1995年1月克孜尔水库小震群考察研究

１９９５年１月２日至２月５日在克孜尔水库０～１ｋｍ范围内发生了４０次小震。通过对小震群记录资料分析研究及实地考察，找到了发生小震群的原因。     

周至小震群活动特征

1982年6月28日至30日,陕西关中周至县南面发生了一次小震群活动,共发生小震和微震77次,释放的地震波总能量为1.11×10~(13)尔格,相当于一个M_L=3.5级地震。1.小震群活动的主要特征(1)这次小震群中包括M_L>2.0级地震6次(其中M_L=2.9级地震2次);M_L=1.0     

地震类型与震源机制

本文分析了我国14次地震序列的主要地震断层面解和错动性质。结果表明:震群型序列中较强地震的断层面解基本相同,其错动性质或相同或互为共轭错动;双震型序列中两次主震的断层面解明显的不同,其错动性质也有差异,它们的较大余震断层面解分别相似于两次主震的断层面解。在这种情况中,有意义的是第一主震至第二主震中间均有与第二主震断层面解相似的地震发生;主震型序列中早期较强余震断层面解多与主震相同,也有少数较杂乱,总的看来这种一致性劣于震群型序列。最后讨论了不同震型地震断层面解的差异在实用中的意义。     

新疆天山2次6级地震前震群的时空分布特征及其预测

2011年11月1日和2012年6月30日,在新疆的尼勒克、巩留和新源、和静交界处相继发生MS6.0和MS6.6强震,这两次6级强震之前,在主震震中周围及其较大范围内观测到大量震群活动,其主要特征如下:(1)不仅震群数量明显增加,而且其空间分布呈现出明显的震群空区,其后的强震震中均位于震群空区内;(2)震群空区的持续时间较长,约为2~3年;(3)震群累积频度的时间进程特征显示,主震前几个月震群活动较为平静。最后对所得结果及其在地震预报中的应用等问题进行了讨论。     

辽宁省本溪市和岫岩县发生两次震群活动

近期在辽宁省内相继发生两起震群活动.一起是1987年12月6日至1987年12月28日的本溪市桥头震群.12月6日当天发生了震群中的最大地震M_L:3.4,震中在北纬41°12′,东经123°42′,震源深度为8km,震中附近震感强烈,瓶子振倒,伴有爆炸性的地声.该震群共发生小震26次,其中M_L≥3.0仅一次,M_L≥2.0有10次,有感地震竟有20余起,都伴有从南向北的地声.该震群是在11月份海城老震区M_L≥1.8震次明显减少的情况下发生的,海城老震区每月震次都在15次以上,但11月份仅有5次.本溪震群的活动特征为,强度逐渐衰减,频次少,强度和频度有七天左右起伏的周期,本溪台P波初动一致,震中     

结合异年倍九律鉴别前震类型

鉴别前震的方法甚多。该文主要运用异年倍九法（或称异年倍九律）帮助鉴别前震。鉴别的方式是在欲鉴别的小震或小震群发生地区寻找组成异年倍九律的地震,其某个第九天日期若与该小震或小震群发生日期相重或相近,则认为这个小震或小震群可能是前震。文中列举了2010年玉树大震前的小震和2008年汶川大震前都江堰小震群的实例,皆被鉴别为可能是前震。     

2013年莱州M4.6地震序列震源机制与发震构造初探

2013年11月23日13时44分山东莱州发生M4.6地震,造成较大影响,并且在主震前后发生了持续较长时间的小震序列活动。文中使用CAP方法研究了莱州M4.6主震的震源机制,使用自助抽样(Bootstrap)方法进行稳定反演,给出了误差估计;使用HASH方法基于振幅比和初动符号求解了序列中12次ML≥3.0的小震震源机制;使用双差方法对莱州地震序列进行重新定位。最后结合有关地质资料对此次莱州震群的发震构造以及序列发展过程中断层的破裂进行了探讨。     

临河断陷盆地震群活动的震兆特征及预报效能分析

通过震群活动的震兆特征和预报效能分析表明，1976－2000年，临河断陷盆地共有10次震群活动，其中7次为前兆震群。前兆震群一般出现中强地震前5－10个月，距离主震为40－100km左右。1976年9月至2001年6月，临河断盆地及边缘附近共发生Ms≥4．8地震7次，采用前兆震群方法报对5次，漏报2次，虚报2次，预报效能评分R＝0．66。     

前兆震群与短期前兆异常的时间特征

根据我国近几年来的震例资料,不少强烈地震发生之前,往往有震群活动。震群发生的部位,有的在未来地震的震中区及其附近,有的在与主震发震构造呈共轭关系的活动构造带上,也有的在主震发震构造带的延长线上,并与主震震中相隔一定的距离。震群出现的时间多在震前五个月,这种震群我们称之为前兆震群。前兆震群中最大震级M_b、震群持续时间T、震群距主震震中的距离D都与未来主震震级M_主大小无关。结合前兆观测资料分析,似乎可以认为震前5个月是强震短期前兆出现的上限异常时间。在这个时间段,前兆观测曲线或呈现转折,或呈现明显的加速现象,即由中长期缓变阶段开始转为短期加速变化阶段。另外,在强震震中沿活动构造带或沿块体边缘迁移时,迁移时间也有相隔5个月的现象。     

1966年邢台地区强震前小震的密集-平静特征及其初步解释y

本文利用邢台地震台网的地震目录资料,研究了邢台地区强震前小震的密集——平静特点及其空间分布的立体图象.研究结果表明: (1)1966年3月邢台地区发生的几个6级以上强震前小震均有密集——平静现象,但明显程度随时间减小.部份4.5级地震前小震也有密集——平静现象,但因出现在6级以上地震后的余震活动背景上,情况比较复杂.相对平静期的长度,密集期中最大地震的震级均与相应主震震级之间有一定关系.一般来讲,主震震级越大,平静期越长,密集期中最大地震震级也越大. (2)3月22日7.2级主震前,小震的密集——平静过程在空间上有清晰的物理图象.3月8日6.8级地震发生后,3月20日在其余震区的两个端部中介质强度较弱的南西端首先达到破裂强度,发生一系列中小地震,对应于主震前的密集期.3月21日至22日主震前小震明显减少,是主震前的相对平静期,而且小震有由南西端向北东方向迁移的趋势.显示震区应力场在迅速地改变,应力由南西端向北东端进一步集中,并促使22日在北东端尖端部位失稳而发生6.7级及7.2级主震.3月26日6.2级强震前小震的密集——平静过程在空间上也有类似清晰的物理图象. 此外,本文对大震前小震的密集——平静特点作初步的解释.      

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.