Constrains on stresses in isotropic homogeneous infinite half-spaces being in welded contact: 2D anti-plane and in-plane cases

Formulas are derived for two-dimensional problems relating stresses across a plane boundary that divides infinite homogeneous half-spaces being in welded contact. The calculations are made for both anti-plane and in-plane stress cases. The results obtained for the former case that involve only two stress components are useful in the analysis of fracture of strike-slip type. For the in-plane case, the relations that link stresses in one half-space with the corresponding homogeneous stresses in the other half-space are presented for arbitrarily oriented shear and normal stresses and for the center of compression (dilatation). The above relations provide a compete set of expressions that, among other things, make it possible to analyze stresses involved in faulting of deep-slip type in an inhomogeneous medium. The quantitative preliminary evaluations based on the results obtained demonstrate the great role of low rigidity media in fracture processes of all kinds within the Earth’s crust.     

断层物质测年的热释光研究

断层物质ＴＬ测年的关键，是断裂运动产生的温压效应能否使断裂带内某些矿物原贮存的ＴＬ能量完全释放而“归零”。为此，进行了不同条件的高温、高压和位移速率变化等的模拟断裂运动的实验。结果表明，断裂运动产生的摩擦增温是使断层面上矿物ＴＬ强度减弱的主要因素。讨论了摩擦增温值与断裂运动时剪应力大小、断层泥厚度和断层位移间的关系，并得到了野外断层面上实际测试的证实。据此研究成果，还对小湾坝区Ｆ＿７断裂的活动时代进行了测定     

SPECTRAL STRUCTURE OF VELOCITY INHOMOGENEITY OF CRUST MEDIUM BELOW THE SOUTHEASTERN MARGIN OF TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT REGIONS

In this paper we present results of spectral structure of crustal velocity inhomogeneity beneath the southeastern margin of Tibetan plateau and its adjacent region based on the S wave envelope broadening algorithm. The spectral structure of 8~16Hz band is selected to analyze the special character of crustal inhomogeneity and discuss the correlation between strong earthquakes and inhomogeneities. The result shows that strong and complex inhomogeneities of crustal medium are found in the southeastern margin of Tibetan plateau and its adjacent region. In the upper part of upper crust, the strong and small scale inhomogeneities are imaged in the Longmengshan fault zone and the north of the Anninghe fault zone, the weak and large scale inhomogeneites are imaged in the section from Huolu to Daofu of Xianshuihe fault zone and the south of the Anninghe fault zone. In the lower part of upper crust, strong inhomogeneites are found in the Longmengshan fault zone, Lianfeng fault zone, the north of the Anninghe fault zone and the sections from Huolu to Daofu of the Xianshuihe fault zone, weak inhomogeneites are found in the section from Daofu to Kangding of Xianshuihe fault zone. In the middle crust, strong inhomogeneities are observed in the section of the Baoxing to Dujiangyan, the Baoxing to Kangding, and Kangding to Shimian, and weak inhomogeneities are observed in the northwestern section from Huolu to Kangding, and the Lianfeng fault zone. Comparing the medium inhomogeneities with the location of the strong earthquakes, our results suggest existence of high correlation between them. Strong earthquakes are often located in the transitionary zone between the strong and the weak inhomogeneities. The spatial distribution of the strong and the weak medium inhomogeneities may be related to the broken medium from the strong movement of geological tectonic and the heat flow upwelling along active faults induced by frequent tectonic and volcanic activity.     

毛毛山断裂带位移累积滑动亏损特征及其分段意义讨论

在对毛毛山断裂带断错微地貌划分对比的基础上详细分析了其位移分布特征。结果表明，毛毛山断裂的水平位移和垂直位移均具较明显的分组现象和可公度性特点。在空间分布上具明显的互补性，从东到西水平位移具累积滑动亏损特征，垂直位移则具累积滑动补偿性，这反映了沿断裂带活动性质与活动强度的差异性和非均匀性。位移累积滑动亏损直接反映了断裂在一定时段内的特征滑动行为，是进行分段的重要依据     

The stress field variation caused by faulting and the prediction for seismic risk

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Earthquake stress drops,ambient tectonic stresses and stresses that drive plate motions

A variety of geophysical observations suggests that the upper portion of the lithosphere, herein referred to as the elastic plate, has long-term material properties and frictional strength significantly greater than the lower lithosphere. If the average frictional stress along the non-ridge margin of the elastic plate is of the order of a kilobar, as suggested by the many observations of the frictional strength of rocks at mid-crustal conditions of pressure and temperature, the only viable mechanism for driving the motion of the elastic plate is a basal shear stress of several tens of bars. Kilobars of tectonic stress are then an ambient, steady condition of the earth's crust and uppermost mantle. The approximate equality of the basal shear stress and the average crustal earthquake stress drop, the localization of strain release for major plate margin earthquakes, and the rough equivalence of plate margin slip rates and gross plate motion rates suggest that the stress drops of major plate margin earthquakes are controlled by the elastic release of the basal shear stress in the vicinity of the plate margin, despite the existence of kilobars of tectonic stress existing across vertical planes parallel to the plate margin. If the stress differences available to be released at the time of faulting are distributed in a random, white fasbion with a mean-square value determined by the average earthquake stress drop, the frequency of occurrence of constant stress drop earthquakes will be proportional to reciprocal faulting area, in accordance with empirically known frequency of occurrence statistics.     

Apparent stress and stress drop for intraplate earthquakes and tectonic stress in the plates

The magnitude of shear stress in the lithosphere is bounded from below by the apparent stress and stress drop during intraplate earthquakes. Apparent stresses and stress drops for a number of mid-plate earthquakes are calculated from the earthquake magnitude, SH wave amplitude spectra, and estimates of the length of the fault zone. Apparent stresses vary between 0.1 and 2 bars, ifm _b is used as a measure of seismic energy, and stress drops lie between 2 and 70 bars. There is no systematic difference in either apparent stress or stress drop between these intraplate events and typical plate boundary earthquakes. These bounds on intraplate shear stresses are consistent with the inference from current models of plate tectonic driving forces that regional stress differences in the plates are typically on the order of 100 bars. The highest stress drops measured for midplate earthquakes under this model represent nearly total release of local tectonic stress.     

Seismic intensity distribution of shallow earthquakes due to rupture velocities and faulting modes

Isoseismals of seismic intensity distributions are represented by earthquake source size, faulting mode, and rupture velocity of fault propagation. Unilateral faulting forms egg—shaped isoseimals, while bilateral faulting forms elliptical ones. It is found that the ratio of major to minor axes of isoseismals is sensitive to rupture velocity. Rupture velocity, faulting mode, and fault trend have been determined from the seismic intensity maps of the 1964 Niigata and the 1983 Japan Sea earthquakes in China by matching theoretical isoseismals. Rupture velocities thus estimated are mostly 70% to 90% of shear wave velocity. The difference would be considered as follows: short—waves which determine the seismic intensity are strongly dependent on the rupture of small—scale fault heterogeneities and on the jerky—onsets and abrupt terminations of local rupture propagations. On the other hand, rupture velocity from long—waves represents an average rupture propagation along the whole fault length. Faulting mode and fault trend estimated from seismic intensity maps match with each earthquake faulting independently determined. This suggests that the present method would be applicable to some historical earthquakes with known seismic intensity distribution to obtain detailed information on the faulting process.     

断层破裂传播速度与破坏性地震的烈度分布——浅源地震的断层不均匀性与短周期波动的多普勒效应

地震的等震线不仅反映了地震的大小,而且也反映了地震断层过程的类型和破裂速度.单侧破裂的断层过程呈现出蛋型的等震线,而双侧破裂的断层过程呈现出椭圆的等震线,等震线的长轴与短轴之比对于破裂传播速度十分敏感.本研究利用理论等震线与观测结果相比较的方法,确定了1964年日本新地震、1983年日本海中部地震、1975年中国海城地震和1976年中国唐山地震的破裂传播速度、断层类型以及断层走向.得到的断层破裂速度是剪切波的0.7——0.9倍.这些值比用长周期地震波所确定的要稍大.产生这种差异的原因是:对烈度起主要影响的短周期地震波强烈地依赖于小尺度的断层不均匀破裂过程,以及局部的破裂传播的开始和终止;而由长周期波所得到的破裂速度却反映了在整个断层上破裂传播的平均过程.根据等震线图所得出的断层类型及断层走向与其它独立方法的结果相一致.这意味着本方法可以应用于推断某些历史地震的断层类型、破裂传播速度及破裂传播方向.      

1976年云南龙陵6.2级余震强震记录的理论模拟

1976年6月9日云南省龙陵地区发生了一次6.2级余震。本文对这次地震的强震记录进行了数值模拟,并通过合成地震图与观测资料的对比,研究了这次地震的断层长度、破裂方式以及位错分布的特点。分析结果得到这次地震是由北向南的右旋走滑型破裂,断层长度约为20km,破裂速度接近0.9倍剪切波速,断层上的平均错距为60cm,平均应力降约为23bar。近场记录中的丰富高频成分表明断层上的位错分布和上升时间分布是极不均匀的,相应的局部错距和局部应力降分别为189cm和200—300bar,远高于其平均值。通过模拟过程可以看出近场记录对于震源断层的长度和破裂方式等都有较强的约束作用,因此分析强震记录是研究震源过程的一种有效手段。     

欧亚地震带现代构造应力场及其分区特征

利用美国哈佛大学矩心矩张量目录中的2818个地震的震源机制解资料,分析了欧亚地震带及其5个分区现代构造应力场的基本特征,给出了5个分区的震源机制主压应力方向分布图。结果表明:①欧亚地震带以逆断型和走滑型断层活动为主;②地中海地震区以走滑断层活动为主,主压应力方向为SSW向;③伊朗—阿富汗—巴基斯坦地震区以逆断型断层活动为主,主压应力优势方向为NNE—NS向;④喜马拉雅地震以逆断型为主,主压应力优势方向为NS和NE向;⑤川—滇—缅地震区以走滑断层活动为主,主应力场方向为NNE向;⑥印度尼西亚地震区以逆断型断层活动为主,主压应力优势方向为NE—SSW向。各分区的主压应力方向明显受其所在区域板块运动的影响,由此推测板块运动可能是产生欧亚地震带构造应力的主要力源。     

基于动摩擦应力下调滑移弱化机制，利用地表破裂同震位移约束2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震破裂传播速度

利用2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震现场观测所提供的地表破裂同震位移数据,使用简单滑移弱化破裂模型,估算了发震主断层上的破裂传播速度. 该模型中考虑了断层破裂时动摩擦过程中应力上调和下调机制对地震波辐射能量分配的影响. 对比Bouchon和Valleacute;e有关昆仑山口西地震主断层破裂传播速度超过剪切波速度,甚至达到P波速度的结果, 采用动摩擦应力下调时的滑移弱化模型 (分数应力降模型),结果表明,伴随较高的地震波辐射效率,主断层的平均破裂传播速度等于或小于瑞利波速度,这与许力生和陈运泰的体波反演结果,以及陈学忠震源应力场估算的结果是一致的. 最后,联系到由地表破裂现象所反映出的断层力学特征,如与视应力相关的分数应力降 (动摩擦应力下调), 基于滑移弱化模型, 讨论了可能的震源破裂机制.      

1976年云南龙陵6.2级余震强震记录的理论模拟

1976年6月9日云南省龙陵地区发生了一次6.2级余震。本文对这次地震的强震记录进行了数值模拟,并通过合成地震图与观测资料的对比,研究了这次地震的断层长度、破裂方式以及位错分布的特点。分析结果得到这次地震是由北向南的右旋走滑型破裂,断层长度约为20km,破裂速度接近0.9倍剪切波速,断层上的平均错距为60cm,平均应力降约为23bar。近场记录中的丰富高频成分表明断层上的位错分布和上升时间分布是极不均匀的,相应的局部错距和局部应力降分别为189cm和200-300bar,远高于其平均值。通过模拟过程可以看出近场记录对于震源断层的长度和破裂方式等都有较强的约束作用,因此分析强震记录是研究震源过程的一种有效手段。     

Kinetic shear resistance,fluid pressures and radiation efficiency during seismic faulting

Summary During earthquake faulting, radiation efficiency and the degree stress relief are critically dependent on the kinetic shear resistance. This is often assumed to stay constant during slip, but geological evidence suggests that for moderate or large shallow earthquakes it may decrease dramatically to near-zero values once slip is initiated, either by melt formation or by transient increases in fluid pressure on the fault plane. The latter, probably more common process may arise partly through an interaction between temperature and water pressure, and partly through dilatancy recovery as shear stress is relieved. If the fault remains undrained, stress relief should be absolute with seismic efficiency reaching high values, so that stress drops give a measure of the level of tectonic shear stress in fault zones. Supporting evidence comes from the observation that apparent stress is generally about half the stress drop.     

Effect of point source and heterogeneity on the propagation of SH-Waves in a viscoelastic layer over a viscoelastic half space

The present paper is concerned with the propagation of shear waves in a homogeneous viscoelastic isotropic layer lying over a semi-infinite heterogeneous viscoelastic isotropic half-space due to point source. The inhomogeneity parameters associated to rigidity, internal friction and density are assumed to be functions of depth. The dispersion equation of shear waves has been obtained using Green’s function technique. The dimensionless angular frequency has been plotted against dimensionless wave number for different values of inhomogeneity parameters. The effects of inhomogeneity have been shown in the dispersion curves. graphical user interface (GUI) software in MATLAB has been developed to show the effect of various inhomogeneity parameters on angular frequency. The topic can be of interest for geophysical applications in propagation of shear waves on the Earth’s crust.     

用有限元方法研究含摩擦多断层周围的应力场

本文使用有限元方法,研究了含摩擦多断层问题.在研究中,计算了几个物理模型（如共线、共轭等）和含摩擦多断层的应力场,并用计算机绘制出一批含摩擦多断层应力等值线图.结果表明,含摩擦多断层的应力场与单一断层相差甚远,在断层的交汇处,应力集中的范围和程度远大于断层的外端;断层的应力场在空间上分布很不均匀;高应力区和低应力区的分布随载荷作用方式和断层的形态各异.断层内的摩擦力对应力场的分布有很大的影响,并可能对断层的扩展行为起着非常重要的影响.     

用有限元方法研究含摩擦多断层周围的应力场

本文使用有限元方法,研究了含摩擦多断层问题.在研究中,计算了几个物理模型（如共线、共轭等）和含摩擦多断层的应力场,并用计算机绘制出一批含摩擦多断层应力等值线图.结果表明,含摩擦多断层的应力场与单一断层相差甚远,在断层的交汇处,应力集中的范围和程度远大于断层的外端;断层的应力场在空间上分布很不均匀;高应力区和低应力区的分布随载荷作用方式和断层的形态各异.断层内的摩擦力对应力场的分布有很大的影响,并可能对断层的扩展行为起着非常重要的影响.     

长白山天池火山区介质非均匀性

高频S波随着传播距离的增大其均方根(RMS)包络逐渐变宽,我们把这种现象称为S波包络展宽现象.S波传播路径上随机分布的非均匀体对S波的多次前向散射和绕射作用是导致S波包络展宽现象的主要原因,因此可用S波包络展宽现象来研究介质非均匀性.本文采用S波包络峰值延时来对S波包络展宽现象进行量化.S波包络峰值延时定义为S波初至与其均方根包络峰值最大值之间的时间差.本文选用长白山天池火山区的小震记录,运用S波包络峰值延时对长白山天池火山口地区的介质非均匀性进行了评价.结果发现长白山天池火山区呈现强烈的介质非均匀性,在0~2 km深度范围内介质非均匀性表现出南部强北部弱的空间分布特征;在2~5 km深度范围内介质非均匀性的空间分布特征与频率具有相关性;天池火山区介质非均匀性具有明显的多尺度特性;强弱非均匀性接触带,往往是地震频发地带.根据地震与非均匀体在空间分布的相对位置,我们认为火山区介质非均匀性可能反映了火山早期喷发堆积物介质结构的差异.     

各向异性ATI介质剪切位错源地震矩张量

考虑震源区为各向异性ATI介质情形下,给出了剪切位错源地震矩张量解析表达式并模拟了震源区各向异性对双力偶分量(DC)、补偿线性偶极子分量(CLVD)和各向同性分量(ISO)的影响.结果表明,即使剪切位错源仍能产生非双力偶各向同性分量,其导致沿着ATI介质对称轴方向体积变化;当断层面位于ATI介质对称平面或者震源区为各向同性介质时,剪切位错源在辐射意义上才可等效为双力偶机制.     

长白山天池火山区介质速度非均匀性谱结构

观测和研究表明,非均匀介质RMS (Root Mean Square)速度微扰动ε, 特征尺度相关距离a以及幂指数κ的空间分布特征可描述介质非均匀性特征.本文选用长白山天池火山区的小震记录,运用S波包络展宽法对长白山天池火山区地壳浅部介质速度非均匀性谱结构进行了研究.结果发现长白山天池火山区地壳浅部介质呈现强烈的介质非均匀性,且其具有明显的频率特性.在2~4 Hz及4~8 Hz频带范围内,小尺度弱非均匀性介质基本上分布在天池火山口的东南角和西北角,大尺度强非均匀性介质基本上分布在天池火山口的西南角和东北角,这一特征在0~2 km和2~5 km深度范围内均体现;在8~16 Hz频带内,0~2 km深度范围内弱非均匀性介质分布在火山口西部,而2~5 km深度范围内弱非均匀性介质基本上分布在火山口周围区域;在16~30 Hz频带内,0~2 km深度范围小尺度弱非均匀性介质分布在火山口的东北角及西南角,而2~5 km深度范围内小尺度弱非均匀性介质集中分布在火山口的东南角,西北角有少量分布.