Road impacts on spatial patterns of land use and landscape fragmentation in three parallel rivers region, Yunnan Province, China

The structure and function of network is a central issue in landscape ecology.Road networks with hierarchical structure are crucial for understanding landscape dynamics.In this study,we compared the distribution of national road,provincial road,county road and rural road in the Three Parallel Rivers Region(TPRR)in Yunnan Province of China,and estimated the effect of roads(and other factors)on the spatial patterns of land use and land cover with logistic regression.In addition,we analyzed the land use and land cover change(LUCC)and landscape fragmentation in 1989–2005 along a buffer zone of the primary traffic corridor,national road G214.The results showed that,county and rural roads had much higher percentage of length extending into more natural habitats at higher elevation and steeper slope,compared with the higher level roads in this region.While the distributions of natural land cover types were dominated by environmental factors,human land use types i.e.,building land and farmland types were significantly related with roads,linking more closely with lower level roads.The LUCC dynamics(1989–2005)of the G214 buffer zone showed a general trend of land transformation from conifer forests and valley arid shrubs to building land and farmland,and from ice and snow to alpine shrubs and forests.With the length of G214 unchanged during the time,the overall landscape pattern changed little in the buffer zone,but habitat fragmentation and area decrease had occurred for the natural vegetation types,in contrast to patch mergence and expansion of human land use types,and landscape fragmentation was intensified above 2500 m a.s.l.but declined below the elevation.The results indicated the dynamics of landscape composition and patch type level distribution in spite of the stability of the overall landscape pattern,and implied the potential role of roads,especially the low level roads on landscape changes.     

东莞市交通路网格局对城市空间扩张影响研究

城市化进程中,交通路网格局的发展与土地利用变化有着密切关系,交通系统的发展引起城市空间形态、土地利用开发、土地利用价格和用地布局特征的变化,反之,土地利用变化也引起了交通路网格局、路网密度的改变。本文以东莞市为例,对其交通路网密度与新增城市用地变化强度作了定量分析。根据TM遥感影像提取2001、2005和2009年3期的城市用地,采用核密度估算(KDE)新增城市用地变化强度,探讨区域内交通路网格局与新增城市用地变化强度的关系。结果表明,在2001-2005年间,路网格局变化较大,新增道路类型主要为高速路,新增城市用地总量较大、扩张速度快,特别是交通路网密度大的边缘区域。在2005-2009年间,随着路网发育不断成熟,路网密度内部差异减少,新增道路类型主要为县乡道路,新增城市用地速度明显放缓。经相关系数显著性检验后表明:2001-2009年间,在置信度为95%时,东莞市道路网密度、加权密度(x)与新增城市用地核密度(y)的相关系数Rxy均大于0.1946,证明东莞市道路网密度、加权密度与新增城市用地核密度高度相关。     

基于自发地理信息的“一带一路”区域陆路交通状况分析

路网密度的研究是实施“一带一路”愿景之互联互通倡议的基础工作。“一带一路”顺应了世界经济全球化、一体化、多极化、信息化的趋势,牵连着蓬勃发展的亚太和发达的欧洲经济圈,带动中间国家的经济发展。在新形势下,如何通过交通基础设施建设推进丝绸之路经济带沿线区域间的互联互通、促进区域合作和经济发展,具有重要的现实意义。本文利用自发地理信息数据——OpenStreetMap（OSM）道路网数据,运用地理信息系统（GIS）空间分析技术,探究了“一带一路”陆路经济带辐射区域亚欧大陆的路网络密度和通行能力的空间分布格局,并分析了六大经济走廊节点城市的公路可达性空间格局。结果表明：“一带一路”陆路经济带的交通基础设施的发展存在着不平衡现象;路网密度和通行能力均呈现沿海高内陆低的空间格局;中亚、西亚地区和中南半岛地区成为道路水平落后带,限制了丝绸之路经济带资源整合与贸易畅通,建议在建设新跨国公路铁路同时,对原有老旧道路进行加宽加固等升级改造;全区域道路等级级配不合理;节点城市可达性具有明显的分异状况,六大经济走廊中83%的区域可达性在10 h以内。研究产出亚欧大陆1 km分辨率路网密度和通行能力数据集,发现了“一带一路”陆路经济带道路水平的薄弱区域,为“一带一路”陆路经济带的交通基础设施建设以及进一步的道路网研究提供了基础数据。     

Gradient effect of road transportation on economic development in different geomorphic regions

The economic benefits of transport infrastructure investment have been widely accepted. However, the varying influence of road transport development across vertical space has rarely been discussed. Taking Sichuan province in China as case study area where the landform is diverse and complex, administrative counties were categorized into 4 main types: plain counties, hill counties, mountain counties, and plateau counties. Using statistical data during 2006-2014, the performance of economic development and transport construction level in the four types of counties are discussed. Subsequently, the heterogeneous effect of each grade road on economy was calculated by local regression model (GWR). The results indicate that plain counties largely surpassed the other geomorphic counties in economic development level, while the gradient gap among them was on the decline. Similarly, distribution of transport infrastructure presented a decreasing trend from the low plain counties to high plateau counties. Regional imbalances were mainly reflected in the County road and Village road. Regarding the changes of regional gaps, National & Provincial roads and County roads were constantly expanding, whereas the disparity of Village road was slowly narrowing over time. Particularly noteworthy was the non-stationary economic influence of traffic factors across vertical gradients. On average, National & Provincial roads generated higher benefits in the high elevation regions than the lowlands. In contrast, County road and Village road were found to be more effective in promoting economic development in plains. With regard to local estimates of traffic factors, coefficients in mountain counties exhibited larger fluctuation ranges than other geomorphic units. The conclusions provide a basis for government decisionmaking in a more reasonable construction arrangement of road facilities and sustainable economic development.     

山东半岛城市群交通网络载流能力评估与优化研究

在总结城市群交通网络运输方式多元化、交通节点等级化、结构运行高效化等基本特征的基础上,本文基于GIS空间分析平台构建了城市群交通网络载流模型（Traffic Network Flow-carrying Model, TNFM）,以山东半岛城市群为研究案例区,综合评价和对比了交通网络及各类型交通线路的理论与实际载流能力,得出各行政单元交通线路的缺口指数,并据此提出城市群交通网络的优化与提升方案。研究结果表明：TNFM模型可以有效地评价城市群交通网络的载流能力并得出各行政单元和道路类型的缺口里程,为城市群交通体系规划提供科学依据;山东半岛城市群国道、省道和铁路建设不足,部分城市主干道分流不畅,60%的县市存在各级道路短缺,但高铁和县乡道可以满足载流需求;未来应重点加强上述4类交通线路的建设,完善交通线路间的接口系统,充分发挥高铁和县道的分流作用。     

Effects of forest roads on habitat pattern for sables in Da Hinggan Mountains,northeasten China

The anthropogenic managements of forest have created a network of roads resulting in the loss and alternation of habitat. To better understand road＇s impact on animal habitats, we assessed the habitat pattern of sables （Martes zibellina）, one of rodents within national first-class protected species, when roads are considered in Huzhong area in Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Em- ploying published literatures about behavior ecology, aerial photographs and forest stand maps, we classified the study area into three habitat types including best-suitable, suitable and unsuitable habitats based on sable habitat requirements at the landscape scale includ- ing four variables derived from forest source map with attribute database. Results indicated the loss and significant fragmentation of best-suitable habitat and home range habitat when roads, especially 150 m avoidance distance of roads, were considered. The roads re- duced and fragmented highly suitable habitats more significantly during earlier development period than the later development period. Additionally, the suitable area percentage increased with increasing distance to roads. This study helped to identify the suitable area for sables and location of sable population. Also, this study suggested the passage construction and road management involving road clo- sure and removal will reduce the fragmentation functionally and benefit the sable population.     

中国道路网引起的景观破碎格局及其对保护区的影响

道路的修建往往带来景观破碎、生态系统功能受损等后果。有关道路网络的生态影响格局及其影响因素,是当前道路生态学、地理空间分析等领域共同关注的问题。本文利用2015年全国道路网络数据,采用定量空间分析方法,刻画了当前中国铺装道路所引起的陆表景观破碎的格局特征,并分析了道路网络对自然保护区的干扰及与多变量的影响关系。结果表明：① 全国铺装道路的生态影响面积占陆地面积的10%,将陆表切割成3万多个斑块,并呈现小斑块数目众多,大斑块数目较少的分布特点;同时,陆表破碎化程度呈现明显的东西分异规律,空间格局与人口分布、经济发展水平等影响因素的地理分布规律趋同;② 全国约58%的自然保护区受到道路干扰,保护区的受干扰情况存在高等级保护区受干扰弱、低等级保护区次之、国家公园受干扰程度最强等差异特征,且国家公园处于受干扰高于未设保护区域的状态;③ 主要人类活动因素与保护区受干扰程度呈正相关,保护区面积、地形因素与受干扰程度呈负相关,具有面积小、受保护等级低、位于平原地区、气候适宜等特征的保护区更易受到道路干扰,处于已经受到人类活动破坏,生态脆弱的状态。因此,中国道路建设应追求社会发展与生态保护双平衡,同时道路干扰受到自然以及人文要素的共同作用,在相关影响机制研究和生态保护政策制定中应进行综合考虑。     

Scale-free Structure of Town Road Network in Southern Jiangsu Province of China

From the viewpoint of Graph Theory this paper builds a town road network graph of regional scale, and proposes numerical vertex degree (Di), rank vertex degree (Dr) and population size vertex degree (Dp) on the base of vertex degree (D). Then the indicators of Di, Dr, Dp and mathematical statistics methods are applied to investigating scale-free structure of town road networks in the southern Jiangsu Province. The results show that the distribution of Di does not exhibit scale-free properties, but Dr and Dp do. Additionally the correlation coefficient between Dp and Di is only 0.569, but the spatial correlation between Dp and Dr is very evident on the base of correlation analysis and spatial analysis of GIS. The mutual mechanism between Dp and Dr spatially represents a "Core-Belt" model of town development of regional scale. The town development model is open and clustered, and beneficial to both economic development and ecological protection. And then we suggest that Suzhou City, Wuxi City, Changzhou City and Wujin City control towns' high-density pattern by conducting centralization and consolidation policies, and properly controlling and planning higher rank roads; whereas Nanjing City, Zhenjiang City, Jintan City and Liyang City must strengthen the development of towns along higher rank roads.     

基于浮动车数据的城市道路通行能力时空特征分析

针对城市道路通行能力定量度量指标,提出基于浮动车数据的道路基本通行能力评估方法;以道路通行能力指标来分析深圳市道路网通行能力的时空分异规律,结论如下：城市道路通行能力具有明显的时变特征和空间分布的不均衡性;各行政区域通行能力在工作日变化平缓,在休息日出现午高峰;通行能力余量无论在工作日和休息日都浮动较大,并在休息日中午显著下降;道路通行能力具有明显区域分类现象,人口密度和发展程度较高区域的道路通行能力整体较低,且一天内的变化较小;道路等级对通行能力和通行能力余量影响显著,较高等级道路一天内变化较大,低等级道路则较平稳。     

顾及路网与轨迹多模特征的道路等级分类研究

道路等级不仅反映在路网结构的静态骨架信息上,也蕴含在轨迹数据呈现的动态语义信息上。为解决(OpenStreetMap)OSM路网部分路段及路网生成产品等级缺失问题,本文提出一种顾及路网与轨迹多模特征的道路等级分类方法。首先通过轨迹数据的清洗、地图匹配和基于路名的路网合并实现轨迹点与命名道路的联结;然后以命名道路为分析单元,综合考虑路网及轨迹数据,在系统分析路网结构的道路几何特征、道路分布特征、道路拓扑特征及道路单双向信息基础上,进一步挖掘与融合轨迹数据蕴含的道路宽度、道路车流量、道路速度等静动态特征,形成关于道路等级的描述特征集,作为识别道路等级的基础与依据;最后以随机森林(RF)为基本分类器进行特征选择及模型训练实现道路等级识别。为验证本文方法,选取武汉市汉正街区域及二环区域,基于OSM路网数据及众源轨迹数据开展试验。该方法取得了较好的分类结果,小范围汉正街区域的验证集准确率为91.2%,大范围二环区域的验证集准确率达到80.8%。与单类特征相比,集成路网与轨迹特征极大提高了道路等级分类准确率;与原始路段形式进行道路等级分类相比,以路名重构道路形式进行道路等级分类效果更好。     

基于交通网络的乡村中小学优化布局

合理规划中小学布局是优化教育资源配置、提高办学效益以及实现教育均衡发展的重要途径。本研究针对中国乡村建设的需要和中国多山的地理环境,考虑山地环境对乡村中小学选址的影响,构建多山环境下乡村中小学的区位模型,运用地理信息科学方法,以Visual Studio. Net 2010为开发平台,使用C#语言和ArcGIS Engine 10.0组件库,同时结合MATLAB编程,开发出基于交通网络的乡村中小学区位优化系统。最后将系统应用于贵州省某镇的小学布局优化中,分别在只考虑已有道路、假设道路可升级、假设道路可新建或升级3种情景下,通过改进的模拟退火算法,确定新建学校的最佳位置,以及新道路的修建和原有道路的升级情况,从而得到不同情景下各居民点学生的上学耗时。结果表明,交通网络对乡村中小学布局优化具有重要影响,改善交通网络条件能够有效提高学生的就学效率上学速度。     

基于路网数据和复杂图论的中国城市交通布局评价

城市化的快速发展推动了我国城市道路网的不断扩张和发展.城市道路网是一个动态、开放、自组织的空间复杂网络,构成了城市的结构框架,研究城市道路网的结构特征对路网规划和城市建设有着重要的应用价值.在国内城市道路网络结构特征的相关研究中,很少有学者基于道路走向的视角对整个城市路网结构进行研究,也缺少对全国主要城市路网的整体性评...     

基于道路结构特征识别的城市交通状态空间自相关分析

 城市道路交通状态具有空间自相关特征。路段交通状态的变化会很快影响到邻近路段,导致一定空间范围内路段的交通状态发生改变。揭示城市交通状态的空间自相关特征,对交通规划、交通控制与诱导具有重要意义。然而,受到城市路网空间结构和道路拓扑特征的影响,城市道路交通状态的空间自相关并非各向同性,也并非均匀地向上下游扩散,而是有选择性地集中在部分邻近路段上。因此,仅考虑路段地理空间下的上下游邻近性,难以全面度量路段间交通状态的相互影响,识别出交通状态空间相关性强的道路集合。本文借鉴复杂网络分析方法,定量化分析了城市路网的模块化与层次性特征,利用城市路段在空间上的聚集特征和路段在网络中拓扑角色的差异,提出了一种新的交通状态自相关路段邻近性判别规则,即空间邻近且拓扑等价规则,以此规则实现交通状态空间相关路段聚类过程,更好地揭示城市路段之间的交通状态空间相关性。     

利用双重索引快速构建道路网络连通拓扑

路网拓扑关系的生成是进行最优路径规划的基础。本文针对ISO GDF4.0模型对道路连通拓扑的定义,结合最优路径规划对道路网络连通拓扑的要求,提出一种使用R-tree空间索引和B-tree索引双重索引方式快速生成道路连通拓扑的算法。连通拓扑快速构建算法包括新道路生成和网络拓扑提取两部分,新道路生成过程中,首先,自上而下地打断道路形成直线段集并求交点,然后,自下而上地重构直线段集以生成新道路。在打断道路求交点过程中,对道路建立R-tree空间索引,显著提高了几何要素的查找速度。在网络拓扑提取过程中对序列化数据建立B-tree索引,使得其查找速度大大加快。通过对双重索引算法的时间复杂度分析与验证表明,本文提出的拓扑生成算法具有较高的执行效率。     

Relationships between fractal road and drainage networks in Wuling mountainous area: Another symmetric understanding of human-environment relations

Symmetrical relationships between humans and their environment have been referred to as an extension of symmetries in the human geographical system and have drawn great attention. This paper explored the symmetry between physical and human systems through fractal analysis of the road and drainage networks in Wuling mountainous area. We found that both the road and drainage networks reflect weak clustering distributions. The evolution of the road network shared a significant self-organizing composition, while the drainage network showed obvious double fraetal characteristics. The geometric fractal dimension of the road network was larger than that of the drainage network. In addition, when assigned a weight relating to hierarchy or length, neither the road network nor drainage network showed a fractal property. These findings indicated that the fractal evolution of the road network shared certain similarities with fractal distribution of the drainage network. The symmetry between the two systems resulted from an interactive process of destroying symmetry at the lower order and reconstructing symmetry at the higher order. The relationships between the fractal dimensions of the rural-urban road network, the drainage network andthe urban system indicated that the development of this area was to achieve the symmetrical isomorphism of physical-human geographical systems.     

Creative industries agglomeration,regional innovation and productivity growth in China

This paper falls into the broad area of economic geography and economics of creativity,and it presents an alternative approach to explain why total factor productivity(TFP)growth is different across China′s regions.It establishes an empirical model to estimate the spatial agglomeration effects of creative industries on regional TFP growth,using China′s provincial panel data during the period of 2003 to 2010.We found that the creative industries agglomeration(CIA)has significant and positive impact on regional TFP growth.The result also implies that the CIA can facilitate regional TFP growth through promoting regional innovation instead of improving regional efficiency.Therefore,we argue that policy makers should take some measures to retain and establish more creative zones.     

基于GIS的宁波市道路网络综合通达性研究

城市道路交通网络通达性是城市规划、交通体系建设等所要考虑的重要方面。利用GIS技术,以距离度量模型、道路加权核密度模型、路网连通度和公交服务指数为基础,分别从路网连接结构、路网密度、路网发育程度、公交便捷性几方面建立综合通达性指标,分析宁波市中心城区道路网络通达性及其空间特征。研究表明:宁波市中心城区的综合通达性以江东区和海曙区最优,其次为鄞州区和江北区,北仑区和镇海区通达性较差,整体空间格局分异明显;北仑区在道路结构方面优势明显;公交服务指数对综合通达性的影响最为显著。对以往的城市交通网络通达性研究进行一定的改进,为宁波市道路交通网络的建设与布局优化提供理论依据。     

Spatial pattern of rural settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River

A quantitative analysis of the spatial pattern of rural settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River was made with the major data sources being the relevant ETM image and the national geographical database of China (including contour line, river and road) at the scale of 1:250 000, and using image interpretation and field investigation to obtain spatial information on rural settlements. The results of the spatial analysis technique of GIS and correlation analysis showed that most settlements (78.2 %) were located in the mountain area at 1500 ∼ 2700 m altitude, and almost half in the arid valley area. More than 80.0 % of settlements had their slopes above 15°. Most settlements had good access to water resources, roads and communications, and tended to cluster close to the road network rather than the river. About half of the rural settlements in the study area were relatively concentrated, while the others were decentralized. Those with higher altitude usually had land with steep slope, inconvenient water and road accesses, and were located far apart from each other. In view of such a situation, further research should be done to make reasonable countermeasures on these settlements for better living conditions and ecosystem stability.     

基于亮度补偿的遥感影像阴影遮挡道路提取方法

在基于高分辨率遥感影像的道路提取中,阴影遮挡是导致提取的部分或整段道路缺失的重要因素,严重制约了道路提取的自动化过程,因此探索适用性强的阴影情况下道路提取方法对地图数据生产和地理大数据研究具有重要意义。本文针对传统的阴影系数修正方法难以消除植被、建筑上的阴影对道路提取带来的干扰,选用路面颜色不一、地物干扰少的郊区影像与地物丰富、路面地物阴影干扰严重的市区影像开展研究,提出了基于亮度补偿的阴影遮挡道路的提取方法。首先,在图像预处理的基础上,利用HSI阈值分割获取阴影区域;其次,在削弱蓝色分量信息后采用亮度补偿方法实现像素点空间域增强以及阴影区信息的恢复,在增大道路面阴影与周围环境差异的基础上,借助高效的分割算法实现阴影道路提取;最后,通过和由K-means聚类分割获取的非阴影道路进行合并,经细化处理最终实现阴影遮挡道路的完整提取。实验结果表明,此方法提取郊区与市区影像中阴影道路的正确率在80%以上,该方法能有效地提取阴影遮挡道路,消除其他阴影的干扰,降低阴影道路提取时的斑块破碎度,较好的保留道路的主体。     

制约我国西部县域经济发展的主要因素及解决办法

我国西部地区资源丰富,地广人稀,但产业结构不合理,农业产业化水平低,城乡一体化进程缓慢,县域财力匮乏,从而导致其经济发展相对落后。在发展生态农业的基础上,大力发展农副特色产品的加工业,加强区域间联合,发展民营经济,加强教育和人力资源开发,是解决西部县域经济发展的基本对策。