） formations were determined to examine the nature, origin and evolution of their protoliths. Results indicate that these rocks are the redeposited and metamorphosed products of Precambrian kaolinitic weathering crusts, while the geochemical distinctions between the studied metapelites are determined by different weathering conditions in the source area and tectonic settings. The protolith of the Korda Formation metapelites was produced by erosion products of the post-Archean granitoid rocks, which accumulated under humid climate conditions in shallow-water basins along the continental margin. The geochemical characteristics of the deeper primary deposits of the Amar Formation suggest that volcanogenic material of mafic composition derived from an island-arc environment had a major role in supplying the erosion zone. These results agree with lithofacies data and with the geodynamic reconstruction of the evolution of the Yenisey Ridge and Kuznetsk Alatau during the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic, respectively. It was shown that REEs had limited mobility during contact metamorphism. The coherent mobility of REEs during collisional metamorphism may be attributed both to mineral reactions responsible for modal changes and to local chemical heterogeneity inherited from the initial protolith.     

小兴安岭西北部科洛杂岩的岩石学与年代学

目前业内学者对于科洛杂岩的认识一致缺乏系统的年代学数据与之相匹配,且关于科洛杂岩原岩的物质组成和形成时代也缺少年代学资料的约束,为查明小兴安岭西北部科洛杂岩的原岩组成和变质期次,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年方法,在系统分析锆石特征及成因的基础上,对科洛杂岩中3种变质岩（弱片麻状角闪石岩、黑云斜长片麻岩和黑云角闪斜长片麻岩）中不同成因锆石进行年代学研究.岩浆型锆石年龄数据显示,碎屑锆石可分为古-中元古代、晚泥盆世晚期-早石炭世早期和晚石炭世晚期-早二叠世早期3组,3个样品中最年轻的锆石年龄分别为286.3±3.6 Ma、284.3±3.1 Ma和345.3±4.8 Ma,而变质锆石年龄数据分为早-中三叠世（峰值年龄248.5 Ma）和早-中侏罗世（峰值年龄173.1 Ma）两期.结合区域资料和年龄数据分析,科洛杂岩中包含下二叠统和下石炭统碎屑沉积岩,物源可能分别来自于区域上的前寒武纪基底残块和石炭统-二叠统岩浆岩,且在成岩之后至少经历了两期变质作用,早期的变质作用可能是蒙古-鄂霍茨克板块南向俯冲作用的远程效应;晚期变质作用受蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋南向俯冲和古太平洋西向俯冲的叠加作用控制.      

The Teya polymetamorphic complex in the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge: An example of metamorphic superimposed zoning of low- and medium-pressure facies series

Two successive phases of metamorphism can be recognized based on mineralogical and petrological observations coupled with geothermobarometric estimates for chemical zoning in Fe- and Al-rich metapelites from the Teya crystalline rocks of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge. The first phase is marked by the formation of low-pressure regional metamorphic complexes of the andalusite-sillimanite type (P = 3.9–5.1 kbar; T = 510–640°C), which were most likely related to the Middle Riphean Grenville events. In the second phase, metapelitic rocks underwent Late Riphean medium-pressure collisional metamorphism of the kyanite-sillimanite type (P = 5.7–7.2 kbar, T = 660–700°C), which resulted locally in an increase in pressure in the vicinity of thrusts. These results suggest that medium-pressure kyanite-bearing metapelitic rocks were formed as a result of collision-related metamorphism caused by thrusting of the Siberian cratonal blocks onto the Yenisei Ridge in the vicinity of the Tatarka deep fault.     

Collision metamorphism of precambrian complexes in the Transangarian Yenisei Range

Three complexes in the zones of the Ishimbinskii and Tatarka deep faults in the Transangarian part of the Yenisei Range were studied to reproduce their metamorphic evolution and elucidate distinctive features of regional geodynamic processes. The results of our geological and petrological studies with the application of geothermobarometry and P-T metamorphic paths indicate that the Neoproterozoic kyanite-sillimanite intermediate-pressure metamorphism overprinted regionally metamorphosed rocks of low pressure of Middle Riphean age. The kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism was characterized by (1) the development of deformational structures and textures and kyanite-bearing blastomylonites with sillimanite, garnet, and staurolite after andalusite-bearing regional-metamorphic mineral assemblages; (2) insignificant apparent thickness of the zone of intermediate-pressure zonal metamorphism (from 2.5 to 7 km), which was localized near overthrusts; (3) a low geothermal gradient during metamorphism (from 1–7 to 12°C/km); and (4) a gradual increase in the total metamorphic pressure from southwest to northeast with approaching the overthrusts. These features are typical of collisional metamorphism during the thrusting of continental blocks and testify that the rocks subsided nearly isothermally. The process is justified within the scope of a model for the tectonic thickening of the crust via rapid thrusting and subsequent rapid exhumation and erosion. The analysis of our results with regard for the northeastern dips of the thrusts allowed us to consider the intermediate-pressure metapelites as products of collision metamorphism, which were formed in the process of a single thrusting of ancient rock blocks from the Siberian Platform onto the Yenisei Range.     

Clarkes of concentrations of trace elements in the Riphean fine-grained terrigenous rocks of the Uchur-Maya region and the Yenisei Range

The clarkes of concentrations (K_c) of a wide range of trace elements (Li, Be, B, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Cs, Ba, REE, Hf, Ta, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U) were analyzed for fine-gained terrigenous rocks (mudstones, metapelites) from the reference Riphean sections of the Uchur-Maya region and the Yenisei Range. It was established that the shales and mudstones of the Uchur and Aimchan groups in the Riphean hypostratotype section are characterized by moderate (2.5 < K_c < 5) and intense (K_c > 5) geochemical specialization for Li, B, and Zn. At the same time, the similar rocks of the Lakhanda and Ui groups do not exhibit any distinct geochemical specialization, although they are notably enriched in HREE. The metapelites from the basal formations of the Riphean sedimentary successions in the Yenisei Range are distinctly specialized for B and slightly for Li, Rb, Be, Nb, Ta, Th, Ge, and Cd. In addition, moderate specialization for Cu is characteristic of the metapelites from the Korda and Lopatino formations; for Bi, Sb, Hg, and V, for their analogs from the Potoskui Formation; and, for Hg and Cs, for the similar rocks from the Lopatino Formation. The metapelites of the Lower Riphean Korda Formation from the central zone of the Yenisei Range have elevated contents of significantly more elements (Li, Be, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ag, In, Hf, Hg, and others) than their counterparts from its eastern near-platform part. The mudstones of the ore-bearing (Pb, Zn) Gorevo Formation are characterized by elevated concentrations of several ore elements such as Pb, Cd, As, Sb, and Bi. The elevated K_c values of the rare lithophile and of several ore elements in the metapelites of the Yenisei Range are determined by the high geochemical differentiation of the Early Precambrian blocks constituting the western margin of the Siberian Craton, which were eroded in the Riphean, and the syn-sedimentary riftogenic and intraplate magmatism. On the contrary, the fine-grained and terrigenous rocks from the basal part of the Riphean section in the Uchur-Maya region are compositionally closer to the immature Late Archean substrates or their Early Proterozoic analogs.     

Accretionary Tectonics of Rock Complexes in the Western Margin of the Siberian Craton

The geological, geochemical, and isotope-geochronological evidence of the events at the final stage of the Neoproterozoic history of the Yenisei Range is considered (beginning from the formation of fragments of the oceanic crust in the region and their accretion to the Siberian Craton until the postaccretionary stage of crustal tension and onset of the Caledonian orogeny). Based on an analysis of new data on the petrogeochemical composition, age, and geodynamic nature of the formation of contrasting rocks in the composition of tectonic mélange of the Near-Yenisei (Prieniseiskaya) regional shear zone, we have found the chronological sequence of events that marks the early stages of the Paleoasian Ocean evolution in the zone of its junction with the Siberian Craton. These events are documented by the continental marginal, ophiolitic, and island-arc geological complexes, each of which has different geochemical features. The most ancient structures are represented by fragments of oceanic crust and island arcs from the Isakovka terrane (700–620 Ma). The age of glaucophane-schist metamorphic units that formed in the paleosubduction zone corresponds to the time interval of 640–620 Ma. The formation of high-pressure tectonites in the suture zone, about 600 Ma in age, marks the finishing stage of accretion of the Isakovka block to the western margin of the Siberian Craton. The final events in the early history of the Asian Paleoocean were related to the formation of Late Vendian riftogenic amygdaloidal basalts (572 ± 6.5 Ma) and intrusion of postcollisional leucogranites of the Osinovka massif (550–540 Ma), which intruded earlier fragments of the oceanic crust in the Isakovka terrane. These data allow us to refine the Late Precambrian stratigraphic scheme in the northwestern Trans-Angarian part of the Yenisei Range and the evolutionary features of the Sayan–Yenisei accretionary belt. The revealed Late Neoproterozoic landmarks of the evolution of the Isakovka terrane are attributed to the terminal phase of the breakup of Rodinia, separation of the Siberian Craton, and opening of the Paleoasian Ocean.     

Kyanite–sillimanite metamorphism of the Precambrian complexes,Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge

Four Precambrian metamorphic complexes in the vicinity of regional faults in the Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge were examined. Based on geothermobarometry and P-T path calculations, our geological and petrological studies showed that the Neoproterozoic medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite–sillimanite type overprinted regionally metamorphosed low-pressure andalusite-bearing rocks at about 850 Ma. A positive correlation between rock ages and P-T estimates for the kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism provide evidence of the regional structural and tectonic heterogeneity. The medium-pressure metamorphism was characterized by (1) the development of deformational structures and textures, and kyanite-bearing blastocataclasites (blastomylonites) with sillimanite, garnet, and staurolite after andalusite-bearing regional metamorphic rocks; (2) insignificant apparent thickness of the zone of medium-pressure zonal metamorphism (from 2.5 to 7 km), which was localized in the vicinity of the overthrusts; (3) a low metamorphic field gradient during metamorphism (from 1–7 to 12 °C/km); and (4) a gradual increase in lithostatic pressure towards the thrust faults. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and are evidence for near-isothermal loading. This event was justified within the framework of the crustal tectonic thickening model via rapid overthrusting and subsequent rapid uplifting and erosion. The results obtained allowed us to consider medium-pressure kyanite-bearing metapelites as a product of collision metamorphism, formed either by unidirectional thrusting of rock blocks from Siberian craton onto the Yenisei Ridge in the zones of regional faults (Angara, Mayakon, and Chapa areas) or by opposite movements in the zone of splay faults of higher orders (Garevka area).     

Geochemistry,petrogenesis and age of metamorphic rocks of the Angara complex at the junction of South and North Yenisei Ridge

The mineralogical, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data were used to evaluate the age and petrogenesis of compositionally contrasting metamorphic rocks at the junction between Meso-Neoproterozoic Transangarian structures and Archean-Paleoproterozoic complexes of the Angara–Kan inlier of the Yenisei Ridge. The studied metabasites and metapelites provide clues for understanding the evolution of the region. The magmatic protoliths of low-Ti metabasites were derived by melting of depleted (N-MORB) upper mantle, and their high-Ti counterparts are interpreted to have originated from an enriched mantle source (E-MORB). The petrogeochemical characteristics of protoliths of the metabasite dikes resemble those of within-plate basalts and ocean island tholeiites. The Fe- and Al-rich metapelites are redeposited and metamorphosed products of Precambrian weathering crusts of kaolinite and montmorillonite-chlorite-hydromica compositions. The Р–Т conditions of metamorphism (4.9–5.5 kbar/570–650°С for metabasites; 4.1–7.1 kbar/500–630°С for metapelites) correspond to epidote–amphibolite to amphibolite facies transition. The evolution of the Angara complex occurred in two stages. The early stage (1.18–0.85 Ga) is associated with Grenville tectonics and the late stage is correlated with accretion/collision episodes of the Valhalla orogeny, with the peaks at 810–790 and 730–720 Ma, and the final stage of the Neoproterozoic evolution of the orogen on the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton. The correlation of regional crustal processes with globalscale geological events in the Precambrian evolution of the Earth supports recent paleomagnetic reconstructions that allow a direct, long-lived (1400–600 Ma) spatial and temporal connection between Siberia, Laurentia, and Baltica, which have been parts of ancient supercontinents.     

The link between oxygen isotope resetting, partial melting, and fluid flow in metamorphic terrains

A correlation between the style of partial melting and synmeta-morphic fluid flow exists in metapelites from the Mount Lofty Ranges, Reynolds Range, and Omeo Zone (Australia). Mount Lofty Ranges migmatites comprise granitic leucosomes in rocks that are still biotite rich, with no indications of other mafic minerals being formed along with the melts. By contrast, in the Reynolds and Omeo migmatites, garnet, cordierite, and/or spinel formed along with the melts. Oxygen isotope data are most consistent with the Mount Lofty Ranges undergoing significant fluid–rock interaction during regional metamorphism, which may have fluxed fluid-present partial melting. By contrast regional metamorphic fluid flow in the Reynolds Range and Omeo Zone was limited, leading to partial melting via fluid-absent reactions. The style of melting reactions may help to constrain the timing of isotopic resetting and fluid flow in metamorphic terrains, which is currently a contentious issue.     

Metamorphic petrology and zircon geochronology of high-grade rocks from the central Mozambique Belt of Tanzania: crustal recycling of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic material during the Pan-African orogeny

New data on the metamorphic petrology and zircon geochronology of high‐grade rocks in the central Mozambique Belt (MB) of Tanzania show that this part of the orogen consists of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic material that was structurally reworked during the Pan‐African event. The metamorphic rocks are characterized by a clockwise P–T path, followed by strong decompression, and the time of peak granulite facies metamorphism is similar to other granulite terranes in Tanzania. The predominant rock types are mafic to intermediate granulites, migmatites, granitoid orthogneisses and kyanite/sillimanite‐bearing metapelites. The meta‐granitoid rocks are of calc‐alkaline composition, range in age from late Archean to Neoproterozoic, and their protoliths were probably derived from magmatic arcs during collisional processes. Mafic to intermediate granulites consist of the mineral assemblage garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–quartz–biotite–amphibole ± K‐feldspar ± orthopyroxene ± oxides. Metapelites are composed of garnet‐biotite‐plagioclase ± K‐feldspar ± kyanite/sillimanite ± oxides. Estimated values for peak granulite facies metamorphism are 12–13 kbar and 750–800 °C. Pressures of 5–8 kbar and temperatures of 550–700 °C characterize subsequent retrogression to amphibolite facies conditions. Evidence for a clockwise P–T path is provided by late growth of sillimanite after kyanite in metapelites. Zircon ages indicate that most of the central part of the MB in Tanzania consists of reworked ancient crust as shown by Archean (c. 2970–2500 Ma) and Palaeoproterozoic (c. 2124–1837 Ma) protolith ages. Metamorphic zircon from metapelites and granitoid orthogneisses yielded ages of c. 640 Ma which are considered to date peak regional granulite facies metamorphism during the Pan‐African orogenic event. However, the available zircon ages for the entire MB in East Africa and Madagascar also document that peak metamorphic conditions were reached at different times in different places. Large parts of the MB in central Tanzania consist of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic material that was reworked during the Pan‐African event and that may have been part of the Tanzania Craton and Usagaran domain farther to the west.     

大别山榴辉岩一片麻岩杂岩的成因

大别山榴辉岩由辉长岩、大陆拉斑玄武岩和少量泥灰质经高压变质作用形成。大别地块可划分出四个形成条件不同的榴辉岩区,它们代表一种构造－岩石组合体。片麻岩杂岩中各种高压变质岩类的发现证明它们与榴辉岩一起经历了原地高压变质过程。二者变质作用Ｐ－Ｔ参数的差异归因于抬升过程中退变质反应速度的不同。不同地区榴辉岩退变质组合及Ｐ－Ｔ条件与围岩的一致性表明,大别杂岩现今所展示的“递增”变质带是由榴辉岩相退变质作用形成的。高压榴辉岩－片麻岩杂岩的产生是印支期扬子与华北两个大陆板块碰撞的结果。     

阿尔泰造山带喀纳斯群变质碎屑岩地球化学特征及年代学研究

喀纳斯群为一套巨厚的中低压型浅变质碎屑岩系,主要由片岩、片麻岩、变质砂岩等组成,其形成时代未有统一的认识,致使阿尔泰构造带的构造演化过程争议较大。对喀纳斯群变质岩进行原岩恢复,认为该套变质岩为副变质岩,考虑到变质碎屑岩的成岩物质继承母岩特征和变质程度的影响,利用碎屑岩研究方法对元素地球化学特征进行探讨,显示出喀纳斯群变质碎屑岩原岩形成环境以大陆岛弧为主,兼有活动大陆边缘的特征,CIA、ICV指数反应出原岩经历了相对温暖、湿润的风化作用,成熟度较低。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,最年轻的锆石年龄集中在(500±3.0)Ma,代表喀纳斯群的上限年龄,认为该套地层形成于晚寒武世晚期之前,为一套形成于大陆岛弧或活动大陆边缘的复理石建造。新元古代青白口纪初期基底裂解事件,暗示着阿尔泰构造带存在前寒武纪大陆地壳基底。     

Zircon geochronology constraints on the age and nature of ‘Precambrian metamorphic rocks’ in the Xing’an block of Northeast China

The Great Xing’an Range in Northeast China is located in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. From north to south, the Great Xing’an Range is divided into the Erguna, Xing’an, and Songliao blocks. Previous U–Pb zircon geochronology results have revealed that some ‘Precambrian metamorphic rocks’ in the Xing’an block have Phanerozoic protolith ages, questioning whether Precambrian basement exists in the Xing’an block. We present laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) U–Pb dating results for zircons from suspected Precambrian metamorphic rocks in the Xing’an block. Meta-rhyolites of the Xinkailing Group in Nenjiang yield magmatic ages of 355.8 Ma. Detrital zircons from phyllites of the Xinkailing Group in Duobaoshan yield populations of ca. 1505, ca. 810, and ca. 485 Ma, with the youngest peak constraining its depositional age to be <485 Ma. Zircons from amphibolitic gneisses of the Xinkailing Group in Nenjiang have magmatic ages of 308.6 Ma. Mylonitic granites of the Xinkailing Group in Nenjiang have zircon magmatic ages of 164 Ma. Detrital zircons from two-mica quartz schists of the Luomahu Group in the Galashan Forest yield ca. 2419, ca. 1789, ca. 801, ca. 536, ca. 480, and ca. 420 Ma, with the youngest peak indicating its depositional age as <420 Ma. Detrital zircons from mylonitized sericite–chlorite schist of the Ergunhe Formation in Taerqi yield populations of 982–948, ca. 519, and ca. 410 Ma, with the youngest peak demonstrating that its depositional age is <410 Ma. These zircon ages for a range of lithologies show that the Great Xing’an Range metamorphic rocks formed during the Phanerozoic (164–485 Ma) and that this crust is mostly Palaeozoic. Based on these results and published data, we conclude that there is no evidence of Precambrian metamorphic basement in the Xing’an block. In summary, the age data indicate that Precambrian metamorphic basement may not exist in the Xing’an region.     

华北克拉通中部造山带早前寒武纪变质演化历史评述

根据变质作用程度不同,华北中部造山带早前寒武纪基底可以进一步分为高级区和花岗-绿岩带。前者变质程度可达高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相,包括太华、吕梁、阜平、恒山、怀安、宣化等杂岩,花岗-绿岩带的变质程度较低,多为绿片岩相-角闪岩相,包括登封、赞皇、五台等杂岩。已有变质演化研究表明,高级区恒山、怀安和宣化杂岩中的麻粒岩和(或)退变榴辉岩记录的峰期变质压力最高,恒山杂岩、阜平杂岩和宣化杂岩中的麻粒岩记录的峰期变质温度最高;花岗-绿岩带中的赞皇杂岩和五台杂岩出露高压斜长角闪岩和高压变泥质岩。中部带各变质杂岩中可识别出早期进变质、峰期、峰后快速降压和晚期冷却等变质阶段,拥有顺时针近等温降压型的变质作用P-T轨迹,与华北克拉通中部的俯冲碰撞有关。大量变质年代学数据显示,中部带各变质杂岩中至少记录了~1.85Ga、~1.95Ga和~2.5Ga三组变质年龄,其中,~1.85Ga的变质年龄占据了主导地位,大致与区域片麻理形成的时间一致,代表变质高峰期时代;~1.95Ga的变质年龄代表了峰期前的某个进变质片段;~2.5Ga的变质年龄则指示了更早一期的变质事件,推测与古老陆块~2.5Ga所遭受的大量幔源岩浆的侵入和底垫作用有关。然而,变质年龄与变质阶段的对应关系尚不明确。     

甘肃阿尔金南缘白石头沟石墨矿地质特征、成矿条件及找矿标志

甘肃白石头沟石墨矿位于阿尔金南缘敦煌地块,赋存于前寒武纪敦煌岩群大理岩和石英片岩之中,目前圈定矿体33条,主要矿体2条。作为研究白石头沟石墨矿理想地层的敦煌岩群,是一套以变质碎屑沉积岩和变质基性岩为主的变质岩浆杂岩。本文从矿床角度出发,立足于区域地质勘查资料,结合前人研究成果,在对白石头沟石墨矿成矿地质背景、矿床及矿体特征、组合样化学分析、矿石矿物赋存状态及特征研究的基础上,对矿床的成因进行初步探讨并归纳区域找矿标志。研究表明,白石头沟石墨矿可分为大理岩型和石英片岩型两种类型,是古元古代经历区域动力热液变质作用而形成的沉积变质型矿床,成矿物质主要来源于变质碎屑沉积岩类的原岩（海相陆源碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩）本身,成矿环境为古老活动大陆边缘。找矿标志具有特定层位、岩性、矿化及物探特征。     

Geochemical behaviours of chemical elements during subduction-zone metamorphism and geodynamic significance

ABSTRACT

Seafloor subduction and subduction-zone metamorphism (SZM) are understood to be the very cause of both subduction-zone magmatism and mantle compositional heterogeneity. In this article, we compile geochemical data for blueschist and eclogite facies rocks from global palaeo-subduction-zones in the literature, including those from the Chinese Western Tianshan ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt. We synthesize our up-to-date understanding on how chemical elements behave and their controls during subduction-zone metamorphism. Although the compositional heterogeneity of metamorphic minerals from subducted rocks has been recently reported, we emphasize that the mineral compositional heterogeneity is controlled by elemental availability during mineral growth, which is affected by the protolith composition, the inherited composition of precursor minerals, and the competition with neighbouring growing minerals. In addition, given the likely effects of varying protolith compositions and metamorphic conditions on elemental behaviours, we classify meta-mafic rocks from global palaeo-subduction-zones with varying metamorphic conditions into groups in terms of their protolith compositions (i.e. ocean island basalt (OIB)-like, enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like, normal [N]-MORB-like), and discuss geochemical behaviours of chemical elements within these co-genetic groups rather than simply accepting the conclusions in the literature. We also discuss the geochemical consequences of SZM with implications for chemical geodynamics, and propose with emphasis that: (1) the traditionally accepted ‘fluid flux induced-melting’ model for arc magmatism requires revision; and (2) the residual subducted ocean crust cannot be the major source material for OIB, although it can contribute to the deep mantle compositional heterogeneity. We also highlight some important questions and problems that need further investigations, e.g. complex subduction-zone geochemical processes, different contributions of seafloor subduction and resultant subduction of continental materials, and the representativeness of studied HP–UHP metamorphic rocks.     

Metacarbonate-terrigenous complex of the Derba block (East Sayan): petrogeochemical and isotope parameters,metamorphism, and time of formation

The Derba block is one of the largest Precambrian terranes of the Sayan-Yenisei accretionary belt in the southwestern margin of the Siberian Platform. It is composed of metamorphosed terrigenous-carbonate rocks of the Sayan Group, injected by granitoids. The geochemical features of gneiss-schist associations indicate the low maturity of their sedimentary protoliths corresponding in composition mainly to graywackes and terrigenous-carbonate rocks (marls). According to the results of U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) dating of detrital zircons from gneisses and schists, the sedimentary protolith formed in the Vendian. Neoproterozoic subduction complexes were probably the major provenance for terrigenous material, and Early Precambrian rocks made a limited contribution. The Ar-Ar and U-Pb isotope data testify to nearly coeval and multistage events of metamorphism (up to the amphibolite facies) and granitoid magmatism (~ 510-500 and 480-465 Ma) in the Derba block. These processes were reflective of the Early Caledonian orogenic processes in the structures of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The similarity in the composition, time of sedimentation, and provenances of metaterrigenous-carbonate complexes of the Derba block (Sayan Group), West Sangilen block of the Tuva-Mongolian massif (Erzin and Moren complexes), and the Khamar-Daban terrane (Slyudyanka Group) suggests that these structures were a single Vendian continental margin with lateral variations in depositional environments and the sources of terrigenous material.     

Riphean fine-grained aluminosilicate clastic rocks in the Southern Urals, Uchur-Maya area, and the Yenisei Kryazh: Principal litho-geochemical characteristics

Analysis of the litho-geochemistry of fine-grained terrigenous rocks (metapelites, shales, and mudstones) of sedimentary megasequences in the Southern Urals, Uchur-Maya area, and the Yenisei Kryazh indicates that Riphean sequences in these regions are dominated by chlorite-hydromica rocks, with montmorillonite and potassic feldspar possibly occurring only in some of the lithostratigraphic units. According to the values of their hydrolysate modulus, most clay rocks from the three Riphean metamorphosed sedimentary sequences are normal or supersialites, with hydrosialites and hydrolysates playing subordinate roles. The most lithochemicaly mature rocks are Riphean clays in the Yenisei Kryazh (Yenisei Range). The median value of their CIA is 72, whereas this index is 70 for fine-grained aluminosilicate rocks from the Uchur-Maya area and 66 for fine-grained terrigenous rocks of the Riphean stratotype. Hence, at ancient water provenance areas from which aluminosilicate clastic material was transported in sedimentation basins in the southwestern (in modern coordinates) periphery of the Siberian Platform, the climate throughout the whole Riphean was predominantly humid. At the same time, the climate at the eastern part of the East European Platform was semiarid-semihumid. The K₂O/Al₂O₃ ratio, which is employed as an indicator of the presence of petro-and lithogenic aluminosilicate clastic component in Riphean sedimentary megasequences, shows various tendencies. According to their Sc, Cr, Ni, Th, and La concentrations and the Th/Sc ratio, the overwhelming majority of Riphean shales and mudstones notably differ from the average Archean mudstone and approach the average values for post-Archean shales. This suggests that mafic Archean rock in the provenance areas did not play any significant role in the origin of Riphean sedimentary megasequences. The Co/Hf and Ce/Cr ratios of the terrigenous rocks of the three Riphean megaseqeunces and their (Gd/Yb) _N and Eu/Eu* ratios place these rocks among those containing little (if any) erosion products of primitive Archean rocks. According to various geochemical data, the source of the great majority of fine-grained aluminosilicate clastic rocks in Riphean sediment megasequences in our study areas should have been mature sialic (felsic), with much lower contents of mafic and intermediate rocks as a source of the clastic material. The REE patterns of the Riphean shales and metapelites in the Bashkir Meganticlinorium, Uchur-Maya area, and Yenisei Kryazh show some features that can be regarded as resulting from the presence of mafic material in the ancient provenance areas. This is most clearly seen in the sedimentary sequences of the Uchur-Maya area, where the decrease in the (La/Yb) _N ratio up the sequence of the fine-grained terrigenous rocks from 15–16.5 to 5.8–7.1 suggests that mantle mafic volcanics were brought to the upper crust in the earliest Late Riphean in relation to rifting. Analysis of the Sm-Nd systematics of the Riphean fine-grained rocks reveals the predominance of model age values in the range of 2.5–1.7 Ga, which can be interpreted as evidence that the rocks were formed of predominantly Early Proterozoic source material. At the same time, with regard for the significant role of recycling in the genesis of the upper continental crust, it seems to be quite possible that the ancient provenance areas contained Archean complexes strongly recycled in the Early Proterozoic and sediments formed of their material. An additional likely source of material in the Riphean was mafic rocks, whose variable contribution is reflected in a decrease in the model age values. Higher Th and U concentrations in the Riphean rocks of the Yenisei Kryazh compared to those in PAAS indicate that the sources of their material were notably more mature than the sources of fine-grained aluminosilicate clastic material for the sedimentary megaseqeunces in the Southern Urals and Uchur-Maya area.